CESSF L U UT - Universal Tutorials · Theme 5: Popular Struggles and Movements (Chapter 5) (Note:...

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Guided effort leads to a bright futureUTUT

IX-XII

CBSE ICSE

State

Entrance

X - CBSE - POLITICAL & ECONOMICSVOLUME 3

Table of Contents

Volume 3 of 3 Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Political Science

Table of Contents – Political Science Democratic Politics

CHAPTER 1: POWER SHARING ............................................................................. 1

CHAPTER MAP: ........................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER SHARING: ........................................................................................................... 1

Reasons for Power Sharing: ............................................................................................................. 1 Prudential: .................................................................................................................................... 1 Moral: ........................................................................................................................................... 2

Case Studies: Belgium and Sri Lanka ............................................................................................... 2 Demographics: Belgium and Sri Lanka ........................................................................................ 2 Accommodation in Belgium: ......................................................................................................... 2 Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka: ........................................................................................................ 3 Comparison between Belgium and Sri Lanka: ............................................................................. 4

Forms of Power Sharing: ................................................................................................................... 4 1) Horizontal Distribution of Power: .............................................................................................. 4 2) Federal Form (Vertical Distribution of Power): ......................................................................... 4 3) Distribution of Powers among Social Groups: ......................................................................... 5 4) Coalition Form: ......................................................................................................................... 5

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES/ DEBATES: ...................................................................................................... 5 Khalil’s Dilema: ............................................................................................................................. 5 Examples of Power Sharing: ........................................................................................................ 6

Important terms to remember: ................................................................................................. 6 Previous Years Board Questions: ........................................................................................... 7 NCERT Questions: .................................................................................................................. 8 Solved Questions: .................................................................................................................. 11 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ....................................................................... 14 Work Sheet ............................................................................................................................ 14

CHAPTER 2: FEDERALISM ................................................................................... 16

CHAPTER MAP: ......................................................................................................................................... 16 FEDERALISM: ............................................................................................................................................ 16

Introduction: ................................................................................................................................ 16 Dual objectives of Federal system: ............................................................................................ 16 Key Features of Federalism: ...................................................................................................... 17 Ways of Forming Federations: ................................................................................................... 17

Unitary and Federal System: ........................................................................................................... 17 India: A Federal Country: ................................................................................................................ 18

Key features of Indian Federalism: ............................................................................................ 18 Critical Approach (States do not enjoy equal power): ................................................................ 19 Federalism (Why stable in India?): ............................................................................................. 19 Examples of Federalism: ............................................................................................................ 19

How is Federalism Practiced? ......................................................................................................... 20 Linguistic States: ........................................................................................................................ 20 Language Policy: ........................................................................................................................ 20 Centre–State Relationship – A historical view: .......................................................................... 21

DECENTRALISATION IN INDIA: .................................................................................................................... 21 Third Tier of Indian Federation: .................................................................................................. 22

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES, DEBATES: .................................................................................................... 23 Response to the Nepali participants .......................................................................................... 23 Linguistic Diversity of India: ........................................................................................................ 24

Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Political Science Volume 3 of 3

Important terms to remember: ............................................................................................... 26 Previous Year Board Questions: ........................................................................................... 26 NCERT Questions: ................................................................................................................ 28 Solved Questions: .................................................................................................................. 31 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ....................................................................... 34 Work Sheet: ........................................................................................................................... 35

CHAPTER 3: DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY ...................................................... 37

CHAPTER MAP: ......................................................................................................................................... 37 SOCIAL DIVERSITY: ................................................................................................................................... 37

Origin of Social Differences: ............................................................................................................ 37 Social Differences and Social Division: ........................................................................................... 38

Overlapping Differences: ............................................................................................................ 38 Cross–Cutting Differences: ........................................................................................................ 38 Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................. 38

Politics of Social Divisions: .............................................................................................................. 39 Range of Outcomes: .................................................................................................................. 39 Effects of Social Divisions: ......................................................................................................... 39

