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Transcript of CGC-5 remaining.pptx
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CGC-5
1
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Inspection and testing of springs• any exposed springs are carefully inspected for signs of either of
the problems of corrosion and overheating.
• The manufacturer will publish the exact dimension of
the unloaded spring with some small tolerance, whilst
the servicing technician will accurately measure thespring’s length and compare the two dimensions.
• Providing that the spring is within the published figures, then the
spring is considered to be serviceable.
• The other check, is the load/deflection check.
• A special test rig is used, to load the spring with either a
compressive, tensile or a torsional loading and a meter on the rig
will display the load versus deflection figures. A series of loads are,
subseuently, applied to the spring and the relevant deflections
noted.
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Testing, cleaning ! inspection of bearings
"efore a bearing can be checked it must be cleaned thoroughly toremove any dirt and the old lubricating fluid.
• #emove any excess grease with clothes and dry compressed air,
whilst ensuring that the rolling elements remain stationary or only
rotate slowly.
• $oak the bearing in an approved solvent, such white spirit, to
remove the remaining grease. The solvent may be applied as a
forced %et if necessary.
• &ry the bearing by using clean warm and dry compressed air,
again avoiding fast rotation of any rolling elements.
• 'ightly lubricate all bearing surfaces with oil to prevent the onset
of corrosion.
3
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Testing bearing
Once clean the bearing should be inspected for signs of
failure, soe of the ore coon being!
1. "oral #atigue
2. $%cessi&e 'oading3. Installation and (isalignent
). 'oose #itting or *pinning
5. +rinelling
. O&erheating and 'ubrication eficienc
/. Containation and Corrosion
)
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'ubrication reuirements of bearings
(xcessive heating of a bearing manifests itself as discoloration of the
rings, rolling elements and cages from gold to blue.
)ailure or lack of lubrication often has similar signs as overheating.
The outcome of either overheating or lubrication failure will alwaysresult in the eventual failure of the bearing, so it should be re%ected
as unserviceable.
*f a bearing is to be used immediately after inspection, it should be
lubricated with correct lubricant and installed.
*f there is liable to be a delay before installation, then the bearing
should be coated in rust+preventing inhibiting oil, wrapped in
greaseproof paper, boxed and labeled. The bearing should always be
stored horiontally, in a clean dry atmosphere.
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Inspection of gears, bac0lash
-ear in gears, assuming that the bearings are
not worn, will be found on the faces of the gear
teeth. This wear shows up as excessive
backlash, which can be easily found by simply
rotating the input mechanism, such as the main
drive shaft, whilst holding the output rigidly. *t
should be borne in mind that a small amount ofbacklash is essential for the correct operation of
bearings.
/
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*nspection of belts and pulleys, chains and
sprockets"elts checked before each flight. The belts must also be checked, at
regular intervals, for signs of wear, a tension check on the either the
belt itself or the tensioning mechanism.
The ma%ority of belts whatever their usage, have a finite life and are
also sub%ect to 0on+condition’ monitoring.1ne of the ma%or checks should be that the chain passes smoothly
over the sprockets. *f there is any roughness or binding, then further
checks will be reuired.
Another ma%or check of the chain assembly is that for wear, which
involves applying a load to detect whether the chain is worn.2hains should also be checked for normal faults that can befall most
mechanisms3 these include damage, corrosion, cleanliness and
insufficient lubrication.
2heck for chain elongation as per the manual,
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*nspection of screw %acks, lever devices, push+pull
rod systems$ome screw %acks are in the form of actuators and some are used to drive
flaps and other aerodynamic devices.
*n+service checks, other than lubrication will probably only include backlash
checks on the actuating shaft. These will probably mean no more than a
side+to+side hand movement of the rudder trim tab, which ensures that the
movement is not excessive.
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levers will be used to transmit thrust from one medium to another.
Apart from the bearings of the lever reuiring lubrication, unless they are
sealed+for+life bearings, there is little maintenance reuired, other than
physical checks for damage, distortion and cracks.
The ma%ority of aircraft push+pull systems can be found in both the flying
and engine controls.
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$waging of end fittings
All cables, used in aircraft controls runs, have some form of end
fittings attached to each end of the cables.
&uring production of these cables, the completed end fitting will be
carefully checked, using a 4o/5o+4o gauge, to ensure that the cable
has been gripped satisfactorily. The finished cable assembly will also
be proof tested to confirm the end fitting attachments and to proveits suitability for use as an aircraft control cable.
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*nspection and testing of control cables
• swaged end fittings will reuire minimal inspection. *n someinstallations, red paint is applied at the %unction of the end
fitting where the cable emerges, leading to a gap showing if
the cable has slipped within the swaged end fitting during
normal service.
• $ome individual ferrules, fitted to non+critical cables, may be
inspected for signs of cracking whilst in service.
• checked for stretch by measuring their length under load, or
they will be given a finite life and replaced when that life is
reached.
•2able systems have to receive regular inspections due totheir being sub%ect to a wide variety of environmental
conditions and wear.
• Their degradation, due to wear, can take the form of
wire/strand breakage which is fairly easy to detect, or may
exist as less visible internal wear, or as corrosion and
distortion. 13
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"owden cables, aircraft flexible control systems
+O4$" C+'$*
is a type of flexible cable used to transmit mechanical
force or energy by the movement of an inner cable most
commonly of steel or stainless steel relative to a hollow
outer cable housing.
6sed as push pull cable. The push+pull cable is thus
ideal for usage in extreme temperature conditions where
significant heat is generated.
cables are thus safe to use in applications such as turbo+engine bays and exhaust manifolds, Accelerator cables,
2lutch cables, 7andbrake cables
1)
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A. A/C GROUND HANDLING ANDSTORAGE
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CONTENTS OF A/C GROUND HANDLING& STORAGE
• Introduction
• Safety
• Fire protection
• Aircraft fuein!
• Aircraft "o#e"ent on !round $To%in! & Tain!'
• Aircraft (ac)in!
• En!ine !round operation
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION CONTD*
• GENERAL
– I"portant function of a#iation "aintenance
tec+nician i,
• Aircraft Ground Handin! - it incude,
– Ser#icin! aircraft
– .o#in! aircraft on !round
– Operatin! !round ,upport euip"ent
– En!ine !round operation
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INTRODUCTION CONTD*
• GENERAL CONTD*
– Aircraft !round +andin! in#o#e, +a0ard,
• Fire +a0ard,
• 1er,onne in2ury
• Da"a!e to euip"ent
– Our "ain and "o,t i"portant 2o3 aon! %it+ a/c
!round +andin! i, to a#oid t+e,e potentia+a0ard,
– Ho% can t+ey 3e a#oided4
– 5+at are t+e pre#ention "et+od, t+e,e +a0ard, 4
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INTRODUCTION CONTD…
• GENERAL CONTD*
– 1re#ention .et+od
• Under,tandin! +u"an factor, in "aintenance
– Dirty do0en, - cau,e, of +u"an error,
• 6no%ed!e of ,afety
• 6no%ed!e of proper procedure on ,er#icin!
aircraft
• 6no%ed!e of rue, of aircraft/en!ine !round
operation
• 6no%ed!e on u,e of !round ,upport euip"ent
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SAFET7
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INTRODUCTION
• Occupationa ,afety : - is the absence of an!e" in the
#o"$ a"ea o" f"eeo% f"o% a%a!e to the hea&th an to
the '"o'e"t(.
