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Toward Civilization(Prehistory–3000 B.C.)

Part 1

Part 1: Toward Civilization(Prehistory–3000 B.C.)

Section 1: Toward CivilizationSection 2: First Civilizations: Africa and Asia

Section 3: First Civilizations: India and China

Wadjet eye

Geography and History

By showing how people lived in different times and places, geographers have added to our knowledge of human history.

• Geography is the study of people, their environments, and the resources available to them.

• History uses written evidence to tell us how people lived in the past.

The Five Themes of Geography Place

Region

The Human Story

Human-environment interaction

Location

Movement

Anthropology is the study of the origins and development of people and their societies. Some anthropologists study the origins of human life. Others focus on the variety of human cultures.

Archaeology is a specialized branch of anthropology.

Archaeologists study artifacts, objects made by human beings. By analyzing artifacts, archaeologists learn about the beliefs, values, and activities of early people.

Anthropologists & Archaeologists

Toward Civilizations (Prehistory–3000 B.C.)

Pangaea

•ALFRED WEGENER AND PANGAEA

• In 1915, the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) first proposed the theory of continental drift, which states that parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core. The fossil record supports and gives credence to the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics.

Wegener hypothesized that there was an original, gigantic supercontinent 200 million years ago, which he named Pangaea, meaning "All-earth". Pangaea was a supercontinent consisting of all of Earth's land masses. It existed from the Permian through Jurassic periods. It began breaking up during the late Triassic period.

Pangaea started to break up into two smaller supercontinents, called Laurasia and Gondwanaland, during the late Triassic. It formed the continents Gondwanaland and Laurasia, separated by the Tethys Sea. By the end of the Cretaceous period, the continents were separating into land masses that look like our modern-day continents.

Wegener published this theory in his 1915 book, On the Origin of Continents and Oceans. In it he also proposed the existence of the supercontinent Pangaea, and named it (Pangaea means "all the land" in Greek).

• The term Beringia comes from the name of Vitus Bering, a Danish explorer for the Russian czar in the 18th Century. Bering-Chirikov expedition explored the waters of the North Pacific between Asia and North America. The Bering Strait, which lies between Alaska and Northeast Russia, and Bering Island, in the Commander Islands, are named after him.

• It is a region of worldwide significance for cultural and natural resources. This area also provides an unparalleled opportunity for a comprehensive study of the earth --its unusually intact landforms and biological remains may reveal the character of past climates and the ebb and flow of earth forces at the continents’ edge. Biological research leads to the understanding of the natural history of the region and distribution of flora and fauna. As one of the world’s great ancient crossroads, Beringia may hold solutions to puzzles about who the first people were to come to North America, how and when they traveled and how they survived under such harsh climatic conditions.

Beringia

Beringia

• It is currently believed that the ocean levels rose and fell several times in the past. During extended cold periods, tremendous volumes of water are deposited on land in the form of ice and snow, which can cause a corresponding drop in sea level. The last "ice age" occurred around 12-15,000 years ago. During this period the shallow seas now separating Asia from North America near the present day Bering Strait dropped about 300 feet and created a 1,000-mile wide grassland steppe, linking Asia and North America together with the "Bering Land Bridge". Across this vast steppe, plants and animals traveled in both directions, and humans entered the Americas.

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/parcs/atlas/beringia/lbridge.htmlBering Land Bridge Movie

http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/redir?src=websearch&requestId=bf64ce9a221b2cc5&clickedItemRank=13&userQuery=Beringia&clickedItemURN=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/parcs/atlas/beringia/lbridge.html&title=Bering+Land+Bridge+Movie

The Land/Ice Bridge

People, with their languages, customs, and cultures traveled across the land bridge after the herds as hunter-gatherers.Artifacts and fossils tell archaeologists and anthropologists that they migrated to all parts of North, Central, and South America adapting their lives to the available food, climate, and sheltering materials.

