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CFLS (COMPACT FLUORESCENT
LAMPS)
PRESENTATION BYKAMALVIR KAUR SID :13207005
ME ELECTRONICS
CONTENTS
Introduction
Study by ToxicsLink
Objectives of the study
Findings of the study
Recommendations
Conclusions
Contents….
International Scenario
Indian Scenario
Introduction
What is CFL?
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called energy-saving light, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent lamp.The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp. Source: Wikipedia
CFLs vs Incandescent lamps
About 90% of the energy from an incandescent bulb is emitted as heat, and only about 10% of that energy is emitted as light.
Only about 30% of energy consumed by a compact fluorescent bulb is converted to heat. (Source: Progress energy, Florida ,Student Environmental Standard:Report on Mercury lighting)
Inside the CFL…
Inside CFL
The central element in a fluorescent lamp is a sealed glass tube.
The tube contains mercury and an inert gas, typically argon, kept under very low pressure.
The tube also contains a phosphor powder, coated along the inside of the glass.
The tube has two electrodes, one at each end, which are wired to an electrical circuit.
The electrical circuit, is hooked up to an alternating current (AC) supply.
Source: How Stuff works
Process Flow
Lamp turned on
Current flows through the electrical circuit to the diodes
Cathode emits electrons
Source : How Stuff Works
Process Flow
This energy changes the liquid mercury to a gas
As electrons and charged atoms move through the tube, some of them will collide with gaseous mercury atoms
Mercury atoms excited to a higher energy levels
Source : How Stuff Works
Process Flow
On de-excitation, these atoms release photons in UV range
The photons excite the phosphor atoms to higher levels
On de-excitation, phosphor atoms emit light photons in visible range (visible
to us) Source : How Stuff Works
ToxicLinks study
Toxics Link had undertaken a study in September 2011 to assess the total quantity of mercury present in CFLs in India with an objective to reduce mercury levels in CFLs and promote the issue of its end-of-life management.
Objectives of the Study
To detect the total mercury content in
CFL lights sold in India
To assess exceedance in mercury
levels in Indian CFLs as compared to
the global standards
To make recommendations to
regulators for mercury standards in
CFLs and end of life management for
CFLs.
How the study was done?
The study was done in New Delhi, India
Twenty-two samples of CFL lights of well-known brands were purchased from authorized dealers (brand names not disclosed)
Wattages vary randomly between 5 and 20 watts.
The CFL samples were sent to Delhi Test House
(NABL accredited lab – ISO/ IEC 17025:2005),
Azadpur, Delhi for analysis of mercury content.
There has been no universally acceptable
Standard Operating Protocol (SOP) for analyzing
mercury content in CFLs. ToxicsLink and Delhi
Test House have jointly developed the SOP for
this study
Findings of the Study
Average mercury content per CFL bulb was found to be 21.21mg (global standards at 5 mg)
Fifty percent of the samples analyzed were found to have a high average mercury content ranging between 12.24mg and 39.64mg
Findings..
A large variation of mercury content across different wattage even within a single brand was found.
In most brands the mercury content decreased with increasing wattage.(Reason : High light output (lumens) with lesser wattage implies more mercury)
Conclusions made by the Study Average mercury dosing in India is four to
six times the standards followed in some of the developed countries.
With the present growth rate,
approximately 8.5 tonnes of mercury would
be consumed on an annual basis
Such an amount would to be managed when
these units burn out or are discarded.
Conclusions..
There is no disposal mechanism or
infrastructure to deal with the
discarded and used-up lamps
No voluntary action being taken by
manufacturers to cap mercury dosing
in CFLs
Recommendations by the Study
The Government must come up with a
maximum limit for the mercury dosing
in CFLs.
At present, there are no regulations
(neither for consumer nor producer) for
proper disposal and recycling of CFLs
Recommendations…
The end-of life management must be
the joint responsibility of
manufacturers, regulatory agencies
and executive bodies
Consumers, too, have a responsibility
for the proper disposal of broken and
used-up lamps.
For recycling etc. the best-suited
technology must be decided based on
a collective dialogue between various
manufacturers.
Recommendations…
Cautionary (Hg) mark must be made
mandatory with specific amount
present in CFL.
Proper instructions on managing
broken CFLs also be provided.
International Scenario
The amount of mercury in CFLs is strictly
regulated in many countries
On February 26, 2011, Environment
Canada proposed a regulation that CFLs
will be subject to a maximum mercury
content limit of 3.5 mg.(Source: Ministry of Natural
Resources, Canada: Office of Energy Efficiency)
International Scenario…
In the European Union, it is restricted
to 5 mg under their RoHS regulations.
(ToxicsLink Study)
Waste collection agencies are set up in
US for collection of broken CFLs by EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency)
Indian Scenario
In India , CFLS have been exempt from
recent regulations .
Efforts undertaken (as reported by Central Pollution
Control Board) to reduced mercury dosing in
CFLs to an optimum level using
internationally best available technology
Indian Scenario…
But CPCB has not prescribed an
upper limit.
ToxicsLink study finds that CFLs in
India contain more than 10 times the
current 5 mg limit.
Indian Scenario..
The introduction of massive amounts of CFLs
in the market has led to broken and
discarded CFLs with nowhere to go.
These are dumped, lie around or are
sometimes scavenged for glass, metals and
electronic chips.
They cause exposure to wastepickers, also
leads to environmental contamination.
Indian Scenario..
The "Bachat Lamp Yojana" launched by the
Indian Government in Feb 2009 aimed at
the large scale replacement of incandescent
bulbs in households by CFLs.
But no initiatives for making the Indian
consumer aware of deadly effects and
proper disposal of mercury-containing CFLs
CFL and Mercury
There is currently no substance that
can serve as an alternative to
mercury to produce light in
fluorescent lamps .(Source: Ministry of Natural
Resources, Canada: Office of Energy Efficiency)
But the developed nations have
successfully regulated the amount of
mercury in CFLs
Philips
Only Televisions, Mobile phones and Monitors are
taken back at authorized collection centres.
The packaging of a CFL from Philips contains no
specific information on disposal or risks associated
with mercury contained in the bulbs. The information
on the packaging details the life expectancy,
wattage, a recycling symbol and an A rating.(Source:
VaporLok™ Products LLC is a company dedicated to providing
environmentally safe packaging solutions for mercury containing
materials, at Mankato, USA)
Havells
Havells is the first Indian electrical company to manufacture CFL with Pill Dosing Technology.
With help of pill dosing technology Havells have achieved mercury content of just 0.5 mg
What is Pill Dosing Technology
Most of the CFL manufacturers worldwide use
liquid mercury
It is extremely difficult to limit the weight of
liquid mercury.
In PDT, amalgamated mercury pills are used
instead of liquid mercury. Precise and controlled
amount of mercury is thus filled in CFLs
Health Effects
CFLs may pose an added health risk due to
the ultraviolet and blue light emitted. This
radiation could aggravate symptoms in
people who already suffer skin conditions
that make them exceptionally sensitive to
light.
(Source: European Commission
Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Heal
th Risks
(SCENIHR) in 2008 )
To be Continued….