Determinants of Social Division: ..................................................................................................... 39 Conclusion: ...................................................................................................................................... 40

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES/ DEBATES: .................................................................................................... 40 Mexico Olympics 1968: .............................................................................................................. 40 UN Conference against Racism in Durban 2001: ...................................................................... 41

Important terms to remember: ............................................................................................... 41 Previous Year Board Questions: ........................................................................................... 42 NCERT Questions: ................................................................................................................ 43 Solved Questions: .................................................................................................................. 45 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ....................................................................... 47 Work Sheet ............................................................................................................................ 47

CHAPTER 4: GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE .................................................. 49

CHAPTER MAP: ......................................................................................................................................... 49 GENDER AND POLITICS: ............................................................................................................................ 49

Sexual Division of Labour: ......................................................................................................... 49 Participation of Women in Public Life:........................................................................................ 50 Types of oppression faced by women: ...................................................................................... 50 Women’s Political Representation: ............................................................................................ 51 Conclusion: ................................................................................................................................. 51

COMMUNALISM AND SECULARISM: ............................................................................................................. 52 Communalism: ................................................................................................................................ 52

Features of Communalism: ........................................................................................................ 52 Forms of Communalism in Politics: ............................................................................................ 52 The Limitations of Communalism: .............................................................................................. 52

Secularism: ...................................................................................................................................... 53 CASTE AND POLITICS: ............................................................................................................................... 53

Inequalities Based on Caste: ..................................................................................................... 53 Caste System in Modern India: .................................................................................................. 54 Caste in Politics: ......................................................................................................................... 54 Politics in Caste: ......................................................................................................................... 55

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES/ DEBATES: .................................................................................................... 56 Important terms to remember: ............................................................................................... 57 Previous Year Board Questions: ........................................................................................... 58

Table of Contents


NCERT Questions: ................................................................................................................ 59 Solved Questions: .................................................................................................................. 62 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ....................................................................... 66 Work Sheet: ........................................................................................................................... 66

CHAPTER 5: POPULAR STRUGGLES AND MOVEMENTS (PROJECT WORK) 68

CHAPTER MAP: ......................................................................................................................................... 68 MOBILISATION AND ORGANISATIONS: ......................................................................................................... 68

Types of Groups: ............................................................................................................................. 68 Pressure Groups: ....................................................................................................................... 68 Movement Groups: ..................................................................................................................... 69

Pressure Groups and Movements in Politics: ................................................................................. 70 A comparison: ............................................................................................................................ 70 Influence on Politics: .................................................................................................................. 70 Advantages in Politics: ............................................................................................................... 71 Limitations: ................................................................................................................................. 71

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES/ DEBATES: .................................................................................................... 72 The Green Belt Movement (Democracy Vs Movement): ........................................................... 72 Movement for Democracy in Nepal: ........................................................................................... 72 Bolivia’s Water War: ................................................................................................................... 73

Kittiko–Hachchiko Movement in Karnataka: .................................................................................... 74 Questions between the lines of text: ...................................................................................... 74 Previous Year Board Questions: ........................................................................................... 76 NCERT Questions: ................................................................................................................ 77 Solved Questions: .................................................................................................................. 80 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ....................................................................... 83 Work Sheet: ........................................................................................................................... 84

CHAPTER 6: POLITICAL PARTIES ....................................................................... 86

CHAPTER MAP: ......................................................................................................................................... 86 POLITICAL PARTY: .................................................................................................................................... 86

The Components of a Political Party: ......................................................................................... 86 Functions of Political Party: ............................................................................................................. 86

Importance of political parties: ................................................................................................... 88 Single Party System: .................................................................................................................. 88 Two Party System: ..................................................................................................................... 88 A Multi Party System: ................................................................................................................. 89 The Choice of Party Systems: .................................................................................................... 89

