Change and variation_ppt
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Transcript of Change and variation_ppt
![Page 1: Change and variation_ppt](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070320/558829cfd8b42a48678b465b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lexical Change and Variation
In the Southeastern United States 1930-1990
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The present research
• It took nearly 60 years: real time study• Comparison between data collected in the 1930s
with data collected in 1990• Questions about names for 150 different things• Description of factors influencing language change
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Variation Change
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Practical exercise: Think about and write down all the names by which you are known
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What is variation?
• Variation means that there a different ways of labeling or referring or a thing, a person.
• Variation implies the use of variants which are the different elements showing variation.
• A variable is anything that varies. They are the factors such as age, sex and race.
• E.g. The English spoken in Scotland
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What is change?
• It means transformation within the internal values of a language system. E.g. American English becoming more and more rhotic
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Social variables considered in the study
• Region• Rurality• Education• Sex• Race• Age
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Region
Mountain Piedmont Coastal
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Rurality
Urban Rural
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Education
Change from below•It appears frist in vernacular•It Represents the operation of internal linguistic factors
Change from above:•Introduced by the dominant class•It first appears in careful speech style
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Sex
More innovative: Users of newer terms
Less innovative: Users of older terms
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Race
More conservative Less conservative
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Age
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Results
• Regional differences were once the most important influence on word choice; they are now the least important.
• Males, whites, older speakers, and speakers from rural areas use older terms, whereas most educated speakers use newer terms
• Of 670 words that were tested, 145 had declined in use while 87 had become more common.
• The vocabulary investigated increased by 40%• Rural/ urban differences in speech are now as strong as ever
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Important notes
• People are continually learning and using new words throughout their lifetimes
• Change does not take place simultaneously in all social strata
• Vocabulary is constantly in state of flux, with many words being gained and lost during the span of an average lifetime
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Can you think of new words that have emerged recently?