Minerals Minerals Overview atoms minerals rocks History of the Earth.
Ch 5-Atoms to Minerals Notes - Walsingham Academyspa.walsingham.org/ClassDocuments/14215/46315/Ch...
Transcript of Ch 5-Atoms to Minerals Notes - Walsingham Academyspa.walsingham.org/ClassDocuments/14215/46315/Ch...
Atoms to Minerals Atoms to Minerals
Matter and Atoms
Composition and Structure of Minerals
Identifying Minerals
Mineral Groups
Focus: Section 5.1
Matter and AtomsKey IdeaOrdinary matter is composed of elements that can be broken down into particles called atoms.
Objectives1)Identify the characteristics of matter2)Compare the particles that make up atoms of elements3)Describe the three types of chemical bonds
Key Vocabularyelement mass number ion atomic number compound metalisotope molecule nonmetal
Matter and Energy
Everything in the universe is made up of essentially 2 things: __________ and __________.
matter has mass and occupies space and is the substance of which all physical objects are made
four states of matter are ________, ________, ________, and ________
energy is the ability to cause change or do work
forms of energy include ________, ________, ________, and ________
Properties of Matter
There are two basic properties of matter: chemical and physical
________________: properties that change the chemical nature of matter
examples: release of energy, reactivity with another substance, and flammability.
________________: properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter
examples: mass, color, shape, volume, viscosity, and density.
Mass and Weight
We often use the terms "mass" and "weight" interchangeably, but to a scientist they are completely different things.
_______ is the quantity of matter in an object. _______ is the force exerted on an object by gravitational attraction.
Mass is constant all over the Universe. Weight depends on location in the Universe.
If you weighed 120 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 1/6th less on the Moon because the gravitational attraction is less.
Your mass remains the same in both places.
Chemical & Physical Changes
____________ result when a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance. The change cannot be “undone.”
example: a water molecule combines with oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide.
____________ result when a substance changes its physical appearance, but not its composition. The change can be “undone.”
example: water freezes to form ice, but the substance is still water.
Classification of Matter
Matter can be classified as a ________ or a _____________.
Heterogeneous MixtureMixture in which the substances aren't equally distributed.
Example: garden salad
Homogeneous MixtureMixture in which the composition is uniform throughout.
Example: air
CompoundA substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportion.
Example: table salt
ElementA substance made up of only one kind of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Example: carbon
Mixture A substance composed of two or more components, each of which retains its own properties.
Pure Substance A substance with a fixed chemical composition throughout.
States of Matter
SOLID1.definite shape and volume2.not easily compressible 3.does not flow easily
LIQUID1.indefinite shape and volume2.not easily compressible 3.flows easily
GAS1.indefinite shape and volume2.easily compressible3.flows easily
PLASMA1.indefinite shape and volume2.ionized gas at very high temperature3.good conductor of electricity
Matter exists in one of four physical states: ________, _______, _____, or ______.
Changes of physical state occur as heat energy increases.
Modern Atomic Model
Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the ________ of the atom.
In __________ the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
Electrons travel in circular orbits around the nucleus and gain or lose energy as they move from one orbit to another.
Atoms are composed of _________, _______, and ________.
Ions and Isotopes
# protons > # electrons = ______________
# electrons > # protons = ______________
An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons than protons is called an ___________.
An atom with a greater or lesser number of electrons than protons is called an _____.
Chemical Bonding
____________ are the forces that hold atoms together in molecules due to the sharing of electrons between atoms. The electrons of an atom that participate in chemical bonding are called _______________.
_______________ occurs when two atoms share electrons.
_______________ results from the attraction of oppositely charged ions.
_______________ forms when electrons move freely around all the positive ions.
Elements
There are ______ known elements of which _____ occur naturally on Earth.
____________ and ____________ are among the most abundant elements in Earth’s crust.
An _____________ is a substance made up of only one kind of atom that cannot be further divided by ordinary chemical or physical means.
Reading the Periodic Table
Focus: Section 5.2
Composition and Structure of MineralsKey IdeaA mineral is a naturally occurring element or compound that is inorganic and crystalline in structure.
Objectives1)Identify the characteristics of minerals2)Explain how minerals form3)List the physical characteristics of minerals that are influenced by their crystalline structure
Key Vocabularymineral silicate tetrahedroncrystal cleavagesilicate
What Is a Mineral?
A __________ is defined as a substance that:
is ____________________; not man made or manufactured
is a __________; not a liquid or gas
has a ____________________
has _________________________________________
is ______________; not living now nor in the past
How are Minerals Formed?
Minerals are formed inorganically as a result of specific environmental conditions.
These conditions include:
_______________ - the cooling and solidification of magma
_______________ - precipitation from water caused by evaporation, chemical reactions, and temperature changes
_______________ - the rearrangement of atoms in existing minerals that are subjected to conditions of high temperature and pressure
What is a Crystal?
