CHALLENGES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING Barry Dalal-Clayton
description
Transcript of CHALLENGES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING Barry Dalal-Clayton
CHALLENGES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING
Barry Dalal-Clayton
Learning and Leadership Group: Uganda 24-25 July 2012
Outline of presentationWhy do we need EM?
What is EM and what does it achieve?
Making choices about EM – entry points & tactics
The drivers/constraints of EM
RAPIDLY GROWING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ……
… is breaching ecological limits…
Deforestation
Rapid population growth Pollution
Soil erosion
Climate change
Loss of biodiversity
Arctic sea ice, Sept ‘07
MAINSTREAMING ENVIRONMENT NEVER MORE URGENT
From article in “Nature”, 2009• Inner blue shading represents the proposed safe operating space for nine planetary systems. • Red wedges represent an estimate of the current position for each variable – 3 exceeded
• 60% of ecosystems are degraded (MA 2005)
• Cost = 11% of GDP UNEP, 2010)
Breaching planetary boundaries
Human produced N Fisheries collapse – Atlantic Cod
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005
Environmental trends remain negative
Pollutants – residence in atmosphere
GEO 4 2007
Soils with high water erosion risk
Changes in species abundance by region
Condition of planet?
World is suffering from “Environmental Deficit Disorder” (taking a Gaia (organism health) perspective – James Lovelock)
Foolish environmental devaluation & asset liquidation (taking an economic/business perspective)
“The planet will strike back as a result of bad decisions by people” WHO
ENVIRONMENT is
Not certain Not predictable Not valuedNot pricedNot tradedNot ownedNot scrutinisedNot on the political agenda
ENVIRONMENT IS STILL AN EXTERNALITY IN DECISIONS
Climate change concern
UK: Top national political concerns
The political economy of environment is weak
• Envir. and dev‘t institutions separate – different worlds!
• Finance dominates dev’t – $/day, 0.7% aid, budget support
• But finance ‘missing’ from environmentin national budgets (c. 1%)? City budgets (10% Quezon)
• Envir. is treated as technical – but its politics are toxic (Greenpeace)
• Envir. language confuses – goods/bads? science/values?
• Envir. stakeholders ‘push’ – don’t understand mainstream
Environmentalists – not always listened to
‘Who are the bossiest people on earth?’PoliticiansReligious leadersRight-wing newspapersEnvironmentalists I’M AN
ENVIRONMENTALIST. THINK LIKE ME!
Donors are also demanding EM, and are key drivers
• Upstream policy/budget issues and not only projects
• Thus donors focus on SEA, ‘country systems’ and climate change integration
• Need to move beyond env ‘safeguards’ towards positive ENR use
• But ‘mainstreaming’ can be a turn-off word: too many issues being ‘mainstreamed’ assumes the mainstream is on the right track ‘integration’ may be better (as in Spanish, French)
EnvironmentEnvironment
Social
Economic
Beware upsetting the fine balance
Environmental Mainstreaming is critical for sustainable development and green economy
Integrating environment into development policy, planning and investment never more urgent, eg
Climate-proofing infrastructure and agriculture
Making industry water-efficient and clean
Tackling environmental deprivations of poor people
CHALLENGE
“The informed inclusion of relevant environmental concerns into the decisions and institutions that drive national, sectoral, city and local development policy, rules, plans, investment and action”
(IIED, 2009)
ENVIRONMENTAL MAINSTREAMING – A definition
EM: spectrum of outcomesImproved awareness of environmentImproved information base on environmentImproved participation and voice on environment Improved Improved policy, law, plan, strategypolicy, law, plan, strategy on environment on environment Improved capacity to address environmentImproved budget and finance to tackle environment Improved environmental conditions
In any country , who are the different actors best placed to promote and help mainstreaming?
Choice of ‘entry point’Where to build bridges between environment anddevelopment worlds?
1. Govt authorities, or non-govt (business, watchdogs)?
2. Env authorities, or development authorities?
3. Env as a sector, or cross-cut, or one issue e.g. climate?
4. Existing decision-making (national /city plans), or special (SD strategy)?
5. Plan, or upstream (economic policy / rights) or downstream (pilot projects)?
6. National level, or a district, or a sector?
7. Stop bad practice, or support existing good, or innovate?
Choice of tactics for mainstreaming1. Language:
Speak ‘economics’ (still the main language of policy discourse) not ‘environmentalese’
Speak ‘development’ (jobs and growth) not ‘no growth’ Work with politicians and offer solutions, not speaking at them
2. Focus: on financial decisions (budget is key) Present costs, benefits, risks of env integration
3. Attitude: potentials, not only negative safeguards ‘Glimpses’ of desirable outcomes, plus enabling conditions
4. Authority: further strengthen our moral and scientific Involve poor groups; public opinion surveys; accountability Offer specific evidence/cases, not only generic
DRIVERS of environmental mainstreaming
Major drivers Increasing stakeholder
awareness & demands National legislation & regulations Values of progressive
organisations (eg big companies) Donor conditions
Moderately important International commitments Major environmental events and
disasters(eg floods) Company business plans & objectives Risk management Traditional cultural reasons Company/business regulations /
requirements
Others Personal values Visible ‘real’ issues Link between development/poverty reduction & environment Requirements of clients EU accession and approximation process Membership of international business groups (that embrace E M.) Desire to address rising poverty and inequality Need to protect ecosystems and stem environmental degradation
Environmental organisations As regulatory authorities, service delivery organisations, environmental
NGOs, Civil society groups – representing people especially dependent on the
environment Improve efforts to influence ‘the mainstream’ to integrate environment Lobbying, case-making, collaboration, providing information Assert broad vision of Environmental Mainstreaming
Mainstream development organisations Central, sectoral & cityplanning and finance authorities Delivery organisations Corporations National + local levels Need to understand how environment affects development interests; +
associated costs-benefits-risks + their distribution How to meet international / national environmental obligations
MAIN ACTORS
Mainstreaming approachesBroad tactics (ways of raising issues and making a case/getting heard, eg campaigns, lobbying)
Promoting/enabling institutional change (strategic level approaches);
Specific (more micro) instruments, technical tools and analytical methods (eg for gathering information, planning and monitoring);
Methods for consultation and engaging stakeholders; and also
Range of more informal, voluntary and indigenous approaches
Looking for tools to help?
Stuck?
Confused?
CATEGORISING APPROACHES/TOOLS
Economic & financial assessment CBA, green accounting
Impact assessment & strategic analysis
EIA, SEA, SoE, Natural Step
Spatial assessment LUP, poverty mapping
Monitoring & evaluation Indicators, audits, SD reporting
Policy analysis Stakeholder, institutional, governance
mapping
Participation & citizens’ action PLA, citizens’ juries
Political analysis & action Discourse-shaping, coalition-forming,
manifestos, commissions
Conflict management Dispute resolution, arbitration
INFORMATION DELIBERATIVE & ENGAGEMENT
PLANNING & ORGANISING
Legal tools Public interest litigation, rights regime
Visioning Scenarios
Management planning & control QMS/EMS, ISO, risk assessment,
threshold analysis
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) Cost benefit analysis (CBA)ISO standards
**********************************Strategic environmental assessment (SEA)Monitoring (general)Indicators
**********************************Land use planningEnvironmental auditsEnvironmental management system (EMS)Public participation (general)Geographic information system
Green/natural resource accountingState of environment reportCertificationLife cycle analysisEco-management & audit system (EMAS)Workshops & seminarsPublic hearingPublic consultationCommunity meetingsCommunity-based NR managementConflict managementMulti-stakeholder consultation / processesRisk assessmentMedia (campaigns) Economic valuationLegal frameworks / guidelines
TOP APPROACHES/TOOLS IDENTIFIED BY USERS IN COUNTRY SURVEYS
Linking tools and the Policy/planning cycle – opportunities & leverage points
Facilitation & enabling mechanisms
The two best options are:
Planning EM
integrated processesmerged processes
Environmental mainstreaming in planning & policy-making?
Linking EM tools/approaches
InformationInfluence Deliberation & engagement
= Dialogue
Planning & organising
Better PPP.Decisions &Investments
Green economy
Lack of political willLack of understanding & awareness (of environmental issues)Lack of data / informationLack of skills
****************************************
Lack of human resourcesLack of fundingLack of awareness of available tools
********************************************************
Over-complicated/overlapping environmental legislationLack of (access to) methodologies/tools - that workCorruptionFragmentation of environmental responsibilities
Key constraints to environmental mainstreaming
www.Environmental-Mainstreaming.org
Environment Inside
Environment Inside - - builds on:
For your attention !