Ch. 14 The Coming of War

Dictators and War

• Explain how dictators and militaristic regimes arose in several countries in the 1930’s

• Summarize the actions taken by aggressive regimes in Europe and Asia

• Analyze the responses of Britain, France, and the United States to the aggressive regimes

Dictators and War• Key Terms and People (p. 436)

• Totalitarianism• Joseph Stalin• Benito Mussolini• Adolf Hitler• Anti-Semitic• Spanish Civil War• Appeasement• Anschluss• Munich Pact

Bitter Peace UnravelsSoviet Union

Italy Germany Japan • Nations were unhappy about Treaty of Versailles settlement• U.S. had a real say in most

decisions• Germany/Russia were not

present• Italy/Japan expected more

land for their sacrifices

• Repressive dictatorship/ totalitarianism

STALIN

• Soviet Union—Lenin became first communist leader—followed by Joseph Stalin

• Transformed USSR into industrial power and formed state-run collective farms—death of over 10 million people (Great Terror)

• Combination of fear and massive propaganda kept Stalin in power

MUSSOLINI• Italian totalitarianism was a direct

result of WWI/peace treaties• Did not get land they

wanted/postwar economic depression made it hard to find jobs

• Gov’t seemed weak/inept• Fasci de Combattimento

• Black Shirts—followers• Il Duce—the leader• Promised to make the

Mediterranean a Great Italian Lake

• Outlawed political parties, took over press, created secret police, organized youth groups, suppressed strikes

THE NAZIS RISE

SummaryAs economic depression and resentment over the Versailles Treaty grew, Germany’s weak Weimar Republic was slowly weakening and the NAZI party was strengthening. The leader, Adolf Hitler and his book, Mein Kampf outlined the reasons for the deteriorating state of Germany and how to go about fixing those problems.

• Weimar Republic• National Socialist

German Workers’ Party• Adolf Hitler--Fuhrer• Mein Kampf— “my

struggle”• Anti-Semitic• Presented a blueprint of

his hatreds and plans for world domination

HITLER SEIZES POWER

• Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933

• Eventually became president and consolidated his power and ruled unchecked by the Reichstag (Parliament)

• Secret police, controlled press, controlled educational-system

MILITARISTS GAIN POWER IN JAPAN

• 1920’s—democracy spread, reduced power of military

• Great Depression discredited civilian leaders

• Expansion in Asia would solve economic troubles

• Constitutional monarchy--emperor

Japanese Expand Their Empire

• Japan attacked Manchuria (China)

• Controlled domestic/foreign policies and natural resources

• Controlled major Chinese railroads and coastal areas

• “Rape of Nanjing”

DICTATORS TURN TO AGGRESSION

• Weaknesses of League of Nations:• U.S. never joined it• No army to enforce • No resolve• “all talk no action”

HITLER AND MUSSOLINI THREATEN PEACE

• Why did the League of Nations fail to halt German and Italian aggression?• The League had no

power to enforce any laws

• Hitler rebuilt German economy and military—violation of Treaty of Versailles

• Hitler spoke of expansion (Lebensraum)—sent troops into the Rhineland

• Italy invaded and took Ethiopia

FIGHTING BREAKS OUT IN SPAIN

• Spanish Civil War• Nationalists/ fascists vs. democratic Republican gov’t

• Hitler/Mussolini sent aid to nationalist leader (General Francisco Franco)

AGGRESSION GOES UNCHECKED

• Summary• Although the U.S., France,

and GB appeased Germany to maintain peaceful relations, many European dictators took this opportunity to become more bold. Once Hitler took wester Czechoslovakia, the 3 nations still appeased him and formed the Munich Pact which delayed WWII by 11 months.