• Accident8 - )n'&anne e*ent #hich can %ost&( ca)se b(
)nsafe act an )nsafe conitions.
• Cau,e, of accident, : - +ate"ia& fai&)"e, - e"sonne& e""o"
an esi!n eficienc(
• D)e to *io&ation of safet( %eas)"es an '"actices toa( in
the #o"&:
- in e*e"( (ea" it is esti%ate that 01,111 #o"$e"s ie an
1 %i&&ion #o"$e"s a"e in2)"e 3 in the (ea" 41115
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SAFET7 CONTD*
SHO19 HANGAR AND FLIGHT LINE SAFET7
– is e6t"e%e&( i%'o"tant
– 7e( obse"*ations
• 7ee' han!a"s, sho's, 8 f&i!ht &ine c&ean an o"e"&(
• "o'e" '&ace%ent of si!ns
• 9e&in! a"ea "e)i"e s'ecia& attention 3 ;&a%%ab&e
!ases sto"e )ne" '"ess)"e 5
• ELECTRICAL SA;ET<
• CO+RESSED GASES SA;ET<
• +ACHINE TOOL SA;ET< 3#e&in! %achine safet(5
•
;IRE SA;ET<
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SA;ET< CONTD…
• ELECTRICAL SAFET7
– 1+y,ica ,afety8 eectrica +a0ard, can cau,e
– Se*e"e b)"n at c)""ent ent"ance 8 e6it 'oint
– Da%a!e to ne"*o)s s(ste%
– Fire Safety
– =( '"o)ct of c)""ent f&o# is heat
– ;)"the" inc"ease in heat %e&ts ins)&atin! %ate"ia&s,
%e&ts %eta&s, *a'o"i>e &i)is, 8 i!nite f&a%%ab&e
%ate"ia&s 3both so&i, &i)i 8 !aseo)s f)e&s5
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SA;ET< CONTD…
• FIRE SAFET7 CONTD*
– "eca)tions/safet( %eas)"es to be ta$en to a*oi
e&ect"ica& ha>a"s
• C&ean e&ect"ica& #o"$ a"ea 8 e&ect"ica& e)i'%ent
• A*oi ben, $in$e o" b"o$en 'o#e" co"s
• Don?t '&ace #i"e co"s on #a&$ #a(
•
C&ose %onito"in! of e&ect"ica& e)i'%ent
• Re'ai" o" "e'&ace a%a!e e)i'%ent
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SA;ET< CONTD…
• CO.1RESSED GASES SAFET7
– T('ica& Nit"o!en =ott&e
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SA;ET< CONTD…
• CO.1RESSED GASES SAFET7 CONTD*
– 1recaution
• Ins'ect ai" hoses fo" b"ea$s 8 #o"n s'ots
• 7ee' a&& connections in no-ea) conition
• Ne*e" )se co%'"esse ai" to c&ean hans
• Ne*e" s'"a( co%'"esse ai" on othe" 'e"sonne& a"ea
• St"ai!hten ai" hoses an '"o'e"&( coi& 8 sto"e
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SAFET7 CONTD*
•
.ACHINE TOOLS SAFET7 – 5ELDING .ACHINE
• Use to 2oin %eta&s b( f)sion 3#e&in! , b"a>in! 8
so&e"in! ientif( the iffe"ence@ 5
• e"fo"% in esi!nate a"ea, cont"o&&e en*i"on%ent
• A&& 'a"ts sho)& be "e%o*e f"o% ai"c"aft
• Re'ai" one in #e&in! sho' )ne" cont"o&&e
en*i"on%ent
– "o'e" tab&es, *enti&ation, too& sto"a!e,
– ;i"e '"e*ention 8 e6tin!)ishin! e)i'%ent
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SAFET7 CONTD*
• 5ELDING .ACHINE CONTD*
– If to be 'e"fo"%e on ai"c"aft
• Ai"c"aft sho)& be to#e o)tsie of han!a"
• No o'en f)e& tan$, no #o"$ on f)e& s(ste% an no
'aintin! '"ocess
• No ai"c"aft #ith in B ft of o'e"ation
•
No f&a%%ab&e %ate"ia& in the a"ea of #e&in!
• On&( )a&ifie #o"$e"s sho)& o the 2ob
• T"aine fi"e #atchees 8 fi"e e6tin!)ishe"s a"o)n
#e&in! o'e"ation
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SA;ET< CONTD…
• FLIGHT LINE SAFET7
– ;&i!ht &ine is a '&ace of an!e"o)s acti*it(
– Conscio)sness 8 a#a"eness is i%'o"tant
– ;&i!ht &ine noise can ca)se hea"in! &oss
– "i%a"( so)"ces of noise - ai"c"aft en!ines
– Secona"( so)"ces of noise
• AU, f)e& t"ac$s, ba!!a!e han&in! e)i'%ent etc.
– Hea"in! '"otection is *e"( i%'o"tant
– ;OD %)st be '"o'e"&( cont"o&&e
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SA;ET< CONTD…
• HEARING 1ROTECTION
– E6te"na& 3ea" %)ff/hea'hone t('e5
– Inte"na& 3ea" '&)!5 hea"in! '"otection
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SA;ET< CONTD…
• FOREIGN O:(ECT DA.AGE $FOD'
– Da%a!e ca)se b( &oose ob2ects on !"o)n - inc&)es
• N)ts, bo&ts, sc"e#s, safet( #i"es 8 s%a&& 'a"ts o"
too&s bein! s)c$e into the en!ine.
– In f&i!ht a%a!e ca)se b( in!estion of ice o" bi"s is
a&so consie"e to be ;OD
• FOD CONTROLLING .ETHOD
– 7ee' "a%' 8 o'e"ation a"ea c&ean
– Too& cont"o& '"o!"a%
– Rece'tac&e fo" )se/#aste ite%s
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SA;ET< CONTD…
• SAFET7 AROUND AIR1LANES
– =e a#a"e of '"o'e&&e"s
– Stan in the *isibi&it( of the 'i&ot on the "a%'
– A*oi t)"bine en!ine inta$e 8 e6ha)st )"in! o'e"ation
– No s%o$in!/o'en f&a%e nea" the ai"c"aft in o'e"ation
– Safe o'e"ation of !"o)n s)''o"t e)i'%ent
– Sto# 3c&ea"5 a&& ite%s o'e"atin! nea" the ai"c"aft
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SA;ET< CONTD…• FIRE SAFET7 $ fire i, t+e "o,t dan!erou, and
etre"ey da"a!in! p+eno"enon'
– Ca)se of fi"e
• S'a"$ '"o)cin! e&ect"ica& too&s,
• Heat '"o)cin! too&s 8 e)i'%ents
• ;&a%%ab&e an e6'&osi*e &i)is an !ases
• 6E7 TO FIRE 1RE;ENTION
– 7no#&e!e of ca)se of fi"e
– 7no#&e!e of '"e*ention of fi"e an
– 7no#&e!e of fi"e e6tin!)ishin! %ethos
;"o% #he"e the $no#&e!e can be obtaine@
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;IRE ROTECTION
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• INTRODUCTION
– ;acto"s ca)sin! fi"e
• H)!e a%o)nt of f)e& ca""ie b( ai"c"aft
• La"!e e&ect"ica& #i"in! an e)i'%ent on ai"c"aft
• a"io)s co%b)stib&e %ate"ia&s )se fo"
– Ai"c"aft 'aintin!, c&eanin! an se"*icin!
