1091

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ADDITIONAL MATERIALS

In addition to this examination paper, you will need a:• calculator;• copyofthePeriodic Table supplied by WJEC. Refertoitforanyrelative atomic masses you require.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Useblackinkorblackball-pointpen.Donotusegelpenorcorrectionfluid.Writeyourname,centrenumberandcandidatenumberinthespacesatthetopofthispage.Section A Answer allquestionsinthespacesprovided.Section B Answer allquestionsinthespacesprovided.Candidates are advised to allocate their time appropriately betweenSection A (10 marks) and Section B (70 marks).

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

Thenumberofmarksisgiveninbracketsattheendofeachquestionorpart-question.Themaximummarkforthispaperis80.Youranswersmustberelevantandmustmakefulluseoftheinformationgiventobeawardedfullmarksforaquestion.The QWC labelalongsideparticularpart-questionsindicatesthosewheretheQualityofWrittenCommunicationisassessed.If you runout of space, use the additional page(s) at the backof the booklet, taking care tonumberthequestion(s)correctly.

SM*(S13-1091-01)

Surname

Other Names

CandidateNumber

2

CentreNumber

© WJEC CBAC Ltd.

GCE AS/A level

1091/01

CHEMISTRY – CH1

A.M. THURSDAY, 23 May 2013

1½ hours FOR EXAMINER’SUSE ONLY

Section Question Mark

A 1-6

B 7

8

9

10

11

12

TOTAL MARK

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SECTION A

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1. Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon.Give the numbers of protons, neutrons andelectronspresentinanatomofcarbon-14. [2]

Number of protons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number of electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Circleallofthefollowingthatcarryanegativecharge. [2]

electron α-particle γ-ray proton neutron β-particle

3. Manyindustrialprocessesusecatalysts.

Explainhowacatalystincreasestherateofachemicalreaction. [2]

4. Sketchtheshapeofone p-orbital. [1]

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5. Nameanelementthathasahalf-filledsetofp-orbitals. [1]

6. Vinegarisadilutesolutionofaweakacid.

(a) State what is meant by an acid. [1]

(b) SuggestapHvalueforvinegar. [1]

Section A Total [10]

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SECTION B

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

7. Jewelssuchasdiamonds,rubiesandemeraldsarehighlyvaluedbutareallcloselyrelatedtomuchlesspreciousmaterials.

(a) Emeraldsareaformofthemineralberyl,withtheirgreencolourduetotheimpuritiespresent.

Asampleofberylcontains10.04%aluminium,53.58%oxygenand31.35%siliconbymass,withberylliummakinguptheremainder.ItsmolecularformulaisAl2BexSi6O18. Find the percentage bymass of beryllium in the compound andhence calculate thevalueofxinthisformula. [3]

x = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Themostcommonformofcarbonisgraphite,howevertheelementalsoexists intheformofdiamond.

WecancalculatethestandardenthalpychangeofreactionformakingdiamondfromgraphiteusingHess’Law.

Reaction Standardenthalpychangeofreaction/kJmol–1

C(diamond)+O2(g)CO2(g) –395.4

C(graphite)+O2(g)CO2(g) –393.5

(i) StateHess’Law. [1]

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(ii) UseHess’Lawandthedatainthetableonpage4tocalculatetheenthalpychangeofthereactionbelow. [2]

C(graphite)C(diamond)

Enthalpy change of reaction = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJmol–1

(iii) Kyranstatesthatbecausediamondisanelement,itsenthalpyofformationunderstandardconditionsmustbezero.

StatewhetherKyraniscorrectandgiveareasontosupportyouranswer. [1]

(iv) Mostdiamondsusedinjewellerycomefromnaturalsources,butitispossibletoproducediamondsartificiallyalthoughthesearerarelyofgemstonequality.

I Oneproposeduseofartificialdiamondistoprotectmedicalimplants.Tocover a particular implant, a volume of 2.08cm3 of diamond is needed.Calculatethemassofdiamondrequired. [1]

[Densityofdiamondunderstandardconditions=3.51gcm–3]

Mass of diamond = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

II The process of producing diamond from graphite has a yield of 93%.Calculatethemassofgraphiteneededtomakethediamondrequired. [2]

Mass of graphite = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

Total[10]

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8. Thenoblegases(Group0)areagroupofveryunreactiveelements.Thefirstmembersofthegroup(helium,neonandargon)donotformanycompounds,howeveritispossibletoformafewcompoundsofkryptonandxenon.

(a) Neonhastenelectronsineachatom.Thesketchbelowshowsthefirsttwoandthefinaltwoionisationenergiesforaneonatom.