CultureA shared way of living

Hallmarks of Culture—a shared way of living

• 1. spiritual-shaman• 2. food• 3. economics• 4. governmental organization-

clan, tribe, kinship network, sachem• 5. language• 6. clothing

• 7. healthcare• 8. housing• 9. division of labor—

matriarchal=female; Patriarchal=male

• 10. family ties• 11. recreation• 12. warfare

Numbers are thousands of years before the present.

Australopithecus afarensis,

"Lucy"

Australopithecus Afarensis, Lucy, adult female, Uganda, Mitochondria DNA Habilus Skull Side

It is a well known fact that life originated in the continent of Africa, and the oldest strain of mitochondria DNA originated in Uganda. This strain of DNA is shared by females only, and it is traced back to the first female whose origin happens to be African. She is known to scientists as Mitochondria Eve. Genetic Eve from who we all originated lived in East Africa around the rift valley 3.2million years old according to Dr. Leakey.

• All of the earliest hominid remains have been found in Africa. Specimens of a species called Australopithecus afarensis appear in deposits dating about 3.3 million years ago. An almost complete skeleton of this species is a young female dubbed "Lucy". Lucy differed from her primate forebears by always walking upright. We know this because of the way in which her legs were attached to her hip girdle and the fact that her backbone was attached to the base of the skull rather than at its back as it is in four-legged mammals. To clinch the matter, fossil footprints have been found that show that A. afarensis walked upright.

• In 1987, a group of geneti cists published a surprising study in the journal Nature. The researchers examined the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) taken from 147 people across all of today's major racial groups. These researchers found that the lineage of all people alive today falls on one of two branches in humanity's family tree. One of these branches consists of nothing but African lineage, the other contains all other groups, including some African lineage.

• Even more impressive, the geneticists concluded that every person on Earth right now can trace his or her lineage back to a single common female ancestor who lived around 200,000 years ago. Because one entire branch of human lineage is of African origin and the other contains African lineage as well, the study's authors concluded Africa is the place where this woman lived. The scientists named this common female ancestor Mitochondrial Eve.

Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)

• Historians rely primarily on written evidence to determine how people lived in the past.

• Recorded history began about 5,000 years ago, when people began to keep written records.

• Today, historians study such evidence as photographs and film, as well as written documents such as letters and tax records.

How Do Historians Reconstruct the Past?

Which of the following is not an example of an artifact?a) clothingb) weaponsc) riversd) tools

What do historians look at to learn how people lived in the past?a) They focus on the environments in which early people lived. b) They primarily look at written records. c) They primarily dig for artifacts.d) They primarily look at landforms.

Section 1 Assessment

Which of the following is not an example of an artifact?a) clothingb) weaponsc) riversd) tools

What do historians look at to learn how people lived in the past?a) They focus on the environments in which early people livedb) They primarily look at written records. c) They primarily dig for artifacts.d) They primarily look at landforms.


During the Old Stone Age, people lived as nomads, in small hunting and food gathering groups. These people:

• made simple tools and weapons out of stone, bone, or wood;

• developed a spoken language;• invented clothing; • used caves and rocky overhangs for shelter;• learned to build fires for warmth and cooking.

Early people left evidence of their belief in a spiritual world.

Animism is the belief that the world Is full of spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams.

Cave paintings may have been part of animist religious rituals.

Stone statues are believed to have had religious meaning. Statues of pregnant women suggest that early people worshiped earth-mother goddesses.

Early people began burying their dead with care, suggesting a belief in life after death. They provided the dead with tools and weapons for the afterlife.

The change from nomadic to farming life led to changes in the way people lived and to the emergence of civilizations.

The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

PEOPLE BEFORE PEOPLE AFTER

Learned to farm and were able to produce their own food.

Settled into permanent villages.

Learned to domesticate, or tame, animals.

Relied on hunting and gathering.Nomads lived in small hunting and food-gathering groups.Waited for migrating animals to return each year.

Catal Huyuk is in present-day Turkey.