• S'i&&e !aso&ine
• D"ie 'aint f"o% o*e" s'"a(
• i&e of "a!s #et #ith oi&, so&*ent, thinne"s etc…
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• NATURE OF FIRE
– ;i"e is the '"o)ct of che%ica& "eaction of f)e&, o6(!en
an heat
– Che%ica& ca&&e f)e& 3h("oca"bon5 "eact #ith o6(!en
an heat "e&easin! %o"e heat an &i!ht
– ;)e& is chan!e into ca"bon
–
Ca"bon "eacts #ith o6(!en to fo"% ca"bon io6ie anca"bon %ono6ie
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• RE<UIRE.ENTS OF FIRE
– Th"ee e&e%ents neee
• ;)e&
• O6(!en
• Heat to "aise te%'e"at)"e of the f)e& abo*e its
)indin! point te"perature $61T'
7T - is a te%'e"at)"e to #hich a %ate"ia& %)st be
heate to co%bine #ith O4 f"o% ai" an b)"n.
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
– ;o)" cate!o"ies
• C&ass A
• C&ass =
• C&ass C
• C&ass D
– Not "eco!ni>e as basic c&ass of fi"e b( N;A
» Nationa& ;i"e "otection Association
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE CONTD*
– Ca,, A o"ina"( co%b)stib&e %ate"ia&
• 9oo, c&oth, 'a'e", etc
– Ca,, : 'et"o&e)%/co%b)stib&e '"o)cts
• Li)i, !"ease, so&*ent, 'aint, etc…
– Ca,, C ene"!i>e e&ect"ica& #i"in! an e)i'%ent
– Ca,, D f&a%%ab&e %eta&
• +a!nesi)% an i%'"o'e" #e&in!
– Ho# o #e e6tin!)ish iffe"ent fi"e t('es
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• FIRE E=TINGUISHING AGENTS
– ;o)" basic t('es
• 9ate" E6tin!)ishe"
• Ca"bon io6ie 3CO4 5 E6tin!)ishe"s
• D"( 'o#e" ;i"e e6tin!)ishe"
• Ha&o!enate H("oca"bon E6tin!)ishe"s
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• 5ATER E=TINGUISHER
– Effecti*e fo" c&ass A ;i"e
– De'"i*e O4 8 coo& %ate"ia& be&o# $in&in! 'oint
– Not "eco%%ene on c&ass = fi"es #h(@
• et"o&e)% f&oats on #ate" ca""(in! fi"e #ith it
– Sho)& not be )se on c&ass C fi"es
– Ne*e" )se on c&ass D fi"e e6'&osi*e e6'ansion
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• CAR:ON DIO=IDE $C>? ' E=TINGUISHER
– Effecti*e on c&ass A, =, an C fi"es
– De'"i*e O4 an coo& %ate"ia& bein! b)"ne
– Ne*e" )se on C&ass D fi"e e6'&osi*e e6'ansion
– 9ea" '"otecti*e e)i'%ent co& in2)"( 3f"ost bite5
– Ca)tion #hen o'e"atin! on confine a"ea
• L)c$ of O4 fo" o'e"ato"
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• CAR:ON DIO=IDE $C>? ' E=TINGUISHER CONTD*
– He& insie a stee& containe" )ne" '"ess)"e b( sea& o"
isc se&f e6'e&&in! t('e
– Ga!e sho#s o'e"atin! '"ess)"e
– Re'&ace%ent neee afte" o'e"ation
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• DR7 1O5DER E=TINGUISHERS
– Effecti*e on c&ass = an C ;i"es
– =est fo" )se on c&ass D fi"es
– In the '"esence of heat, b"ea$o#n to '"o)ce CO4 that
is'&aces O4
– Tho)!h effecti*e not "eco%%ene fo" C&ass C ;i"es
• D"( 'o#e" e'osit iffic)&t to c&ean
– Da%a!in! e&ect"onic 8 e&icate e)i'%ents
– Not a''&icab&e fo" coc$'it )se
• Re)ce *isibi&it(
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• HALOGENATED H7DROCAR:ON E=TINGUISHERS
– T"ae na%e ;"eonT+
– +ost effecti*e on c&ass = an C fi"es
– Less effecti*e on c&ass A an D fi"es
– E6'"esse b( Ha&on n)%be"
• E.!. Ha&on 4 o" Ha&on 1
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• FIRE E=TINGUISHERS IDENTIFICATION
• Often co%bination of s(%bo&s #i&& be fo)n
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;IRE ROTECTION CONTD…
• USING FIRE E=TINGUISHER
– Ens)"e co""ect t('e fo" the fi"e 8 stan 0 feet bac$
• 1 )&& the 'in
• Ai% at the base of fi"e
• S )ee>e the &e*e"
• S #ee' sie to sie
1ASS
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AIRCRAFT FUELING
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AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…
• INTRODUCTION
– Ai"c"aft f)e&in! is i%'o"tant o'e"ation 'e"fo"%e b(
f&i!ht &ine 'e"sonne&
– Inco""ect !"ae f)e& "es)&ts in fata& accients
– e"ification of t('e of f)e& 8 )antit( is *e"( i%'o"tant
– A&& "eci'"ocatin! en!ine ai"c"aft "e)i"e to be %a"$e
#ith a #o" a*!as? 8 %ini%)% 'e"%issib&e f)e& !"aes
– CO4 fi"e e6tin!)ishe" nee to be a*ai&ab&e
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AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…
• TUR:INE ENGINE FUELS
– T#o basic t('es
• et A o" et A an
• et =
– Desi!nation a"e t('e n)%be"s an oes not "e&ate #ith
'e"fo"%ance of f)e& in the en!ine
– (et A 8- is a si%i&a" $e"osene t('e of f)e& #ie&( )se in
ci*i&ian ai"c"aft – (et A@8 -S'ecia& t('e of et A #ith aiti*es s)itab&e fo"
e6t"e%e&( &o# te%'e"at)"e
– (et : 8- =&en of !aso&ine an $e"osene
AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD
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AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…• 1RE1ARATION OF FUELING
– The nat)"a& 'et"o&e)% %a( be se'a"ate into '"e'a"e
f)e&s , f)e& oi& an &)b"icatin! oi& b( boi&in! the c")e oi&
at iffe"ent te%'e"at)"e an s)bse)ent f"actiona&
isti&&ation b( a '"ocess ca&&e c"ac$in! 3!aso&ine,
$e"osene an iese& f)e&5
1recaution,8 "o'e" *enti&ation neee
• On&( e&ect"ica& ci"c)its neee fo" f)e&in! nee to be
ene"!i>e
• No one sho)& be oin! an(thin! that co)& c"eate
fi"e ha>a"
• S%o$in! in the *icinit( of ai"c"aft is '"ohibite
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AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…
• 1RE1ARATION OF FUELING CONTD*
– Static e&ect"icit( 'ose an!e" of fi"e ha>a"
– The f&o# of !aso&ine o" t)"bine f)e& in the hose '"o)ces
eno)!h static e&ect"icit( 3acc)%)&ation of
e&ect"ica& cha"!es5 to ca)se a s'a"$
an i!nite e6'&osi*e f)%es.