Types of Political Parties: ................................................................................................................ 89 National Recognised Parties: .......................................................................................................... 90

1) Indian National Congress (INC): ............................................................................................ 90 2) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): ................................................................................................ 90 3) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP): .................................................................................................. 91 4) Communist Party of India–Marxist (CPI–M): ......................................................................... 91 5) Communist Party of India (CPI): ............................................................................................ 91 6) Nationalist Congress Party (NCP): ........................................................................................ 92

State Parties: ................................................................................................................................... 92 Challenges to Political Parties: ........................................................................................................ 93 Ways of Reforming Political Party: .................................................................................................. 94

ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES/ DEBATES: .................................................................................................... 95 A moral force in Politics: ............................................................................................................. 95 Some Facts about Popular Participation in Political Parties: ..................................................... 96


Important terms to remember: ............................................................................................... 97 Questions between the lines of text: ...................................................................................... 97 Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 100 NCERT Questions: .............................................................................................................. 100 Solved Questions: ................................................................................................................ 103 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ..................................................................... 107 Work Sheet: ......................................................................................................................... 107

CHAPTER 7: OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY ..................................................... 109

CHAPTER MAP: ....................................................................................................................................... 109 DEMOCRACY: A BETTER FORM OF GOVERNMENT ..................................................................................... 109

Democratic and Non–Democratic Government: ...................................................................... 109 ASSESSING OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY: ................................................................................................. 110

1) Accountable, Responsive and Legitimate Government ....................................................... 110 2) Economic Growth and Development: .................................................................................. 111 3) Reduction of Inequality and Poverty: ................................................................................... 112 4) Accommodation of Social Diversity under Democracy: ....................................................... 112 5) Dignity and Freedom of the Citizen: .................................................................................... 112

Expectations from Democracy: ..................................................................................................... 113 Questions between the lines of text: .................................................................................... 113 Important terms to remember: ............................................................................................. 115 Previous Board Questions: .................................................................................................. 115 NCERT Question: ................................................................................................................ 116 Solved Questions: ................................................................................................................ 119 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ..................................................................... 122 Work Sheet: ......................................................................................................................... 123

CHAPTER 8: CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY ................................................. 124

DEMOCRACY AND THE CONCEPT OF CHALLENGE: .................................................................................... 124 Dominant forms of Challenges to Democracy: .............................................................................. 124

Foundational Challenge: .......................................................................................................... 124 Challenge of Expansion: .......................................................................................................... 124 Deepening of Democracy: ........................................................................................................ 125

THE NEED FOR POLITICAL REFORMS: ....................................................................................................... 125 Redefining Democracy: ............................................................................................................ 125

Questions between the lines of text: .................................................................................... 126 Important terms to remember: ............................................................................................. 129 Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 130 NCERT questions: ............................................................................................................... 130 Solved Questions: ................................................................................................................ 131 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ..................................................................... 134 Work Sheet .......................................................................................................................... 135

Economics

CHAPTER 1: DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................. 137

Concept: ........................................................................................................................................ 137 Development: ........................................................................................................................ 137 Economic development: ........................................................................................................... 137 Income and Other Goals: ......................................................................................................... 139

Table of Contents


National Development: .................................................................................................................. 139 Comparison of Different Countries or States: .......................................................................... 139 Income and Other Criteria: ....................................................................................................... 140

Public Facilities: ............................................................................................................................. 141 UNDP and the concept of HDI: ................................................................................................ 142

Sustainable Development: ............................................................................................................ 144 Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 146 NCERT Questions: .............................................................................................................. 148 Solved Questions: ................................................................................................................ 151 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ..................................................................... 155 Work Sheet .......................................................................................................................... 156

CHAPTER 2: SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY ........................................ 158

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES: ........................................................................................................................... 158 Classification of Economic Activities: ............................................................................................ 158 Comparing the Three Sectors: ...................................................................................................... 160 Gross Domestic Product (GDP): ................................................................................................... 161 Historical Change in Sectors: ........................................................................................................ 161

PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY SECTORS IN INDIA: ........................................................................ 161 Rising importance of Tertiary Sector: ............................................................................................ 162 Unequal Development: .................................................................................................................. 162 Share of Sectors in GDP and Employment: .................................................................................. 163

The Share of GDP (%) of Each Sector: ................................................................................... 163 The Share of Different Sectors in Employment (%): ................................................................ 163

PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT: ............................................................................................................... 164 The concept of Underemployment: ............................................................................................... 164

Underemployment in all three sectors:..................................................................................... 164 Creating Employment Opportunities: ............................................................................................ 165 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA): ........................................................ 166

DIVISION OF SECTORS: ............................................................................................................................ 166 The Organized Sector: ............................................................................................................. 166 The Unorganized Sector: ......................................................................................................... 166 Need For Protection: ................................................................................................................ 167

The Division of Economy based on ownership of resources: ....................................................... 167 Public Sector and Private Sector: ............................................................................................ 167

Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 168 NCERT Questions ............................................................................................................... 170 Solved Questions: ................................................................................................................ 177 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ..................................................................... 180 Work Sheet .......................................................................................................................... 180

CHAPTER 3: MONEY AND CREDIT .................................................................... 182

MONEY AS A MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE: ...................................................................................................... 182 Modern Forms of Money: .............................................................................................................. 182

Currency: .................................................................................................................................. 182 Deposits with Bank: .................................................................................................................. 183

LOAN ACTIVITIES OF BANKS: ................................................................................................................... 183 Two Different Credit Situations:..................................................................................................... 184 Terms of Credit: ............................................................................................................................. 184

SOURCES OF CREDIT IN INDIA: ................................................................................................................. 185 The Role of Supervisory body: ................................................................................................. 185 Sources of Credit for Urban Households in India 2003: .......................................................... 186


SELF HELP GROUPS FOR THE POOR: ....................................................................................................... 186 Previous Year’s Board Questions: ....................................................................................... 187 NCERT Questions: .............................................................................................................. 188 Solved Questions: ................................................................................................................ 191 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ..................................................................... 196 Work Sheet .......................................................................................................................... 197

CHAPTER 04: GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY ....................... 198

THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION: .......................................................................................................... 198 Production across Countries: ........................................................................................................ 198

MNC (Multi–National Corporation): .......................................................................................... 198 Interlinking Production across Countries: ...................................................................................... 199

Foreign Investment: ................................................................................................................. 199 Control of Production: .............................................................................................................. 199

Foreign Trade and Integration of Market: ...................................................................................... 201 Foreign Trade: .......................................................................................................................... 201 Effect of Foreign Trade: ........................................................................................................... 201

WHAT IS GLOBALISATION? ...................................................................................................................... 201 Factors that have Enabled Globalisation: ..................................................................................... 202

Transportation technology: ....................................................................................................... 202 Telecommunications: ............................................................................................................... 202 Information Technology (IT): .................................................................................................... 202

LIBERALISATION: .................................................................................................................................... 203 Liberalisation of Foreign Trade and Foreign Investment Policy: ................................................... 203 World Trade Organization (WTO): ................................................................................................ 203

Limitations of WTO: .................................................................................................................. 204 IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION IN INDIA: ....................................................................................................... 204

The Struggle for Fair Globalization: .............................................................................................. 205 Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 206 NCERT Questions: .............................................................................................................. 207 Solved Questions: ................................................................................................................ 211 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ..................................................................... 216 Work Sheet: ......................................................................................................................... 217

CHAPTER 05: CONSUMER RIGHTS ................................................................... 218

CONSUMER IN THE MARKET PLACE: ......................................................................................................... 218 Forms of Exploitation by Manufactures and Traders: ................................................................... 218

