Ch1 Student Handout(1)

1 PSYCH 1560 Chapter 1

Dr. Giorgetti

Slide 1 Visualizing

Psychology

by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman

Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods

PSYC 1560Dr. Giorgetti

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Slide 2 Lecture Overview

Introducing Psychology

Origins of Psychology

The Science of Psychology

Research Methods

Getting the Most from Your Study of Psychology

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Slide 3 Introducing Psychology

What is psychology?

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology focuses on critical thinking and isscientific.

Pseudopsychologies(e.g., psychics, mediums)are nonscientific.

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Slide 4 Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology?

Psychology helps us scientifically evaluate common beliefs and misconceptions about behavior and mental processes.

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Slide 5 True or False?Answers to These (and Other Common Beliefs) are Found Throughout Visualizing Psychology

In general, we only use about 10% of our brain.

Most brain activity stops during sleep.

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Slide 6 More Answers

Police often use psychics to help solve crimes.

Similarity is the best predictor of long-term relationships.

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Slide 7 Introducing Psychology: Psychologys Four Goals

1. Description

2. Explanation

3. Prediction

4. Change

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Slide 8 Introducing Psychology: Applying Psychology to Work (Sample Specialties)

Biopsychology/

Neuroscience

Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Cognitive Psychology

Developmental Psychology

Educational and School Psychology

Experimental Psychology

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Slide 9 Applying Psychology to Work (Sample Specialties Continued)

Forensic Psychology

Gender/Cultural Psychology

Health Psychology

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Social Psychology

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Slide 10 Careers in Psychology: Percentage of Psychology Degrees by Specialty

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Slide 11 Origins of Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt: father of psychology

Structuralism

(Wundt and Titchener key leaders)

Functionalism

(James key leader)

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Slide 12 Origins of Psychology (Continued)

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Perspective

(Freud was the founder)

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Gestalt Psychology

Founder: Max Wertheimer

Goals: To describe organization of mental processes.

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Behaviorist Perspective

(Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner were key figures)

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Humanist Perspective (Rogers and Maslow were key figures)

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Cognitive Perspective

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Neuroscientific/ Biopsychological Perspective

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Evolutionary Perspective

Sociocultural Perspective

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Slide 19 Origins of Psychology: One Unifying

Theme of Modern Psychology

Biopsychosocial model

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Slide 20

Who is missing from the history of psychology?

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Slide 21 Women in Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins First woman president of APA (1905) Completed graduate work at Harvard Established psychology lab at Wellesley

College Studied self-psychology

Margaret F. Washburn First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

(1894)

Leta Stetter Hollingsworth Contributions to psychology of women,

clinical psychology, and educational psychology

tested variability hypothesis of male superiority

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Slide 22 Women in Psychology

Inez Prossor

First African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (1933)

Studied development of black children in segregated and integrated schools

Anne Anastasi

Authority on psychological testing;

Most prominent woman psychologist in the English-speaking world (1987)

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Slide 23 African Americans in the History of Psychology

Francis C. Sumner

First African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (1920)

Kenneth B. Clark

Studied the effects of segregation and racial awareness of children

First African American psychologist to serve as president of APA

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Slide 24 African Americans in the History of Psychology

Mamie Phipps Clark

Research on self-concept and social identification in Black children using dolls

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Slide 25 Latinos in the History of Psychology

Martha Bernal

First Latina to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States

Contributed significantly to the advancement of ethnic minority psychology

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Slide 26 Introducing Psychology: Ethnicities of Doctorate Recipients in Psychology

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Slide 27 Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking

Why do psychologists and other scientists need multiple perspectives?

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Slide 28 Do You See Both a Vase and Two Faces?

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Slide 29 The Science of Psychology

Basic Research

Applied Research

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Slide 30 Pause and Reflect: Check & Review

Is this an example of basic or applied research?

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Slide 31 The Science of Psychology: The Scientific Method

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Slide 32 The Science of Psychology: Ethical Guidelines

Human research participants need:

Informed consent

Voluntary participation

Restricted use of deception

Debriefing

Confidentiality

Alternative activities

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Slide 33 The Science of Psychology: Ethical Guidelines (Continued)

Advocates believe nonhuman research offers significant scientific benefits. Opponents question these benefits and suggest

nonhuman animals cannot give informed consent.

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1. What are the four major goals of psychology?

2. The _____ perspective focuses onnatural selection, adaptation, and evolution.

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Slide 35 The Science of Psychology: Research Methods

Four key research methods:

1. Experimental

2. Descriptive

3. Correlational

4. Biological

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Slide 36 The Science of Psychology: Four Key Research Methods (Continued)

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Slide 37 The Science of Psychology: Four KeyResearch Methods (Continued)

1. Experimental Research

cause and effect

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Slide 38 The Science of Psychology: Four Key Research MethodsExperiment (Continued)

Key features of an experiment:

Independent variable versus dependent variable

Experimental group versus control group

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Slide 39 The Science of Psychology: Four Key Research MethodsExperiment (Continued)

Does TV increase aggression?

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Slide 40 The Science of Psychology: Four Key Research MethodsExperiment

(Continued)

Potential researcher problems:

Experimenter bias

Ethnocentrism

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(Continued)

Potential participant problems:

Sample bias

Participant bias

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(Continued)

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Slide 43 Variables

A biopsychologist injects several monkeys with male hormones and notes that by comparison to control animals they display more aggressive acts in a testing situation.

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Extraneous variables

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Slide 44 Variables

After being deprived of food for varying amounts of time, subjects show a progressive decline in hand dexterity and steadiness.


Dependent variable


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Slide 45 Variables

An educational psychologist finds no differences in the math achievement scores of elementary school students who have, or have not, been assigned to a special math-education program.


Dependent variable


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Slide 46 The Science of Psychology: Four Key Research MethodsDescriptive Research

2. Descriptive Research: observes and records behavior

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Slide 47 The Science of Psychology: Four Key Research MethodsDescriptive Research

Three types of descriptive research:

Naturalistic Observation

Survey

Case Study

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Slide 48 Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology?

What is the advantage of studying psychological research methods like naturalistic observation?

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Slide 49 The Science of Psychology: Four Key Research MethodsCorrelational

Research

3. Correlational Research: relationships between two or more variables

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Research (Continued)

Positive Correlation

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Negative Correlation

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Zero Correlation

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Can you see why correlation can never show cause and effect?

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Slide 55 The Science of Psychology: Four Key Research MethodsBiological Research

4. Biological Research

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Slide 56 Tools for Studying the Brain

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1. Why is an experiment the only way we can determine cause and effect?

2. What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation?

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Slide 58 Five Questions for Critical Thinking

What am I being asked to believe or accept?

Is there evidence to support the claim?

Can that evidence be interpreted another way?

What evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives?

What conclusions are most reasonable?

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Slide 59 Getting the Most from Your Study of Psychology

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Slide 60 Getting the Most from Your Study of Psychology (Continued)

Four major tools:

Active Reading (SQ4R)

Time Management (setting up a realistic study, social, and work schedule)

Grade Improvement (note taking, study habits, test taking tips)

Additional Resources (instructors, classmates, study groups, etc.)

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Slide 61 Using the SQ4R Method

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Slide 62 Getting the Most from Your Study of Psychology:

The Importance of Time Management

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Slide 63 Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking

Can you see how the lack of active reading or studying helps explain why most people cannot easily identify the actual U.S. penny despite having seen it thousands of times?

Which of the four major Tools for Student Success do you plan to work on to improve your academic performance?

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Dr. Giorgetti

Ch1 Student Handout(1)

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