_______________ are solids that form by a regular repeated pattern of molecules connecting together.
Crystals have:
orderly and symmetrical _____ ________________
definite __________________
definite external __________ ________________
__________ and _________ properties
Crystal Structure
cubic
tetragonal
hexagonal
orthorhombic
monoclinic
triclinic
Crystal structures are grouped into 6 ___________________. Every mineral belongs to one of these crystal classes:
Focus: Section 5.3
Identifying MineralsKey IdeaMinerals can be identified by chemical and physical properties that include color, luster, crystal shape, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, reaction to an acid.
Objectives1)Identify rock forming minerals by inspection using physical properties such as color, luster, and physical shape.2)Identify rock forming minerals using simple tests that identify both physical and chemical properties such as streak, cleavage, hardness, and specific gravity.
Key Vocabularymineralogy streakrock forming mineral fractureluster specific gravity
Physical Properties of Minerals
__________
__________
__________
__________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
Most common minerals can be identified by inspecting or testing their ___________________.
Some of the characteristics used for identifying minerals are:
Color
____________ is directly related to one of the major elements in the mineral and can be characteristic and serve as a means of identification.
Color is not a reliable indicator of type of mineral because most minerals occur in more than one color.
For example, quartz comes in several colors:
rose quartz
clear quartz
smoky quartz
Streak
The _______________ of a mineral is the color of the powder left on a streak plate when the mineral is scraped across it.
Nonmetallic minerals usually leave a white streak and metallic minerals usually leave a dark streak.
A mineral’s color and streak may not be the same.
Luster
____________ refers to how light is reflected from a mineral.
The two main types of luster are __________ and _________.
Minerals with a metallic luster reflect light and have a silveryappearance.
Some of the terms used for nonmetallic luster are:
transparent – glassy
pearly – dull silver
greasy – oily
metallic -shiny
Hardness
____________________ of a mineral is its ability to resist scratching.
Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, developed a hardness scale over 100 years ago.
The __________________ ranks the order of hardness of minerals and common objects from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).
The hardest mineral known, diamond, was assigned the number 10.
Cleavage
________ is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.
In some minerals atomic structure is weaker in one direction than in others, so the mineral will tend to break in that direction.
Fracture
Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture.
_______________ is the uneven breakage of a mineral and may be described as:
uneven or irregular splintery or fibrousconchoidal
Density
Density is defined as an object’s ____ ________________; or its mass (how much matter it contains) divided by its volume (how much space it takes up).
________ is a measure of how heavy something is for its size. So, something that is very heavy and small has a high density.
Each box has the same volume and each ball has the same mass.
Which box has the higher density?
Why?
Density and Specific Gravity
The ___________ of a mineral is the ratio of its mass to its volume expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).
__________________ is the ratio of the density of a mineral and the density of an equal volume of water. The density of water is 1 gram/cm³.
Specific gravity can also be considered as the "heaviness" of a mineral.
A mineral has a density of 3.2 grams/cm³.
What is its specific gravity?
3.2 grams/cm³1 gram/cm³
Specific Gravity = 3.2
Mineral Special Properties
Some minerals have unique characteristics that can be confirmed by:
Slide title: Mineral Special Properties #1________________ – glows under ultraviolet light
________________ - continues to glow after light turned off
Slide title: Mineral Special Properties #2________________ – splits light rays that pass through it
________________ – “fizzes” when a mild HCl acid is applied
________________ – acts as a magnet
________________ – gives off subatomic particles
No slide:
taste and smell – salty taste of halite or smell of sulfur
Focus: Section 5.4
Mineral GroupsKey IdeaThe most common minerals in Earth’s crust are silicates and carbonates.
Objectives1)Describe the properties of the most common minerals, silicates, and carbonates2)Describe tests used to identify mineral groups
Key Vocabularycarbonateoxidesulfide
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified as ____________, ____________, and _____________________.
Silicates consist of 4 oxygen ions surrounding a silicon ion.
Nonsilicates have the same atomic structure as silicates, but with atoms or ions attached to something other than a silicon ion.
Native elements are composed of atoms of a single element.
Silicates
Minerals that are compounds formed of silicon and oxygen are called silicates or silicate minerals. More than ______ of the minerals in Earth’s crust are silicates.
The basic building block of a silicate is the _________________________________ (SiO4) consisting of 4 oxygen ions and a silicon ion together by covalent bonds. ����
Nonsilicates & Native Elements
Nonsilicate minerals are classified as _________________, _________________, _________________, _____________, _________________, and _________________ depending on their chemical composition.
Nonsilicates typically display a variety of crystalline structures.
Many nonsilicates and native elements have economic value for the construction trades and industry.
Nonsilicates