(i) Sketchthepatternyouwouldexpecttoseefortheremainingsixionisationenergiesofneon. [2]

Numberofelectronsremoved

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

log(ionisationenergy)

(ii) Explainanysignificantchangesinslopeonthegraphyouhavesketched. [2]

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(b) ThefirstcompoundofanoblegaswasformedfromXeatomsandPtF6.ItwastheioniccompoundXe+PtF–.

Explainwhyitisnotpossibletoformasimilarioniccompoundofargon,Ar+PtF–. [2]

(c) HeliumwasidentifiedintheSunbeforeitwasdiscoveredonEarth.WhenlightfromtheSunissplitintoitsdifferentcoloursbyaprism,darklinesareobservedagainstacolouredbackgroundwhichshowtheatomicabsorptionspectrumofhelium.Explainhowanatomicabsorptionspectrumforms. [2]

(d) Xenon trioxide, XeO3,isacompoundwhichdecomposesexplosivelyat25°Caccordingtothefollowingequation.

2XeO3(s)2Xe(g) + 3O2(g)

Calculatethevolumeofgas,indm3,releasedbythedecompositionof1molofXeO3 undertheseconditions. [2]

[1molofanygasat25°Coccupiesavolumeof24.0dm3]

Volume = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dm3

Total[10]

6

6

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9. Selenium isaGroup6element that isneeded in thehumanbody in traceamounts for thecorrect functioning of some enzymes.Only small amounts are required as large doses areharmful.

(a) Amassspectrometercanbeusedtofindtherelativeatomicmassofasampleofselenium.Thefollowingdiagramshowsatypicalmassspectrometer.

(i) LabelpartsA and B. [1]

(ii) Describewhathappenstoasampleintroducedintothemassspectrometer. [4] QWC[2]

A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Some selenium is found amongst the decay products in a nuclear reactor.Themassspectrumfoundforthissampleofseleniumhadtheisotopiccompositionbelow.

Isotope Abundance

78Se 12.2%

79Se 26.4%

80Se 61.4%

Calculatetherelativeatomicmassofthissampleofselenium. Giveyouranswerto3 significant figures. [3]

Relative atomic mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) 81Seisaradioactiveisotopeoftheelementselenium,whichdecaysbyβ-emissionwithahalflifeof18.75minutes.

(i) Thedecayof81Se is shown by the equation below.

81Se aX+0 β

IdentifyaandXinthisequation. [1]

a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) 2.72g of 81Se is used by a scientist for an experiment. Calculate the mass of 81Sethatwouldremainafter75minutes. [2]

Mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

Total[13]

–1

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10. Hydratedsodiumcarbonate,Na2CO3.xH2O,isacrystallinesolidthatcanbeusedtoprepareastandardsolutionfortitration.

(a) Therelativemolecularmassofthishydratedsodiumcarbonateis286.2.Calculatethevalueofxinthisformula. [1]

x = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Emilywants to prepare 250cm3 of a solution of sodium carbonate of concentration0.200 mol dm–3usingthishydratedsodiumcarbonate.

(i) Calculate the mass of hydrated sodium carbonate needed to prepare thissolution. [2]

Mass of hydrated sodium carbonate = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(ii) Emilyproposestomakethesolutionbythefollowingmethod.

• Weightherequiredmassofhydratedsodiumcarbonate.

• Place the hydrated sodium carbonate in a beaker and add 250cm3of distilledwater.

• Stirthemixtureuntilallthesodiumcarbonatedissolves.

• Transferthesolutiontothevolumetricflaskandshake.

Herteachersaidthatthemethodwasnotcorrect.SuggesttwochangesthatEmilyshouldmaketohermethod. [2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Emily then prepared 250cm3 of sodium carbonate solution of concentration 0.200 mol dm–3 using a correct method. She took 25.0cm3 samples of the sodiumcarbonate solution and titrated these using a solution of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, ofunknownconcentration.Theacidwasplacedintheburette.

DescribehowEmilyshouldperformonetitrationtofindthevolumeofsulfuricacidneededforcompletereaction. [4]

QWC[1]

Total[10]

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11. Thecombustionoffossilfuelsprovidesmuchoftheenergyweusetoday.Nonane,C9H20, is oneofthecompoundspresentinthefuelkerosene.

(a) (i) Theequationforthecombustionofnonaneisgivenbelow.