The oldest city found so far is Jericho.

Which of the following suggests that early people held religious beliefs?a) They buried their dead with tools, weapons, and other items needed in the

afterlife. b) They learned to produce their own food.c) They developed a spoken language.d) They lived in caves or under rocky overhangs.

Which was an advance of the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution?a) Early people learned to gather nuts and berries.b) Early people learned to hunt.c) Early people learned to produce their own food.d) Early people became nomads.


What Are the Basic Features of Civilizations?Farmers began cultivating lands along river

valleys and producing surplus, or extra, food.

Surpluses helped populations expand.

As populations grew, some villages swelled into cities.

The first cultures appeared in river valleys.The land was fertile from flooding and the alluvial silt left behind. Slash and burn tactics faded because the settlement could not move.Animals provided fertilizer.

Egypt=Nile RiverMesopotamia=Tigris and EuphratesIndia=Indus RiverChina=Huang He (Yellow River)

A civilization is a complex, highly organized social order. Historians distinguish eight basic features found in most early civilizations:

What Are the Basic Features of Civilizations?

8. Writing

7. Public works

6. Arts and architecture

5. Social classes

4. Job specialization3. Complex religions

2. Well-organized central gov’ts

1. Cities

Civilizations Spread and Change

Civilizations spread when ancient rulers gained more power and conquered territories beyond the boundaries of their cities.Powerful rulers created city-states and empires.

An empire is a group of states orterritories controlled by oneruler.

A city-state included a city andits surrounding lands andvillages.

Interactions among people also cause cultures to change.

Civilizations change when the physical environment changes.

Example: A tremendous volcano may have wiped out Minoan civilization.

Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another. Cultural diffusion occurred through migration, trade, and warfare.

Which of the following is not a feature of early civilizations?

a) cities b) well-organized central government c) cultural diffusion d) public works

Cultural diffusion occurs through a) hunting and gathering. b) migration, civilization, and warfare. c) migration, trade, and warfare. d) religion, trade, and warfare.


First Civilizations: Africa and Asia (3200 B.C.–500 B.C.)

Hatshepsut Queen (c. 1508 BCE–c. 1458 BCE)

Hatshepsut was the longest reigning female pharaoh in Egypt, ruling for 22 years in the 14th century B.C. She is considered one of Egypt's most successful pharaohs.

She served as queen alongside her husband, Thutmose II, but after his death claimed the role of pharaoh while acting as regent to her nephew, Thutmose III. In 1473 BC, however, she took the remarkable step of having herself crowned pharaoh. This translated directly as "king". There wasn't even a word in the language for a reigning female. That did not stop Hatshepsut from assuming the full titles and regalia, including the ureaus headdress and ceremonial false beard. She reigned peaceably, building temples and monuments, resulting in the flourish of Egypt. After her death, Thutmose III erased her inscriptions and tried to eradicate her memory.

The Uraeus is the stylized, upright form of an Egyptian cobra (asp, serpent, or snake), used as a symbol of sovereignty, royalty, deity, and divine authority, the cobra image of Wadjet with the vulture.

Cleopatra's family ruled Egypt for more than 100 years before she was born around 69 B.C. The stories and myths surrounding Cleopatra's tragic life inspired a number of books, movies and plays, including Antony and Cleopatra by Shakespeare. Cleopatra has become one of the most well known ancient Egyptians.

Cleopatra VII Philopator, known to history as Cleopatra, was the last active pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, only shortly survived by her son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion as pharaoh.

Cleopatra

She would not live as a prisoner/slave, so she had an asp, which was an Egyptian cobra, brought to her hidden in a basket of figs. She died on August 12, 30 BC at the age of 39. The Egyptian religion declared that death by snakebite would secure immortality. With this, she achieved her dying wish, to not be forgotten.

Cleopatra was brilliant woman and devoted to her country. She was a quick-witted woman who was fluent in nine languages, however, Latin was not one of them. She was a mathematician and a very good businesswoman. She had a genuine respect for Caesar, whose intelligence and wit matched her own. Antony on the other hand almost drove her insane with his lack of intelligence and his excesses. She dealt with him and made the most of what she had to do. She fought for her country, bore children to powerful men, and manipulated them. She had a charismatic personality, was a born leader and an ambitious monarch who deserved better than suicide.

King Tut is chiefly known for his intact tomb, discovered in Egypt's Valley of the Kings in 1922. Since then, his remains have held millions in awe over the mystery of his life and death.

Probably one of the best known pharaohs of ancient Egypt, Tutankhamun was a minor figure in ancient Egyptian history. The boy king of 18th Egyptian dynasty was the son of the powerful Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, and most likely one of Akhenaten's sisters. His short reign of eight to nine years accomplished little, but the discovery of his nearly intact tomb in 1922 has led many to unravel the mysteries to his life and death.

http://www.biography.com/people/king-tut-9512446#king-tuts-tomb-discovered

The ancient name for the Eye of Horus was “udjat”. It was also known as the Wadjet, symbolizing healing, restoration, protection and sacrifice

http://www.virtual-egypt.com/newhtml/glyph/glyph.cgi

Ramses II

http://sumer2sargon.blogspot.com/p/history.html




The original "Stairway to Heaven". The grand staircase of the great ziggurat at Ur. The temple was dedicated to Nanna, the moon god.

Clock faceThe base-60 counting system survives today in the 60-minute hour and the 60-second minute, as well as in modern geometry.

EclipseAstrologer-priests could accurately predict when eclipses of the Sun would occur. Eclipses were signs of bad omens.

Mud-brick archThe Mesopotamians pioneered the use of arches and columns in buildings, a practice that soon spread. This ancient mud-brick arch is in Thebes in Egypt.

Potash, thyme, sunflowers, saffron, dates, and pomegranates, pistachios, and pine nuts were used as food and medicines

The end came quickly, and catastrophically, in 2004 B.C. All the cities of Sumer were sacked and plundered by the Gutians and the Elamites. Ibbi-Suen, the last of the Sumerian kings, was led in chains to the Elamite capital. He was later executed.

At the time, despite the totality of their defeat, the Sumerians probably didn’t realize that the show was finally over. They had been conquered several times before, but they had always risen again to their former glory. This time, there would not be a Sumerian resurrection.

A period of internecine warfare followed the Fall of Sumer as local lords battled for regional supremacy. Eventually the Akkadians gained the ascendency. The few surviving Sumerians were assimilated into the Akkadian kingdoms. The Sumerians were no longer a distinct and independent people. After 1900 B.C., Sumerian ceased to be a spoken language.

Mural from the Akkadian city of Mari, circa 1800 B.C. The details of the painting are given in the Images section. The painting is typically Sumerian in its subject matter and appearance (except for the clothes). The picture shows the continuing influence of the Sumerian civilization two centuries after it was destroyed.

The Akkadians later became known as Babylonians.

Potter’s wheelThe Mesopotamians invented the potter’s wheel sometime before 3500 BCE. This device made pottery production far more efficient.

This bull, from Babylon’s Ishtar Gate, is made from glazed bricks.

Alabaster cylinder sealsCylinder seals, such as these alabaster examples made around 2000 BCE, were often expertly carved. They could be rolled over wet clay to leave an impression.

GoldSkilled goldsmiths in the Assyrian city of Ashur took raw metal and worked it into delicate gold chains for necklaces into fine gold settings to hold precious stones and set gemstones, like carnelian.

They were also believed to ward off sickness and protect against evil spirits.

Hittite chariotThe Hittites were famous for their use of wheeled chariots. Their attack on Babylon in 1595 BCE led to the fall of the first Babylonian Empire.

Mud-brick houseOrdinary Mesopotamians lived in mud-brick houses with flat roofs. The same basic house design was used across the Middle East for much of its history.