HENCE - G"o)n the t")c$
- G"o)n the a/c
• CLASSIFICATION OF FUELING
– O*e" 9in! ;)e&in!
– "ess)"e ;)e&in!
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AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…
• O;ER 5ING FUELING
• Use on a&& s%a&& ai"c"aft
• T")c$ 'ositione in f"ont of a/c
• Hose 'asses on &eain! e!e of a/c
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AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…
• 1RESSURE FUELING
– 9ie&( )se on &a"!e ai"c"afts
– Uses ba(onet t('e f)e&in! no>>&e
– ;)e&in! 'o"t &ocate )ne" the #in! &eain! e!e
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AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…
• 1RESSURE FUELING CONTD*
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AIRCRA;T ;UELING CONTD…
• DEFUELING
– Re)i"e #hen necessa"( to "e%o*e f)e& f"o% ai"c"aft
– +)st ne*e" be con)cte in han!a" e*en if ai"
conitione
– +)st be con)cte #ith ae)ate *enti&ation
– +)st be '"o'e"&( !"o)ne 3e&ect"ica&&(5
–
;)e& "e%o*e %)st be $e't a!ainst conta%ination an '"o'e"&( ientifie
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AICRA;T +OE+ENT ON GRUOND
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• INTRODUCTION
– Ai"c"aft %o*e%ent on !"o)n "e)i"es ca"ef)& '&annin!
an s$i&& 9h(@
• To a*oi a%a!e to ai"c"aft bein! %o*e
• Da%a!e to othe" ai"c"afts nea" b(
• To a*oi 'e"sonne& in2)"(
–
+o*e%ent of ai"c"aft on !"o)n inc&)es• To#in!
• Ta6iin!
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• TO5ING
– +o*in! the ai"c"aft on !"o)n #itho)t en!ine 'o#e"
– "eca)tions
• Co""ect to# ba" attache as 'e" %f! inst")ction
• Cho$es nee to be '&ace afte" %o*e%ent sto''e
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• TO5ING CONTD*
– S%a&& ai"c"aft to# t"acto" an to# ba"
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• TO5ING CONTD*
• La"!e ai"c"aft to# ba"
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• TO5ING CONTD*
– +o*in! &a"!e ai"c"aft "e)i"es 'o#e" ta!/to# t"acto"
– E6t"e%e ca)tion neee #hen sta"tin!, sto''in!, an
t)"nin! ai"c"aft 3to#in! s'ee is a&#a(s &i%ite5
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• TO5ING CONTD*
– 9hen a &a"!e ai"c"aft is bein! to#e,
• The"e sho)& be a 'e"son in the coc$'it to o'e"ate
the b"a$es in the e*ent of an e%e"!enc(.
• T#o #in! #a&$e"s neee to #atch #in! ti' c&ea"ance
an to co%%)nicate #ith 'e"son in 'o#e" ta!
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• TA=IING
– +o*in! ai"c"aft #ith en!ine 'o#e"
– Ta6i si!na& %an neee at '"o'e" &ocation
– Stana" ;AA han si!na&s to be i%'&e%ente
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• STANDARD FAA HAND SIGNAL FOR FI=ED 5ING A/C
– ;&a! %an i"ectin! 'i&ot to si!na&%an
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• STANDARD FAA HAND SIGNAL FI=ED 5ING A/C
CONTD*
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• STANDARD FAA HAND SIGNAL FI=ED 5ING A/C
CONTD*
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• STANDARD FAA HAND SIGNAL FI=ED 5ING A/C
CONTD*
• 9ans neee fo" ni!ht o'e"ation
– Sto' is si%i&a" to e%e"!enc( sto'
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AIRCRA;T GROUND +OE+ENT CONTD…
• FOR TA=IING AIRCRAFT TO FLIGHT AREA
– I"portant point, to re"e"3er
• 9hen fi"st sta"tin! to ta6i an ai"'&ane, test the
b"a$es fo" '"o'e" o'e"ation.
• If b"a$in! action is )nsatisfacto"(, the en!ine sho)&
be sh)t o#n i%%eiate&(.
• On&( )a&ifie an ce"tificate 3'i&ots5 'e"sonne& is
a&&o#e to this o'e"ation
• Raio co%%)nication #ith cont"o& to#e" neee
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…
• INTRODUCTION
– Raisin! an ai"c"aft f)&&( o" 'a"tia&&( fo" the ')"'ose of
ins'ection an %aintenance is ca&&e 2ac$in!
–
ac$s a"e e*ices )se fo" "aisin! an &o#e"in! ai"c"aft
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…
• INTRODUCTION CONTD*
– ;a%i&ia"it( #ith 2ac$in! is i%'o"tant in o"e" to 'e"fo"%
%aintenance 8 ins'ection
–
Se"ies ai"c"aft a%a!e 8 'e"sonne& in2)"( "es)&te f"o%ca"e&ess o" i%'"o'e" 2ac$in! '"oce)"e
– ;o&&o# '"o'e" 2ac$in! an safet( '"oce)"e
– ac$in! '"oce)"e an safet( '"eca)tions *a"( fo"
iffe"ent t('es of ai"c"aft
– A&#a(s cons)&t ai"c"aft +f!. inst")ction fo" s'ecific
2ac$in! '"oce)"e
AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…• T71ES OF (AC6ING
–
Sin!&e 9hee& ac$in! – Enti"e/Co%'&ete Ai"c"aft ac$in!
• SINGLE 5HEEL (AC6ING
– ;o" ti"e chan!e o" !"easin! #hee& bea"in!
• Uses sin!&e base 2ac$
– 9hee& sho)& be "aise on&( hi!h eno)!h to c&ea"
s)"face
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…
• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING
– ;o" &anin! !ea" %aintenance o" #ei!hin! the ai"c"aft
• Use t"i'o 2ac$s
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…
• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING CONTD*
– At &east th"ee 'oints a"e '"o*ie fo" 2ac$in!
– Aitiona& 2ac$in! 'oints '"o*ie stabi&it( to ai"c"aft
afte" 2ac$in! A)6i&ia"( 2ac$in! 'oints.
– T#o %ain 2ac$in! 'oints a"e )ne" the #in! #ith thi"
one at nose o" tai& #hee& e'enin! on a/c confi!)"ation
AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING CONTD*
–
(ac)in! 1reparation• Dete"%ine if ai"c"aft confi!)"ation 'e"%it 2ac$in!
– Dete"%ine If e)i'%ent o" f)e& "e%o*a& "e)i"e
– An( #o"$ on '"o!"ess on ai"c"aft
– An( c"itica& 'ane& "e%o*e
• Ins'ect 2ac$s befo"e )se to ete"%ine
– S'ecific &iftin! ca'acit(
– "o'e" f)nctionin! of safet( &oc$s
– Conition of 'ins
• Re%o*e a&& #o"$ stans f"o% nea" o" )ne" the a/c
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…
• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING CONTD*
– (ac)in! 1reparation Contd*
• No one in the ai"c"aft )"in! 2ac$in! o" &o#e"in!