C9H20(l) + 14O2(g) 9CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

Usethevaluesgiveninthetabletocalculatethestandardenthalpyofcombustionofnonane. [3]

Standard enthalpy of combustion = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJmol–1

(ii) Standard enthalpy changes aremeasured under standard conditions.Give thestandardconditionsoftemperatureandpressure,includingunitsforeach. [2]

Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SubstanceStandardenthalpyofformation,

∆Hf/kJmol–1

C9H20(l) –275

O2(g) 0

CO2(g) –394

H2O(l) –286

φ

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(b) Iwanwishedtoconfirmthevaluehehadcalculatedfortheenthalpyofcombustionofnonane, and he used the apparatus below.

(i) Iwanmeasuredthemassofthespiritburneratthestartandendoftheexperimentandfoundthat0.20gofnonanehadbeenburned.Calculatethenumberofmolesofnonanepresentin0.20g. [2]

Number of moles = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) Duringthisexperiment,thetemperatureofthewater increasedby42.0°C.Usetheformulabelowtocalculatetheenthalpychangeofcombustionofnonane,inkJmol–1. [2]

∆H =

misthemassofwater cisthespecificheatcapacityofwaterwhichis4.18J°C–1g–1 ∆T isthetemperaturechangein°C nisthenumberofmolesofnonane

∆H = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJmol–1

QUESTION 11 CONTINUES ON PAgE 14

thermometer

metalcalorimeter

draughtshield

nonane

clamp

50cm3ofwater

spirit burner

–mc∆Tn

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(iii) GiveonereasonwhytheexperimentalvaluethatIwanobtaineddiffersfromthetheoreticalvaluecalculatedinpart(a). [1]

Total[10]

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12. (a) Thecombustionoffossilfuelscontainingsulfurimpuritiesisknowntocauseacidrain.Thisacidraincancausetheerosionofmarblestatuesasthecalciumcarbonateinthemreactswiththeacidintherain.

Giveoneotherproblemcausedbyacidrain. [1]

(b) Achemistisdevelopingcoatingsformarblethatwillslowdowntherateoftheirerosionbyacidrain.Tocomparedifferentcoatingsheusessmallmodelstatues,allofwhicharethesamesizeandshapeaseachother.Heproposestomeasuretherateofreactionbyaddingacidandmeasuringthevolumeofgasgivenoffatsettimeintervals.

(i) Completethediagramtoshowtheapparatusthatcouldbeusedtoperformthisexperiment. [1]

(ii) Explainwhyitisimportantthatthemodelstatuesarethesamesizeandshapeaseachother. [1]

(iii) Statetwootherfactorshewillneedtokeepconstantifheistocollectvaliddata. [2]

model statue

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(c) Onegasthatcausesacidrainissulfurdioxide.ThisgasisusedtoproducesulfurtrioxideintheContactProcess.Thereactionoccurringisshowninthefollowingequation.

2SO2(g) + O2(g)a 2SO3(g)

(i) State and explain the effect of increasing pressure on the equilibrium yield ofsulfurtrioxide. [2]

(ii) When the temperature is increased the rate atwhich equilibrium is reached isincreasedandtheyieldofsulfurtrioxideisdecreased.

I Statewhetherthisreactionisendothermic,exothermicorneither,givingareasonforyouranswer. [2]

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only II Explainwhyincreasingthetemperatureleadstoanincreaseintherateof

reaction. [3]

III Toincreasetherateofareaction,acatalystcanbeused.Giveadifferent catalysedreactionandnamethecatalystforthisreaction. [1]

© WJEC CBAC Ltd.

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(d) Ethanoicacid,CH3COOH,isoneofthemostfamiliarcompoundsusedasaflavouringandpreservativeforfood.Originallyethanoicacidwasproducedbyoxidationofethanolbybacteriainthepresenceofair(routeAbelow).TodaytherearemanyotherpossibleroutesandthreeoftheseareshownasroutesB, C and D below.

RouteCarbon-containing

startingmaterialsConditions Overallequation Atom

economy

A ethanol C2H5OH+O2CH3COOH+H2O 76.9%

B methanol,carbonmonoxide 150°C,30atm CH3OH+COaCH3COOH 100.0%

C butane 150°C,55atm 2C4H10+5O24CH3COOH+2H2O 87.0%

D sugars C6H12O63CH3COOH

(i) StatetheatomeconomyofrouteDforproductionofethanoicacid. [1]

(ii) RouteB is the route most commonly used for producing ethanoic acid todayfor both financial and Green Chemistry reasons. Apply the principles of Green Chemistry to the information above to give two reasons why route B is favouredoverrouteC. [2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) RouteBusesahomogeneouscatalyst.Statewhateffectthecatalystwillhaveonthepositionofthisequilibrium. [1]

Total[17]

Section B Total [70]

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CJ*(S13-1091-01A)

GCE AS/A level

1091/01-A

CHEMISTRY – PERIODIC TABLEFOR USE WITH CH1

A.M. THURSDAY, 23 May 2013

© WJEC CBAC Ltd.