BabylonMesopotamian cities, such as Babylon, were protected by massive walls. At the center were temples, ziggurats, and palaces. Around these were offices, workshops, and housing.

Baghdad marketUnder the great caliph Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad became a world center for art and learning. Merchants made the city wealthy and craftworkers made it splendid.

Seljuk tribesmenThe Seljuk Turks took control of Baghdad in 1055—just one of many waves of invaders that poured into Mesopotamia from Central Asia.

MosqueAs Islam spread, mosques appeared throughout the Middle East. This beautifully decorated arch is part of the Masjid-i-Shah mosque in Isfahan, central Iran.

Ottoman soldiersFrom 1534 to 1918 Mesopotamia was part of the Ottoman Empire, which was centered in Istanbul. The Ottoman armies conquered the much of Middle East, North Africa, and southeastern Europe.

Mongol cavalryMongol horsemen devastated Mesopotamia in 1229 and returned to Baghdad in 1258, killing 800,000 people.

Slaves dragging a lamassuWhen roughly shaped, the huge stone winged bulls were hauled overland from the quarries using ropes, levers, and wooden rollers. They were finished off at the palaces.

Tower of BabelThe Tower of Babel described in the Bible may have been inspired by the seven-story ziggurat in Babylon known as the Etemenanki.

Bulrush babySargon, the Akkadian ruler, is said to have been abandoned as a baby in a reed basket, just like Moses in the story from the Biblical book of Exodus.

The Akkadian empireThe land to the north of Sumer was called Akkad. At its greatest extent, the Akkadian Empire stretched from the Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea.

Assyrian assaultAssyrian tactics were to assault the most important cities in enemy territory, using battering rams, ladders, and high wooden siege towers.

Mastiff dogThe Mesopotamians bred mastiff dogs for patrolling the hunting park during the royal lion hunt. They were also used to bring down onagers (wild asses).

Lion huntingLions were ritually hunted for the pleasure of the king. The animals were killed with arrows and then offered up to the gods.

Ishtar gateBabylon’s broad Processional Way passed the ziggurat and Nebuchadnezzar’s grand palace, before leaving the city via the deep-blue towers of the Ishtar Gate.

NebuchadnezzarUnder Nebuchadnezzar, Babylon became a spectacle of glazed bricks and colorful tiles, decorated with lions, bulls, and dragons.

First Persian empireThe first Persian (Achaemenid) Empire stretched from Libya, Egypt, and Thrace in the west to Central Asia, Afghanistan, and India in the east. To label, see p. 56.

Palace at PersepolisPersepolis, or Parsa, was an important civic and religious center built by King Darius I and his successor Xerxes. This is the ceremonial stairway leading to Darius’s palace.

Persian chariot and soldiersLed by King Cyrus the Great, the Persian army forced the Medes out of Persia, defeated the Babylonians, and established Persian supremacy throughout western Asia.

George Gordon Byron, 1788 - 1824

The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold, And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold; And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. Like the leaves of the forest when Summer is green, That host with their banners at sunset were seen;Like the leaves of the forest when Autumn hath blown,That host on the morrow lay withered and strown. For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast, And breathed in the face of the foe as he passed; And the eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill, And their hearts but once heaved, and for ever grew still!

And there lay the steed with his nostril all wide, But through it there rolled not the breath of his pride; And the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf,And cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf. And there lay the rider distorted and pale, With the dew on his brow, and the rust on his mail; And the tents were all silent, the banners alone, The lances unlifted, the trumpet unblown. And the widows of Ashur are loud in their wail, And the idols are broke in the temple of Baal; And the might of the Gentile, unsmote by the sword, Hath melted like snow in the glance of the Lord.

The Destruction Of Sennacherib

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-PiGVS6Idg





2 Kings 19:35 King James Version

35 And it came to pass that night, that the angel of the LORD went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians an hundred fourscore and five thousand: and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses. 36 So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed and returned home, and lived at Nineveh.…

Isaiah with messengers from Hezekiah