Ch6
-
Upload
arpsychology -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
1.744 -
download
2
Transcript of Ch6
![Page 1: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)
Chapter 6
States of Consciousness
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
![Page 2: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Waking Consciousness
Consciousness our awareness of
ourselves and our environments
Selective Attention focusing of
conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
![Page 3: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sleep and Dreams
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock regular bodily rhythms, such as
of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle
![Page 4: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
![Page 5: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity
![Page 6: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves slow waves of a
relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves large, slow waves
of deep sleep Hallucinations
false sensory experiences
![Page 7: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
![Page 8: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
20
25
5
Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
![Page 9: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired
concentration depressed
immune system greater
vulnerability to accidents
![Page 10: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sleep Deprivation
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidents
Monday before time change Monday after time change
Accident frequency
![Page 11: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia persistent problems in falling or
staying asleep Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
momentary reawakenings
![Page 12: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Night Terrors and Nightmares
Night Terrors occur within 2 or 3 hours of
falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal - appearance of being terrified
seldom remembered
![Page 13: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dreams: Freud
Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering
![Page 14: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dreams: Freud
Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings Manifest Content
remembered story line Latent Content
underlying meaning
![Page 15: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dreams
As Information Processing helps facilitate memories
As a Physiological Function periodic brain stimulation
REM Rebound REM sleep increases following
REM sleep deprivation
![Page 16: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sleep Across the Lifespan
![Page 17: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hypnosis
Hypnosis a social interaction in which one
person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
![Page 18: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall
what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
![Page 19: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965) hypnotized group told to dip hand
in fake acid, then throw the “acid” in assistant’s face
control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones
![Page 20: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
![Page 21: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hypnosis
Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
![Page 22: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Explaining Hypnosis
![Page 23: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters
perceptions and mood Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal
symptoms Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions
![Page 24: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dependence and Addiction
Tolerance diminishing effect
with regular use Withdrawal
discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
![Page 25: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressantsdrugs that reduce neural activity alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
slow body functions
![Page 26: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment,
and memory reduces self awareness
Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of
the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
![Page 27: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
highly addictive
![Page 28: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
speed up body functions
![Page 29: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Physiological Effects of Nicotine
![Page 30: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines drugs that stimulate
neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
![Page 31: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
Cocaine effects depend on dosage,
form, expectations, personality and situation coca leaves powder crack
![Page 32: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
![Page 33: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy MDMA
(methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
stimulant and mild hallucinogen dangerous short and long term
effects
![Page 34: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-
manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD MDMA (Ecstasy)
![Page 35: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
THC the major active ingredient in
marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including
mild hallucinations
![Page 36: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs
![Page 37: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Trends in Drug Use
![Page 38: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Perceived Marijuana Risk
![Page 39: Ch6](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070314/554caee0b4c90536578b4b98/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Near-Death Experiences
Near-Death Experience an altered state of
consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations