Ch 13 Personality
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Transcript of Ch 13 Personality
CH 13 PERSONALITY
Unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life
It is not Character – person’s value judgments made on a person’s
morals or ethical behavior Temperament – enduring characteristics with which each
person is born, such as irritability or adaptability Biology through genetic and prenatal influences
One’s larger personality is built on this
PERSONALITY
Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud role of the unconscious mind and biological causes of
personalityBehaviorist
Effect of environment on personalityHumanistic
Reaction against psychoanalytic and behaviorist Role of each person’s conscious life experiences and
choices Trait
End result, not focused on causes
PERSPECTIVES OF PERSONALITY THEORY
Born in 1856 Grew up in Vienna Jewish, so he then moved to England to escape NazisVictorian age, sex only in marriage, and you should
not like itMany of Freud's patients were wealthy women with
sexual repressionFreud was obsessed with sex being the explanation
for abnormal behaviors
SIGMUND FREUD
Three parts of a persons’ mind Preconscious, conscious, and unconscious mind
Unconscious mind Level of the mind that we keep thoughts, feelings and
memories. Not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness
To Freud it is what makes up our personality and human behavior
UNCONSCIOUS MIND
ID-if it feels good do it Pleasure seeking, immoral Basic biological drives
Hunger, thirst, self preservation and sex Pleasure Principal – desire for immediate gratification with no
regard for the consequencesEgo-the Executive Director
Rational, logical and conning Reality Principal - satisfying the needs of the ID when
negative consequences will not resultSuperego- the moral watchdog
Moral Center Contains the Conscience, what makes up feel guilty
DIVISIONS OF PERSONALITY
Psychological defense mechanisms How our unconscious distorts our perception of reality to
reduce stress and anxiety Examples
Denial Repression rationalization
HOW THEY WORK TOGETHER
Freud determined 5 stagesDeveloping sexuality of the childEach stage focus on a different erogenous zoneFixation
Getting stuck in one stage Child will grow but will carry emotional baggage from one
stage
STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Birth to 1 ½ years oldMouth is the erogenous zoneWeaning is the primary conflictFixation in adults
Overeating Drinking Smoking Excessive talking
ORAL STAGE
1 ½ - 3 years of ageErogenous zone is now the anusToilet training becomes an issueFixation
Anal Explosive Messiness is a statement of control Destructive Hostile
Anal Retentive Stingy Stubborn Excessively neat
ANAL STAGE
3-6 years oldErogenous zone is the genitalsRealizing differences between boys and girlsOedipus/Electra ComplexFixation
Immature sexual attitude Promiscuous “mama’s boys”
PHALLIC STAGE
6 – onset of pubertyChildren hide their sexual feelingsChildren grow and develop intellectually, physically
and emotionallyPlay with own gender, other gender is badFixation
Difficulty getting along with others
LATENCY STAGE
When puberty beginsSexual feelings can no longer be hiddenBodies are changingBegins adult social and sexual behaviorFixation
Immature love relationships
GENITAL STAGE
He did no experiments to arrive at his conclusions about personality Used observations and case studies
He used confirmation bias Memories and dreams would be put into his theory as he
neededNo scientific basis of dreams
CRITICISMS
His concepts remain usefulBasis for modern personality theoriesDefense mechanisms has drawn much researchUnconscious mind
PSYCHODYNAMIC TODAY
Watson and SkinnerOperant and classical conditioning influence our
personalitiesOur personality is just a set of learned habits
Social Cognitive learning Theorists Importance of both the influences of other people’s
behavior and of a person’s own expectancies on learning Observations Modeling
BEHAVIORIST
Three factors in the behaviors that make up a persons personality Environment Behavior itself Personal or cognitive factors
Reciprocal Determination The three factors affecting one another in a give-take relationship
BANDURA
Motivation People are driven to seek reinforcement and to avoid
punishment
Personality is a relatively stable set of potential responses to a situation
Locus of Control We assume we either have or do not have control, internal
or external
Expectancy An expectation that a behavior will lead to a reinforcement
ROTTER
LimitedDoes not take mental process into accountDoes not look at social influenceHas influenced therapies based on learning theories
BEHAVIORISTS TODAY
Maslow and RogersFocuses on what makes us human, unique
Feelings and freedom of choice
HUMANISTIC
We are striving to fulfill what our genetic makeup will allow us to
Self-actualization=fulfillmentSelf concept is our own image of who we are
Real self – who we are Ideal self – who we want to be
ROGERS
Positive regard Warmth, affection, love
Unconditioned positive regard No strings attached
Conditioned positive regard Strings
Fully functioning person In touch with their own feelings and abilities, trust
themselves
CONDITIONAL AND UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
Ignores the negative aspects of human natureDifficult to testDevelopment if therapies to promote self growth and
a better understanding of self
HUMANISTIC TODAY
Concerned describing personality and predicting behavior Trait – is a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feelings, or
behavior
TRAIT
Found 200 traits in dictionaryPaired down to surface or source traits
Reserved vs outgoing Submissive vs dominant Shy vs bold
These traits were wired in the nervous system to guide our behavior Used in many different situations Persons “constellation” of traits are unique
Lack of scientific evidence However, behavioral genetics support heritability of
personality traits
ALLPORT & CATELL
5 trait dimensions Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
THE BIG FIVE
Traits will not always be expressed the same Depends on situation
The big 5 has been tested Found in 11 different cultures
TRAIT TODAY
Interviews – asking questions of the person, structured or not Halo Effect – interviewer to allow positive traits to influence
the assessmentProjective tests
Psychoanalysts want to uncover the unconscious conflicts, desires and urges
These tests have the person project their “issues” unto harmless stimuli
Client responds to whatever comes to mind Uncovers problems in personality
ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY
Developed in 1921 by a Swiss Psychiatrist10 inkblots, 5 black and white, 5 colorUsing predetermined responses based on past
answers, people were given a scoreThey are still used todayNo right or wrong answers
Issues Subjective Not reliable
RORSCHACH INKBLOTS
RORSCHACH INKBLOTS
RORSCHACH INKBLOTS
Standardized test with yes or no questionsMore reliable as the questions are not open ended,
and everyone gets asked the same questionsMyers Briggs is used to assess personality to help
with career selectionMMPI-2 very common
True or false answers to statements
Issues Some people are able to fake the answers
PERSONALITY INVENTORIES