• Locate ai"c"aft in &e*e& 'osition
• Ai"c"aft %)st be '"otecte f"o% #in an if 'ossib&e
2ac$ in the han!a"
• Locate 2ac$in! 'oints 'e" ai"c"aft %f!. inst")ction
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…
• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING CONTD*
– (ac)in! 1rocedure
• &ace t"i'o 2ac$s of a''"o'"iate si>e )ne" 2ac$in!
'oints• e"fect&( cente" to '"e*ent coc$in! 3s&i''in!5
• Chec$ &e!s fo" inte"fe"ence #ith o'e"ation afte"
2ac$in!
• E6ten 2ac$s )nti& the( contact 2ac$ 'as
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…
• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING CONTD*
– (ac)in! 1rocedure cont*
• ;ina& chec$ fo" a&i!n%ent befo"e "aisin!
• A 'e"son sho)& be statione at each 2ac$
• ac$ sho)& be o'e"ate si%)&taneo)s&( to $ee'
ai"c"aft &e*e& 8 a*oi o*e"&oain! an( of the 2ac$s
• C"e# &eae" stan in f"ont of ai"c"aft fo" &e*e&in!
inst")ctions
• Loc$ a&& 2ac$s #hen esi"e &e*e& "eache
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…
• ENTIRE/CO.1LETE AIRCRAFT (AC6ING CONTD*
– (ac)in! 1re-Caution
– Ai"c"aft %)st be "aise on&( eno)!h to acco%'&ish the
2ob an A"ea a"o)n the ai"c"aft %)st be sec)"e • =efo"e "e&easin! 2ac$ '"ess)"e an &o#e"in! ai"c"aft
ens)"e that
–
A&& #o"$ stan, e)i'%ent an 'e"sonne& a"ec&ea" of ai"c"aft
– Lanin! !ea" is o#n an &oc$e
– A&& !"o)n &oc$in! e*ices a"e '"o'e"&( insta&&e
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING AND HOISTING
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AIRCRA;T AC7ING 8 HOISTING CONTD…
• AIRCRAFT HOISTING
– Necessa"( )"in!
• Gea" )' &anin! o" &anin! !ea" co&&a'se
– I%'ossib&e to !et 2ac$s in co""ect 'osition
– C"ane %)st be )se to &ift the ai"c"aft
– Hoistin! e(es )se to &ift the ai"c"aft
–
S'"eae" ba"s 3&e*e&in! %eans5 %a( be )se fo"&e*e&in!
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ENGINE OERATION ROCEDURES
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• INTRODUCTION
– =efo"e sta"tin! an ai"c"aft en!ine
• osition ai"c"aft into the '"e*ai&in! #in fo"
– Ae)ate f&o# of ai" o*e" the en!ine fo" coo&in!
• +a$e s)"e no '"o'e"t( a%a!e o" 'e"sona& in2)"(
f"o% '"o'e&&e"
• If e6te"na& e&ect"ic 'o#e" )se, %a$e s)"e it can be
"e%o*e safe&(
G S G OC CO
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• INTRODUCTION CONTD*
– ;i"e !)a"s #ith %ini%)% of B &b CO4 fi"e e6tin!)ishe"
&ocate in *ie# of the 'i&ot
– ;i"e G)a"
• So%eone fa%i&ia" #ith en!ine sta"tin! '"oce)"e
– ;o" 2et en!ine sta"tin! a*oi in&et an e6ha)st a"eas of
'e"sonne& an fo"ei!n ob2ects
ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• TUR:INE ENGINE STARTING 1ROCEDURE
– Re%o*e in&et an e6ha)st )cts 3co*e"s5
– T)"n co%'"esso" b( han to ens)"e it "otates f"ee&(
– "e'a"e '"o'e" ca'acit( co%'"esso" ai" o" e&ect"icit( a"econnecte as neee
– Ens)"e no &oose ob2ects at in&et 8 e6ha)st an!e" a"eas
ENGINE OERATION CONTD
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ENGINE OERATION CONTD…
• Tur3ine En!ine Startin! Contd*
– In&et an e6ha)st an!e" a"ea
ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• TUR:INE ENGINE STARTING 1ROCEDURE CONTD*
– T('ica& co%'"esso" )nit
ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• TUR:INE ENGINE STARTING
– T('ica& %obi&e e&ect"ica& 'o#e" )nit
ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• TUR:INE ENGINE STARTING
– T('ica& stationa"( e&ect"ica& 'o#e" )nit
– A&#a(s fo&&o# Aircraft .f! In,truction fo" %o"e
etai&e en!ine sta"tin! '"oce)"e
ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• 1RO1ER START INDICATION
– Inc"ease in EGT/TIT te%'e"at)"e fe# secons afte" sta"t
s#itch is c&ose
–
Inication of oi& '"ess)"e "ise• I.1RO1ER START INDICATION
– No oi& '"ess)"e inication
– Hot Sta"t
– H)n! Sta"t
ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• NO OIL 1RESSURE INDICATION
– T)"n f)e& 8 i!nition O;;
– Discontin)e sta"t
–
Dete"%ine ca)se of '"ob&e%
ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• HOT START
– +ost a%a!in! to en!ine
– Inicate b( EGT 8 TIT/ITT e6ceein! a&&o#ab&e &i%it
–
T)"n f)e& 8 i!nition O;;
– Dete"%ine the ca)se an &oo$ fo" an( a%a!e
– Us)a&&( ca)se b( too "ich f)e&/ai" %i6t)"e
ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD
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ENGINE STARTING ROCEDURE CONTD…
• HUNG START
– En!ine sta"ts b)t fai&s to acce&e"ate to se&f-s)stainin!