CONSUMER MOVEMENT: .......................................................................................................................... 219 CONSUMER RIGHTS: ............................................................................................................................... 220 TAKING THE CONSUMER MOVEMENT FORWARD: ...................................................................................... 222

Previous Year Board Questions: ......................................................................................... 222 NCERT Questions: .............................................................................................................. 223 Solved Questions: ................................................................................................................ 226 Review Questions: Class Work / Home Work ..................................................................... 230 Work Sheet .......................................................................................................................... 232

Syllabus


Social Science Syllabus (X CBSE) 2017–18

Units Marks I India and the Contemporary World – II History 20 II Contemporary India – II Geography 20 III Democratic Politics – II Civics 20 IV Understanding Economic Development Economics 20 Total: 80

Democratic Politics Theme 1 & 2: Power Sharing & Federalism (Chapter 1 & 2) a) Why and how is power shared in democracies? b) How has federal division of power helped national unity? c) To what extent has decentralization achieved this objective? d) How does democracy accommodate different social groups? Theme 3 & 4: Democracy and Diversity & Gender, Religion and Caste (Chapter 3 & 4) a) Are divisions inherent to the working of democracy? b) What has been the effect of caste on politics and of politics on caste? c) How has the gender division shaped politics? d) How do communal divisions affect democracy? Theme 5: Popular Struggles and Movements (Chapter 5) (Note: It is to be done as project work) Theme 6: Political Parties: (Chapter 6) a) What role do political parties play in competition and contestation? b) Which are the major national and regional parties in India? Theme 7: Outcomes of Democracy (Chapter 7) a) Can or should democracy be judged by its outcomes? b) What outcomes can one reasonably expect of democracies? c) Does democracy in India meet these expectations? d) Has democracy led to development, security and dignity for the people? e) What sustains democracy in India? Theme 8: Challenges to Democracy (Chapter 8) a) Is the idea of democracy shrinking? b) What are the major challenges to democracy in India? c) How can democracy be reformed and deepened? d) What role can be ordinary citizen play in deepening democracy?

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2 Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Political Science Volume 3 of 3

Understanding Economic Development Theme 1 : Development (Chapter 1) a) The traditional notion of development; National Income and Percapita Income. b) Growth of National Income - critical appraisal of existing development indicators

(PCI, IMR, SR and other income and health indicators) c) The need for health and educational development; d) Human Development Indicators (in simple and brief as a holistic measure of

development). Theme 2: Sectors of the Indian Economy (Chapter 2) a) Sectors of Economic Activities; b) Historical change in sectors; c) Rising importance of tertiary sector; d) Employment Generation; e) Division of Sectors- Organised and Unorganised; f) Protective measures for unorganised sector workers. Theme 3: Money and Credit: Role of money in an economy (Chapter 3) a) Formal and Informal financial institutions for Savings and Credit - General

Introduction; b) Select one formal institution such as a nationalized commercial bank and a few

informal institutions; c) Local money lenders, landlords, chit funds and private finance companies. (Note: Ch-3 will also be evaluated in theory) Theme 4: Globalisation and the Indian Economy (Chapter 4) a) Production across countries, Foreign trade and Interaction of Markets, what is

Globalization? b) Factors, WTO, Impact, Fair Globalization Theme 5: Consumer Rights (Chapter 5) a) How consumer is exploited (one or two simple case studies) factors causing

exploitation of consumers; b) Rise of consumer awareness; c) how a consumer should be in a market; d) role of government in consumer protection.

Chapter 1: Power Sharing 1

Volume 3 of 3 Universal Tutorials – X CBSE – Political Science 1

Chapter 1: Power Sharing

Chapter Map:

Introduction to Power Sharing: The idea of power sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. For a long time it was believed that all power of a government must reside in one person or group located at one place because if the power to decide was dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick decisions and to enforce them.

But these notions underwent a change with the emergence of democracy. One cardinal virtue of democracy is that all political power emanates from the verdict of people.