• Appeasement• Effect—spurred fascist

leaders to become more bold, adventurous, and aggressive

• U.S. embraced isolationism

• Anschluss—unifications of Germany

• Munich Pact

Learning Outcomes

1. Understand the course of the early years of WWII in Europe.

2. Describe FDR’s foreign policy in the mid 1930’s and the great debate between interventionists and isolationists.

3. Explain how the U.S. became more involved in the conflict

Key Terms and People p. 443

• Blitzkrieg• Axis Powers • Allies • Winston Churchill• Neutrality Act of 1939• Tripartite Act of 1939• Lend-Lease Act• Atlantic Charter

War Erupts in Europe

• Leaders of France and Britain come to realize that that Hitler can only be stopped by firm defense.

• Hitler launches a blitzkrieg against Poland

• Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

France Falls to the Axis Powers

• Why was it important for Germany to ensure Soviet cooperation before attacking Poland?

• Axis Powers—Germany, Italy, Japan

• Allies—Britain, France• Maginot Line—

interconnected series of fortresses

• Miracle at Dunkirk—British troops escaped to Britain

• Winston Churchill• Germans took Paris—

Occupied and Unoccupied France

Battle of Britain Is Fought in the Air

• France fell in 35 days—next up was Britain

• Operation Sea Lion• Depended on German

Air Force

• Destroyed houses, factories, and churches

• British held—Hitler postponed invasion

U.S. Isolation vs. Intervention

•What did FDR think was the best way to avoid war w/ Germany?

• Majority of U.S. opposed intervention

• Great Depression had nation’s attention

• Neutrality Act 1939• FDR pro-Allies• Charles Lindbergh—

leading isolationist• Tripartite Pact• Selective Service Act

U.S Takes Steps Towards War

• FDR’s 4 Freedoms Speech—speech, worship, want, fear

• U.S sent aid to Britain• Lend-Lease Act—1776

• Economic declaration of war against Germany and Axis

• Atlantic Charter• Hitler ordered U-boats

to attack American ships

CH. 14 SECTION 3: AMERICA ENTERS THE

WAR

Learning Outcomes

•Explain why Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and describe the attack itself.

•Outline how the U.S. mobilized for war after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

•Summarize the course for the war in the Pacific through the summer of 1942.

Key Terms and People p. 454

•Hideki Tojo•Pearl Harbor•WAC•Douglas MacArthur•Bataan Death March•Battle of Coral Sea

Japan Attacks the U.S.

• America’s presence in Guam and Philippines posed a threat to Japan.

• FDR posed a strict embargo on Japanese goods because of invasion into China.

• Hideki Tojo “the razor”• Japan was bent on

expansion—U.S. firmly against it.

Pacific 1941

Pearl Harbor

• What was the relationship between the U.S. and Japan prior to 1941?

• Through trade

• What was the root of conflict between the U.S. and Japan?

• Japan’s desire to expand it’s control over Asia and the U.S.’s resistance.

• December 7th, 1941— “a date which will live in infamy”

• Over 2,500 people killed• Submarine bases and

important fuel supplies and maintenance facilities were unharmed

• 3rd wave of bombers were cancelled to avoid a counterstrike

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-fdNYPJXS8

Mobilizing for War

• Soviet Union—Allies after German invasion (1941)—left Americans unsure

• 388 to 1—House• Unanimous—Senate• Spirit of patriotism spread

• Women’s Army Corps (WAC)

Mobilizing Industry

• American’s industry started to mobilize in response to the Lend-Lease Act

• Gov’t created agencies that worked together to allocate scarce materials

• Massive defense spending ended the Great Depression

Fierce Fighting in the Pacific

DATES EVENTS EARLY WAR IN PACIFIC

May 1942 The Philippines fall to the Japanese

• General Douglas MacArthur

• Japanese took Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong

• 75,000 Allied soldiers surrendered—Bataan Death March

• Japan secured oil/rubber supplies and were positioned to dominate the Indian Ocean

America Strikes Back

• Tokyo noon air raid• Surprised Japan

because they didn’t think U.S. was capable of attack so soon after PH

• Battle of Coral Sea—Japanese moved to secure New Guinea• Marked a shift in

momentum toward Americans