s'ee 3i&e s'ee5
–
Sh)t the en!ine off 8 ete"%ine the ca)se – +ost&( ca)se b( ins)fficient 'o#e" to sta"te" o" sta"te"
c)ttin! off befo"e en!ine "eaches se&f s)stainin! s'ee
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=. AIRCRA;T INSECTION,DISASSE+=L<, REAIR AND ASSE+=L<TECHNIFUES
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
• GENERAL
– 9hat o #e %ean b( ai"c"aft ins'ection@
• is)a& e6a%inations an %an)a& chec$s
– 9h( is it "e)i"e@
• To etect an( t"o)b&e befo"e it !ets se"io)s
• To %aintain the a/c in the best 'ossib&e conition
• Re!)&ato"( bo( "e)i"e%ent
INTRODUCTION CONTD
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INTRODUCTION CONTD…
• GENERAL CONTD*
– 9hat o #e ins'ect@
• Ai"f"a%e , En!ine an thei" s(ste%s
•
Lanin! !ea" an '"o'e&&e" • E&ect"ica& co%'onent an a''&iances
– Ho# oes it initiate@
• +echanic o" i&ot "e'o"t - Unsche)&e
• +f! 8 Re!)&ato"( bo( - Sche)&e ins'ection
INTRODUCTION CONTD
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INTRODUCTION CONTD…
• GENERAL CONTD*
– Sco'e of ai"c"aft ins'ection
• 9a&$ a"o)n ins'ection
•
Detai& ins'ection co%'&ete isasse%b&( c&eanin! 8ins'. Ais Re'ai" an "econitionin! Test - Asse%b&(
– Res'onsibi&it(
•
O#ne" o" O'e"ato"
INTRODUCTION CONTD
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INTRODUCTION CONTD…
• GENERAL CONTD*
– =asis of ai"c"aft "e!)&a" ins'ection
• ;&i!ht ho)"s/c(c&es 3n)%be" of ta$e off an &anin!5
• Ca&ena" a(s/#ee$/%onth
– ;acto"s affectin! ins'ection ti%e inte"*a&
• +oe& of ai"c"aft
• T('e of o'e"ation
• O'e"atin! en*i"on%ent
INTRODUCTION CONTD
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INTRODUCTION CONTD…
• GENERAL CONTD*
– Gene"a& ")&e of ins'ection "e)i"e%ent
• La"!e ai"c"aft
– Contin)o)s o" a''"o*e ins'ection '"o!"a%
• S%a&& non-co%%e"cia& ai"c"aft
– Ann)a& ins'ection '"o!"a%
• S%a&& co%%e"cia& ai"c"aft
– 11 h" ins'ection '"o!"a%
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T<ES O; INSECTION
T<ES O; INSECTION
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T<ES O; INSECTION
• INTRODUCTION
– =asic t('es of ins'ection a"e
. Ro)tine/Re)i"e ins'ection 3Dai&(, +a2o", La"!e a/c8 s'ecia& ins'ections5 - %ost #ie&( s'"ea t('e
4. Confo"%it( Ins'ection 3#hethe" chan!es o"
a&te"ations a"e '"o'e"&( acco%'&ishe5. A''"o*e ins'ection 3a!"ee )'on b( o#ne" an"e!)&ato"( bo(5
CONCEPT OF MAINTENANC
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• .aintenance can be b"oa&( efine as the acti*ities
)ne"ta$en to $ee' the e)i'%ent in 'a"tic)&a" o'e"ationa&conition o" to "et)"n it to s)ch a conition.
• The"e is no istinct &ine b/n se"*ice, %aintenance, o*e"ha)&
an "e'ai":
• Ser#ice
• O#er+au 8- ose not necessa"i&( inc&)e "e'ai"s
• RepairB 3 "econitionin!5 %an( 'a"ts of the a/c %a( be
"e'ai"e b( atchin!, S'&icin! an Re'&acin!
• .aintenance in a b"oa sense %a( inc&)e se"*ice,o*e"ha)& an "e'ai".
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD
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T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
@ ROUTINE/RE<UIRED INS1ECTION
– Inc&)es
• "e/ost f&i!ht/ai&( ins'ection
• +a2o" a/c ins'ection 311 h"s., Ann)a& 8 '"o!"essi*e5
• La"!e ai"c"aft ins'ection 3contin)o)s ins'ection
'"o!"a% - A, = , C, 8 D chec$s5
• S'ecia& ins'ection
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD
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T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
• 1RE/1OST FLIGHT/DAIL7 INS1ECTION
– A "e)i"e ins'ection to ete"%ine conition of ai"c"aft
fo" f&i!ht to be con)cte
– Not %aintenance ins'ection
– 9a&$ a"o)n ins'ection
– "e-f&i!ht ins'ection i&ot?s "es'onsibi&it(
– ost-f&i!ht ins'ection- Technician?s tas$
– Sco'e of ins'ection - i&ot o'e"atin! hanboo$ 3OH5
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD
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T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
• T71ICAL INS1ECTION AREAS
– Cabin
– T"ai&in! e!e
–
9in! ti' – Leain! e!e
– Nose of Ai"c"aft
– E%'enna!e
– =a!!a!e co%'a"t%ent
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD
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T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
• .A(OR AIRCRAFT INS1ECTION
;AA "e)i"es that a&& ce"tifie ai"c"aft nee %a2o"
ins'ection on 'e"ioic basis
This is a "o)tine/"e)i"e ins'ection
– +a2o" ins'ection t('es inc&)e:
• Ann)a& ins'ection
• 11h" ins'ection
• '"o!"essi*e ins'ection
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
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• ANNUAL INS1ECTION
– +ost&( 'e"fo"%e on non co%%e"cia& ai"c"aft o'e"atin!
&ess f"e)ent&(
– e"fo"%e e*e"( 4 ca&ena" %onths
– 9ho can 'e"fo"% ann)a& ins'ection@
• Ce"tifie A8 technician #ith ins'ection a)tho"i>ation
3IA5
• Re'"esentati*e of %an)fact)"e"
• e"sonne& of ce"tifie "e'ai" station a''"o*e b( ;AA
– If Ann)a& ins'ection ti%e e6'i"e
• S'ecia& fe""( 'e"%it nee to be iss)e b( ;AA to ta$e
a/c to '&ace of ins'ection.
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD
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T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
• In,pection Aut+ori0ation $IA'
– A)tho"i>ation is s)e to e6'e"ience A+T #ho ho&s
both ai"f"a%e an 'o#e" '&ant "atin!
– A&&o#s the ho&e" to
• Con)ct ann)a& ins'ection
• A''"o*e ai"c"aft/en!ine fo" "et)"n to se"*ice afte"
%a2o" "e'ai" o" %a2o" a&te"ation.
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
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T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
• @>> HR INS1ECTION
– e"fo"%e on co%%e"cia& ai"c"aft f"e)ent o'e"ation
– Ca""ie o)t b( ce"tifie A8 technician #itho)t IA
–
e"fo"%e e*e"( 11 h"s of f&(in! o'e"atin! ho)"s – if 11h" ins'ection e6'i"es:
• Can be e6tene b( 1h"s b)t %)st be e)cte
fo"% ne6t ins'ection ti%e 3 the ne6t ins'ection )e
ti%e is 1 o'e"atin! ho)"s5
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
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T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
• DIFFERENCES - ANNUAL & @>>HR INS1ECTION
– ;"e)enc( of ins'ection
– A)tho"i>e 'e"sonne&
•
11h" ins'ection Ce"tifie A8 technician• Ann)a& ins'ection Ce"tifie A8 IA
– Ins'ection e6tension
• 11h" ins'ection can be e6tene b( 1h"s
• Ann)a& ins'ection S'ecia& fe""( 'e"%it neee
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
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T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
• 1ROGRESSI;E INS1ECTION
– A&te"nati*e ins'ection '"o!"a% to %ini%i>e a/c o#n
ti%e
– Sco'e an etai& of ann)a& ins'ection '"o!"a% is i*ie
t('ica&&( f"o% fo)" to si6
– A*anta!e a&&o# a/c to f&( ai&(
– 9"itten "e)est %)st be s)b%itte to &oca& ;AA
– Co""ect '"oce)"e of the a''"o'"iate ins'ection %an)a&
to be fo&&o#e
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
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T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
• LARGE AIRCRAFT INS1ECTION
– La"!e T)"bo2et o" T)"bo-'"o'e&&e" 'o#e"e %)&ti-en!ine a/c
– +)st be ins'ecte 'e" '"o!"a% s'ecifie in "e!)&ations
–
Ao'te to s'ecific a/c 8 its o'e"atin! conition• Contin)o)s ins'ection '"o!"a%
– ;o" a/c o'e"atin! )ne" "e!)&ations
– +o"e co%'&e6 than ann)a&/11h" ins'ection
– Inc&)e "o)tine an etai& ins'ection
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
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S O S C O CO
• CONTINUOUS INS1ECTION 1ROGRA.E
– Detai& ins'ection '"o!"a% inc&)e
• A-Chec$ %ino" %aintenance chec$ 11-11h"
•
=Chec$ 11-411h" • C-Chec$ %a2o" %aintenance chec$ 411h"
• D- Chec$ in*o&*e %a2o" isasse%b&(, "e%o*a&,
o*e"ha)& 8 st")ct)"a& ins'ection
– Occ)"s th"ee/fo)" ti%e in ai"c"aft &ife ti%e
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
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• S1ECIAL INS1ECTION
- Ins'ection t('e base on the conition of the a/c
• CONDITIONAL INS1ECTION $A:NOR.AL E;ENTS'
– Ins'ections 'e"fo"%e )e to incients affectin!
ai"#o"thiness of ai"c"aft
• Ha" o" o*e"#ei!ht &anin!
