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Ch.1: Matter and Change 1.1 Chemistry Slide 2 Sciences used to be divided into strict categories physical (nonliving) physical (nonliving) biological (living) biological (living) Chemistry has parts that fall under both categories many sciences are so interrelated that you cant categorize them in those ways anymore. Slide 3 Chemistry study of matter and the changes it undergoes chemists use instruments to improve their ability to observe and make measurements Slide 4 Chemistry chemists work with chemicals (any substance with definite composition) all matter has chemical basis whether it is living or nonliving Slide 5 Branches of Chemistry 1. organic- study of compounds containing carbon 2. inorganic- study of compounds that arent organic 1. physical- study of changes of matter and their energy Slide 6 Branches of Chemistry 4. analytical- study of composition of materials 5. biochemistry- study of substances and processes in living things 6. theoretical- use of math and computers to understand chemical behaviors and design new compounds Slide 7 Types of Research 1. Basic Research- done to increase knowledge 2. Applied Research- done to solve a problem 3. Technological Development- done to improve quality of life technology application of knowledge (usually scientific) for practical purposes Slide 8 WRITE A 3 5 SENTENCE SUMMARY ON CHEMISTRY Pause: Slide 9 Ch. 1: Matter and Change 1.2 Matter and Its Properties Slide 10 Terms Matter- anything that has mass and volume Atom- smallest unit of an element that keeps the properties of element Element- pure substance made of only one type of atom Compound- substance made of 2 or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded Molecule- type of compound in which bonds are covalent bonds Slide 11 Properties of Matter chemists use characteristic properties to tell substances apart and to separate them some properties define a group of substances Slide 12 Types of Properties Extensive- depend on the amount of matter Ex: volume, mass, amount of energy Intensive- do not depend on the amount Ex: density, boiling point, ability to conduct Slide 13 Types of Properties Physical- characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance Chemical- relates to a substances ability to undergo changes that transform it into a different substance Easiest to see when a chemical is reacting Slide 14 Physical Changes in Matter change in a substance that doesnt change the identity of the substance Ex. grinding, cutting, melting, boiling Includes all changes of state (physical changes of a substance from one state to another) Slide 15 Solid definite volume definite shape atoms are packed together in fixed positions strong attractive forces between atoms only vibrate in place Slide 16 Liquid definite volume indefinite shape atoms are close together atoms can overcome attractive forces to flow Slide 17 Gases indefinite volume indefinite shape atoms move very quickly atoms are far apart pretty weak attractive forces Slide 18 Changes of State Slide 19 Plasma high temperature state in which atoms lose their electrons Ex. the sun Slide 20 Chemical Changes in Matter a change in which a substance is converted into a different substance same as chemical reaction doesnt change the amount of matter present reactants- substances that react products- substances that form Slide 21 mercury + iodine mercuric iodide Slide 22 Energy Changes in Matter when any change occurs, energy is always involved energy can be in different forms (light, heat, etc.) energy is never destroyed or created (law of conservation of energy) Slide 23 Energy Changes in Matter Exothermic Reaction- reaction that gives off energy (feels warm on outside) Endothermic Reaction- reaction that uses up energy (feels cold on outside) Slide 24 Go on to Classification of Matter Classification of MatterClassification of Matter Slide 25 Starter 9/14 Determine whether each of the following is an extensive or intensive property: volume volume density density mass mass melting point melting point Slide 26 Ch. 1: Matter and Change 1.2 Classification of Matter Slide 27 Slide 28 Pure Substances every sample has same: characteristic properties characteristic properties composition composition are made of: one type of atom: element one type of atom: element Ex: iron, gold, oxygenEx: iron, gold, oxygen 2 or more types of atoms: compound 2 or more types of atoms: compound Ex: salt, sugar, waterEx: salt, sugar, water Slide 29 Chemical Purity chemicals in lab are treated as pure all chemicals have some level of impurity different grades of chemical are used for different purposes Slide 30 Which are pure substances? Slide 31 Mixtures blend of 2 or more types of matter each component keeps its own identity and properties the components are only physically mixed can be separated using physical means properties of the mixture are a combination of the properties of the componenents properties Slide 32 Homogeneous Mixtures also called solution uniform in composition no visible parts Ex: vinegar clear air salt water brass Slide 33 Heterogeneous Mixtures not uniform in composition visible parts Ex: soil concrete blood chocolate chip cookies sand in water iced tea with ice Slide 34 Mixtures Slide 35 Physical Separation Techniques Filtration- solid part is trapped by filter paper and the liquid part runs through the paper Vaporization- where the liquid portion is evaporated off to leave solid Slide 36 Physical Separation Techniques Decanting- when liquid is poured off after solid has settled to bottom Centrifuge- machine that spins a sample very quickly so that components with different densities will separate Slide 37 Physical Separation Techniques Paper Chromatography- used to separate mixtures because different parts move quicker on paper than other Slide 38 Slide 39 Practice Determine whether each of the following is element, compound, homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture. air wood chlorine granite aluminum sugar in water blood sucrose stainless steel sodium chloride brass whole milk apple table salt soft drinks vinegar concrete sodium baking soda (NaHCO 3 ) gravel Slide 40 Ch.1 Matter and Change 1.3 Elements Slide 41 Elements elements are pure substances organized by properties on periodic table Slide 42 Elements each square shows the name and letter symbol for each element usually the symbols relate to the English names but some come from older names (usually Latin) Ex: golds symbol is Au from aurum Ex: golds symbol is Au from aurum Ex: irons symbol is Fe from ferrum Ex: irons symbol is Fe from ferrum Slide 43 Periodic Table Groups also called families also called families vertical columns vertical columns numbered 1 18 numbered 1 18 have similar chemical properties have similar chemical properties Periods horizontal rows properties changes consistently across a period numbered 1-7 Slide 44 Periodic Table Slide 45 two rows below the periodic table are the lanthanide and actinide series these rows fit after #57 and #89 they are only at the bottom to keep the width of the chart smaller Slide 46 Types of Elements Metals an element that is a good conductor of electricity an element that is a good conductor of electricity at room temperature, most are solids at room temperature, most are solids malleable- can be rolled or hammered into sheets malleable- can be rolled or hammered into sheets ductile- can be made into wire ductile- can be made into wire high tensile strength- can resist breakage when pulled high tensile strength- can resist breakage when pulled most have silvery or grayish white luster most have silvery or grayish white luster Slide 47 Types of Elements Nonmetals an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity many are gases at room temperature many are gases at room temperature some are solids: usually brittle, not malleable some are solids: usually brittle, not malleable Slide 48 Types of Elements Metalloids an element that has some characteristics of metals and nonmetals an element that has some characteristics of metals and nonmetals appear along staricase line appear along staricase line B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te all are solids at room temperature all are solids at room temperature less malleable that metals but less brittle than nonmetals less malleable that metals but less brittle than nonmetals are semiconductors are semiconductors Slide 49 Types of Elements Noble Gases generally unreactive gases generally unreactive gases in far right column of periodic table (Group 18) in far right column of periodic table (Group 18)