In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self–governances. In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society.

To conclude, in a democracy political power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible.

Reasons for Power Sharing:

Why is power sharing desirable? Power sharing is desirable for prudential and moral reasons.

Prudential: ‘Prudential’ is based on prudence or on careful calculation of gains and losses. Prudential

decisions are usually contrasted with those decisions based purely on moral considerations. Prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes. Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social

groups.

→ Introduction to Power Sharing

→ Reasons of Power Sharing

→ Prudential

→ Moral

→ Case Studies of Power Sharing

→ Belgium

→ Sri Lanka

→ Advantages and Disadvantages of Power Sharing

→ Accommodation in Belgium

→ Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

→ Forms of Power Sharing

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Social conflict often leads to violence and political instability. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. Imposing the will of the majority over others may look like an attractive option in the short run,

but in the end, it undermines the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruin among the

majority as well. Reserved Constituencies in assemblies and the Parliament in our country whereby socially

weaker sections and women are represented in legislature and administration is a good example of prudential power sharing.

Moral: Power sharing is the spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing of power with those affected by its exercise and who have

to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the

system. Moral reasons emphasize the very act of power sharing as valuable. Example: In India, most Trade Unions and student organizations are either established or

affiliated to one or the other major political party. The roots of the parties like DMK and AIADMK in Tamil Nadu can trace their origin to social reform movements during the 1930s and 1940s.

Case Studies: Belgium and Sri Lanka

Demographics: Belgium and Sri Lanka Both the countries have diverse ethnic and social groups. In Belgium, the majority speak Dutch language where as in Sri Lanka the majority speaks

Sinhala. In Belgium, the smallest ethnic group speaks German (1%), wherein Sri Lanka the smallest

ethnic group is Christians (7%) who speak both Tamil and Sinhala.

Belgium Sri Lanka Population – 1 crore Population – 2 crore Ethnic composition i) Flemish region – 59% (Speak Dutch) ii) Wallonia region – 40% (Speak French) iii) Belgians – 1% (Speak German) Capital city Brussels i) 80% – Speak French ii) 20% – Speak Dutch

Major social groups i) Sinhala speakers – 74% (Buddhists) ii) Tamil speakers – 18% (Hindus & Muslims) [Sri Lankan Tamils – 13% (natives) +

Indian Tamils – (forefathers)] iii) Others – 8%

Accommodation in Belgium: The Belgian leaders blended the element of accommodation in power sharing by recognising

the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. The Belgian leaders amended their constitution four times in order to ensure the equal status

of Dutch and French speaking ministers in the Central Government.



Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not sub–ordinate to the Central Government.

Brussels (the capital) has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French-speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.

Apart from the central and the state Government, there is a third kind of government. This community government is elected by the people belonging to one language community. Dutch, French and German speaking – no matter where they live.

Conclusion: In Belgium, the power sharing arrangement accommodated the political, cultural and

economic interests of each ethnic group. This arrangement prevented the country from splitting into different small regions. It also prevented the country from witnessing ethnic riots that could have led to a civil war.

Thus, the element of accommodation in power sharing restored the status of Belgium as the undivided nation despite the presence of divergent ethnic communities and cultural diversities.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka: The Sinhala leaders by virtue of their superior numerical strength chose a different route of

power sharing. They went on favouring the majority community (Sinhala) by adopting a series of majoritarian

measures to establish the Sinhala majority. In 1956, the Sinhala language was made the only official language in Sri Lanka and the new

constitution stipulated that the state should protect and foster Buddhism, thus disregarding the Tamil language and other religions.

The government in Sri Lanka followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

All these government measures coming one after the other, gradually created the feelings of alienation and political indifference among the Sri Lankan Tamils. They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders was sensitive to their language and culture.

Conclusion: The power sharing arrangement in Sri Lanka was blended with the element of

majoritarianism. The policies of the governments were only designed to promote the interests of the Sinhala community.