• ;&i!ht th") se*e"e t)"b)&ence
•
"o'e&&e" st"i$e o" s)en sto''a!e – Ins'ect 'o#e" '&ant 'e" %f! "eco%%enation
• Li!htnin! st"i$e, fi"e a%a!e o" f&oo a%a!e
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
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? CONFOR.IT7 INS1ECTION
– Dete"%ine if chan!es o" a&te"ations a"e '"o'e"&(
acco%'&ishe
• +a2o" A&te"ations
– ;AA fo"% J %)st be co%'&ete
• +ino" a&te"ation
• E6'o"t o" i%'o"t of ai"c"aft
• "e-')"chase ins'ection
T<ES O; INSECTION CONTD…
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A11RO;ED INS1ECTION
– An ins'ection '"o!"a% a!"ee )'on b( o#ne" an
"e!)&ato"( bo(
– I%'&e%ente on&( if ;AA ete"%ines ann)a&, 11h" o"
'"o!"essi*e ins'ection a"e not ae)ate to %eet ;AR
'a"t B
– +an)fact)"e" "eco%%enation can be )se as a basis
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INSECTION HASES
INSECTION HASES
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• GENERAL
– "e ins'ection 'hase
– Loo$ 3E6a%ination5 'hase
– Se"*ice 8 "e'ai" 'hase
– ;)nctiona& chec$ 'hase
– Ret)"n to se"*ice 'hase
INSECTION HASES CONTD…
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• 1RE BINS1ECTION 1HASE
– Inc&)es
• Aircraft o! 3oo) "e*ie# %aintenance histo"(
• O'e"ationa& chec$ inc&)es en!ine ")n )'-)a&itati*e
• C+ec) i,t 8 too& '"e'a"ation
• O'en )' of access '&ates an oo"s
• Gene"a& &ea$ obse"*ation an c&eanin!
INSECTION HASES CONTD…
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• Aircraft o! 3oo)
– Consists of etai& %aintenance, ins'ection 8 co%'onent
histo"( of ai"c"aft
• Ti%e on ai"f"a%e, en!ine, 8 '"o'e&&e"
• Histo"( of a&& si!nificant e*ents occ)""e
• Re'&ace%ent of TCI - ti%e of co%'onents o"
accesso"ies
– E6a%'&e - =atte"( an s'a"$ '&)!s
• Co%'&iance #ith "e!)&ato"( bo(/%an)fact)"e"s?
"e)i"e%ent
INSECTION HASES CONTD…
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• C+ec) Li,t
– Ens)"es no ite% is o*e"&oo$e 3ins'ect acco"in! to the
chec$ &ist5
– Desi!n - %an)fact)"e" o" (o)" o#n
– Ite%s to inc&)e
• ;)se&a!e, coc$'it, en!ine, &anin! !ea", #in!,
'"o'e&&e" etc…
INSECTION HASES CONTD…
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• LOO6 $E=A.INATION' 1HASE
– Act)a& ins'ection on the ai"c"aft to ete"%ine the
conition as 'e" chec$ &ist '"e'a"e an inc&)es:
• Loo$in!
• ;ee&in!
• Chec$in!
• O'e"atin!
• Testin!
INSECTION HASES CONTD…
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• SER;ICE & RE1AIR 1HASE - reconditionin!
– Ens)"es ai"#o"thiness 8 "et)"n to se"*ice of ai"c"aft
• L)b"icatin! #hee&s an bea"in!s
• C&eanin! an "e'&acin! fi&te"s
• Se"*icin! h("a)&ic an 'ne)%atic s(ste%s
• =atte"( se"*icin!
• Re'ai", an o*e"ha)& of co%'onents
INSECTION HASES CONTD…
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• FUNCTIONAL CHEC6 1HASE
– Ens)"es '"o'e" co%'&etions of
• "e*enti*e %aintenance
• Co""ecti*e %aintenance
• Re'ai", o*e"ha)& o" a&te"ation acti*ities
– It?s a )antitati*e chec$
INSECTION HASES CONTD…
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• RETURN TO SER;ICE 1HASE
– A''"o*a& fo" "et)"n to se"*ice an inc&)es:
• Co%'&etion of 'a'e" #o"$ as 'e" "e!)&ations
– +a$in! ent"ies on a''"o'"iate "eco" on &o! boo$
– &acin! of a''"o'"iate si!nat)"e
• Hi!h )a&it( &o! boo$ %ean hi!h )a&it( ai"c"aft
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NON DESTRUCTIE TESTING
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
;i i th f t 8 t i i it t t i fi t t i NDT
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– ;inin! the efect 8 ete"%inin! its e6tent is fi"st ste' in NDT.
– +ost !ene"a&&( )se efect etection %ethos a"e
• is)a& ins'ection
• enet"ant ins'ection
• +a!netic 'a"tic&e ins'ection fo" fe""o)s %eta&s
• U&t"asonic ins'ection
• Raio!"a'h( ins'ection
• E( c)""ent ins'ection
– Defects in %eta&s can be !"o)'e into
.Inhe"ent 3f"o% so&iification5
4."ocessin! 3fo"%in!, fab"ication5
.Se"*ice 3 as a "es)&t of st"esses an st"ains5
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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• ;ISUAL INS1ECTION
•
9e&& t"aine 8 e6'e"ience technician is %ost effecti*e too& fo" theseins'ection
• =( the %etho the fo&&o#in! efects can be etecte :
- c"ac$, co""osion, conta%ination, s)"face finish on #e&e 2oint,
ahesi*e bonin! etc. –9ie&( )se to etect c"ac$s on ai"c"aft st")ct)"e
–O&est 8 %ost co%%on
–Co*e"s 01K of a&& NDT %ethos
– Assiste b( b"i!ht &i!ht, %a!nif(in! !&ass, ins'ection %i""o",
=o"esco'e an othe" %eans
• Note8 No defect doe, not "ean no furt+er in,pection
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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=o"e sco'e is a e*ice )se to seehien 'a"t #itho)t isasse%b&(.
Consists of &ens, &i!ht an f&e6ib&e o""i!i t)bin!