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TH

E P

ER

IOD

IC T

AB

LE

12

Gro

up3

45

67

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6.94 Li

Lith

ium

3

9.01 Be

Bery

llium

4

10.8 B

Bor

on 5

12.0 C

Car

bon

6

14.0 N

Nitr

ogen

7

16.0 O

Oxy

gen

8

19.0 F

Fluo

rine

9

20.2

Ne

Neo

n10

23.0

Na

Sodi

um11

24.3

Mg

Magn

esium

12

27.0 Al

Alum

inium

13

28.1 Si

Silic

on14

31.0 P

Phosp

horus

15

32.1 S

Sulfu

r16

35.5 Cl

Chlo

rine

17

40.0

Ar

Arg

on18

39.1 K

Pota

ssium

19

40.1

Ca

Cal

cium

20

45.0 Sc

Scan

dium

21

47.9 Ti

Tita

nium

22

50.9 V

Vana

dium

23

52.0 Cr

Chro

mium

24

54.9

Mn

Man

gane

se25

55.8 Fe Iron 26

58.9

Co

Cob

alt

27

58.7 Ni

Nic

kel

28

63.5

Cu

Cop

per

29

65.4

Zn

Zin

c30

69.7

Ga

Gal

lium

31

72.6

Ge

Germ

anium

32

74.9 As

Ars

enic

33

79.0 Se

Selen

ium

34

79.9 Br

Brom

ine

35

83.8

Kr

Kry

pton

36

85.5

Rb

Rubid

ium37

87.6 Sr

Stro

ntium

38

88.9 Y

Ytt

rium

39

91.2 Zr

Zirco

nium

40

92.9

Nb

Nio

bium

41

95.9

Mo

Molyb

denum

42

98.9 Tc

Tech

netiu

m43

101

Ru

Ruthe

nium

44

103

Rh

Rhod

ium

45

106

PdPa

lladiu

m46

108

Ag

Silv

er47

112

Cd

Cadm

ium48

115 In

Indi

um49

119

Sn Tin 50

122

SbAn

timon

y51

128

TeTe

lluriu

m52

127 I

Iodi

ne53

131

Xe

Xen

on54

133

Cs

Caes

ium

55

137

Ba

Bar

ium

56

139

La

Lanth

anum

57

179

Hf

Haf

nium

72

181

TaTa

ntalu

m73

184 W

Tung

sten

74

186

Re

Rhen

ium

75

190

Os

Osm

ium

76

192 Ir

Irid

ium

77

195 Pt

Plat

inum

78

197

Au

Gol

d79

201

Hg

Mer

cury

80

204

Tl

Thal

lium

81

207

Pb Lea

d82

209 Bi

Bism

uth

83

(210

)Po

Polo

nium

84

(210

)A

tA

stat

ine

85

(222

)R

nR

adon

86

(223

)Fr

Fran

cium

87

(226

)R

aR

adiu

m88

(227

)A

cAc

tiniu

m89

‣ ‣‣

1.01 H

Hydr

ogen

1

4.00 He

Heliu

m2

d Bl

ock

s Blo

ckPe

riod

p Bl

ock

140

Ce

Cer

ium

58

141 Pr

Pras

eody

mium

59

144

Nd

Neo

dym

ium

60

(147

)Pm

Prom

ethi

um61

150

SmSa

mar

ium

62

(153

)Eu

Euro

pium

63

157

Gd

Gad

oliniu

m64

159

Tb

Terb

ium

65

163

Dy

Dys

pros

ium66

165

Ho

Hol

miu

m67

167

ErEr

bium

68

169

TmTh

uliu

m69

173

Yb

Ytter

bium

70

175

LuLu

tetiu

m71

232

Th

Thor

ium

90

(231

)Pa

Prot

actin

ium91

238 U

Ura

nium

92

(237

)N

pN

eptu

nium

93

(242

)Pu

Plut

oniu

m94

(243

)A

mA

mer

icium

95

(247

)C

mC

uriu

m96

(245

)Bk

Berk

elium

97

(251

)C

fCa

liforn

ium98

(254

)E

sEi

nstei

nium

99

(253

)Fm

Ferm

ium

100

(256

)M

dM

ende

leviu

m10

1

(254

)N

oN

obeli

um10

2

(257

)Lr

Lawr

enciu

m10

3

f Blo

ck

‣ Lan

than

oid

e

lem

ents

‣‣ A

ctin

oid

e

lem

ents

Ar

Sym

bol

Name Z

rela

tive

atom

icm

ass

atom

icnu

mbe

r

Key

PMT