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
• 1ENETRANT INS1ECTION
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1ENETRANT INS1ECTION
– St"ess co""osion c"ac$s #hich a"e se&o% iffic)&t to
etect #ith *is)a& ins'ection can be fo)n b( 'enet"ant
ins'ection 3fo" 'a"ts that can?t be %a!neti>e5 .
– The '"inci'&e is base )'on the abi&it( of a &i)i to
'enet"ate an( c"ac$ o" s)"face o'enin! %a$in! the
c"ac$ *isib&e to the nec$e e(e
– Useab&e on both fe""o)s 8 non-fe""o)s %eta&s
–
Ste's inc&)e "e%o*in! i"t an 'aint – A''&(in! 'enet"ant 8 #aitin! "eco%%ene ti%e fo"
&i)i to ente" c"ac$s
– Re%o*in! e6cess 'enet"ant 8 a''&(in! e*e&o'e"
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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•
1ENETRANT INS1ECTION CONT*
– De*e&o'e" ')&&s 'enet"ant o)t of c"ac$
– If 'enet"ant )se is "e (e
• C"ac$ a''ea" as "e a!ainst #hite bac$ !"o)n
– If 'enet"ant )se is f&)o"escent (e
• C"ac$ a''ea" as !"een &ines )ne" U o" b&ac$ &i!ht
– Li%itation is
• C"ac$ #i&& not be seen if co*e"e #ith co""osion
• Cannot be )se on 'o"o)s %ate"ia&s
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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• .AGNETIC 1ARTICLE INS1ECTION $.AGNAFLU='
- Use on&( on i"on base %eta&s #hich can be %a!neti>e
- As the c)""ent 'asses th"o)!h the 'a"t a %a!netic fie&
is set )' #ithin an a"o)n the 'a"t 'e"'enic)&a" to the
i"ection of the f&o# of c)""ent
- An( c"ac$ in the s)"face of a %eta& #i&& inte"")'t the
&ines of %a!netic f&)6 #ithin the %eta& an fo"%
%a!netic 'o&es a"o)n the c"ac$
- S%a&& %a!netic 'a"tic&es #i&& be att"acte b( the
%a!netic 'o&es fo"%e b( the c"ac$ as s%a&& &ine
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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•
MAGNETIC PARTICLE CONT…
- Lon!it)ina& %a!neti>ation - to &ocate c"ac$s an
efects 'e"'enic)&a" to the &on!it)ina& a6is
- Ci"c)&a" %a!neti>ation to &ocate c"ac$s 'a"a&&e& to
&on!it)ina& a6is
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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• ULTRASONIC INS1ECTION
–
It e%'&o(s one of the se*e"a& t('es of e&ect"onic )nits #hicht"ans%it an )&t"asonic so)n #a*e th"o)!h a %ate"ia& to &ocate a
efect
– 9hen the )&t"asonic #a*e hits an( t('e of efect, it is "ef&ecte
bac$ to the )nit an bac$ to the cathoe "a( t)be #hich !i*es an
inication of the e'th an e6tent of the efect
• Cathoe "a( t)be 3CRT5
• C"(sta& sea"ch )nit
• ;&a# 3efect5 inication 3&a# a%'&it)e5
• Nea" s)"face an =ac$ s)"face inications 3hi!h a%'&it)e5
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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0 2 4 6 8 10
• ULTRASONIC INS1ECTION CONT*
– Hi!h f"e)enc( so)n #a*es int"o)ce into a %ate"ia&
an "ef&ecte bac$ f"o% s)"faces o" f&a#s.
– Ref&ecte so)n ene"!( is is'&a(e on the inst")%ent
crac0 echo
initial
pulse bac0 surface
echo
crac0
plate
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
• RADIOGRA1H7 INS1ECTION
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• RADIOGRA1H7 INS1ECTION
– +o"e iffic)&t 8 %o"e e6'ensi*e than othe" t('es of non
est")cti*e testin! %ethos
– A*anta!e is st")ct)"e oes not nee to be isasse%b&e
– -"a( an Ga%%a "a(s a"e e6t"e%e&( hi!h f"e)enc( E+ #a*es
an ab&e to 'ass th") st")ct)"e 8 e6'ose fi&%s 3 an Ga%%a"a(s a"e nat)"a&&( occ)""in! as 'enet"atin! "aiation5
– ;i&% '"ocesse an inte"'"ete to fin co""osion o" c"ac$
– Defects a"e inicate b( *a"io)s cont"asts of !"a( 8 a"$ a"ea
on the fi&% "e)i"es e6'e"ience 'e"sonne&
– Da"$ a"eas a"e '"o)ce b( the ease of 'enet"ation of "a(
th"o)!h the *oi
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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•
an Ga%%a "a(s inications a"e '"o)ce on a 'hoto!"a'hic fi&% b( '&acin! the 'a"t to be ins'ecte b/n
the fi&% an o" Ga%%a "a( !ene"atin! )nit
CO.1ARISION8
• Ga%%a "a(s a"e %o"e 'o"tab&e
• Ga%%a "a(s #i&& 'enet"ate !"eate" thic$ness than 6-"a(s
• -"a(s a"e bette" fo" etection of s%a&& efects in sections
&ess than 4 inches thic$
• E6'os)"e fo" 6-"a(s ta$e secons "athe" than ho)"s fo"
Ga%%a "a(s
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…• EDD7 CURRENT INS1ECTION
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• EDD7 CURRENT INS1ECTION
– E( c)""ents a"e the i"ectiona& f&o# of f"ee e&ect"ons
in a con)cto" )ne" the inf&)ence of an e&ect"o%a!netic
fie&.
– Use to etect
• S)"face 8 s)bs)"face c"ac$s
• Co""osion on inne" s)"faces
– A&so )se to ete"%ine
• A&&o( t('e, Ha"ness, Thic$ness an Heat t"eat%ent
conition of a %ate"ia& 3 b( s)itab&e ca&ib"ation an
ana&(sis of the "es'onse *a"iations of e( c)""ent
inst")%ent "ea o)t5
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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Con)cti*e %ate"ia&
Coi& Coi&Ms%a!netic fie&
E(
c)""ents
E( c)""entMs%a!netic fie&
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…• 1RINCI1LE OF O1ERATION OF ECI
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– AC a''&ie to coi& c"eates '"i%a"( o" coi& %a!netic fie&
– "i%a"( %a!netic fie& o''oses f&o# of o"i!ina& c)""ent
– &acin! this coi& nea" a con)ctin! s'eci%en - e( 3ci"c)&a"5
c)""ents #i&& be in)ce into the s'eci%en
– The e( c)""ent c"eate secona"( o" e( c)""ent %a!netic fie&
– Secona"( fie& ais o"i!ina& c)""ent f&o#
– Diffe"ence bet#een '"i%a"( 8 secona"( fie& is etecte as chan!e
in coi& i%'eance an is'&a(e as *o&ta!e *a"iation b( the e(
c)""ent inst")%ent
– S)"face o" nea" s)"face c"ac$s ca)se a %a2o" is")'tion of the e(
c)""ent 'atte"n in a con)cto" an the"efo"e '"o)ce a etectab&e
chan!e in the ba&ance b/n '"i%a"( an secona"( e&ect"o%a!netic
fie&s
NDI/NDT/NDE CONTD…
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Coi& Coi&Ms%a!netic fie&
E(
c)""ents
E( c)""entMs%a!netic fie&