All these policies created feelings of alienation and indifference among Tamils. They felt that the constitution and government denied those equal political rights and discriminated against them in getting jobs and other things.

As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities got strained. This further boiled down to the formation of various Tamil political organisations who

launched a struggle for the recognition of Tamil as the official language for regional autonomy and for equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

In the situation of denial of their rights, the movements became more aggressive. By the 1980s, several organisations were formed demanding an Independent Tamil Eelam State in the northern and eastern part of Sri Lanka.

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The distrust between the two communities resulted in widespread conflict. It soon turned into a civil war. As a result, it took thousands of lives from both the communities.

Comparison between Belgium and Sri Lanka:

What do we learn from these two stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka? Both are democracies. Yet, they dealt with the question of power sharing differently. In

Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions.

Such a realisation resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power. Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example. It shows us that if a majority community wants to impose its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.

Forms of Power Sharing: In modern democracies power sharing arrangements can take many forms. Some of the most

common arrangements that we have or will come across are being explained below.

1) Horizontal Distribution of Power: It is called Horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government

placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and

judiciary. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs exercise unlimited power. Each organ

checks the others. This results in a balance of power in various institutions. Example: The ministers and government officials exercise power, they are responsible to the

parliament and state assemblies. Similarly, although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

2) Federal Form (Vertical Distribution of Power): Power can be shared among Governments at different levels – a general government for the

entire country and governments at the provincial or at the state level. Such a general government for the entire country is called a federal government.

For example, In India, we refer to it as the central or the union government. The governments at provincial or regional level are called State Governments.

The governments at the provincial or regional level are called by different names in different countries. There are many countries where there are no provincial or State Governments.

But in those countries like ours, there are different levels of governments, the constitution clearly lays down the power of different levels of government. This is what they did in Belgium, but was refused in Sri Lanka. This is called federal division of power.

The same principle of federal form can be extended to levels of government lower than the State Government, such as the Municipality and Panchayat. This type of arrangement of power sharing is called vertical division of power because this involves division of powers between higher and lower levels of government.



3) Distribution of Powers among Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic

groups. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in legislatures and administrations.

This type of arrangement is meant to give space in government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.

‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. India has the system of reserved constituencies in the Municipality, the Panchayat, State Assemblies and the Parliament for women.

4) Coalition Form: Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and

movements control or influence those in power. In contemporary democracies, this takes the form of competition among different parties. Such

competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run power is shared among different political parties that represent ideologies and social groups.

Sometimes, this kind of sharing becomes direct when two are more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. The Maharashtra government is a good example of this arrangement. Both the parties Congress and NCP shared the power. Now in 2015 BJP and Shiv Sena have formed a coalition government.

On the other hand, in a democracy, we find interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers. They also will have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringing influence on the decision making process.

Analysis of Case Studies/ Debates:

Khalil’s Dilema: As usual, Vetal started telling Vikram a story to keep him awake while driving. This time the

story went as follows: “In the city of Beirut there lived a man called Khalil. His parents came from different communities. His father was an Orthodox Christian and mother a Sunni Muslim. This was common in this modern, cosmopolitan city. People from various communities that lived in Lebanon came to live in its capital, Beirut. They lived together, intermingled, yet fought a bitter civil war among themselves. One of Khalil’s uncle was killed in that war.

At the end of this civil war, Lebanon’s leaders came together and agreed to some basic rules for power sharing among different communities. As per these rules the country’s President must belong to the Maronite sect of Catholic Christians. The Prime Minister must be from the Sunni Muslim community. The post of Deputy Prime Minister was fixed for the Orthodox Christian sect and that of the Speaker for Shi’a Muslim. Under this pact, the Christians agreed not to seek French protection and the Muslims agreed not to seek unification with the neighbouring state of Syria. When the Christians and Muslims agreed to this proposal, they were nearly equal in population. Both sides have continued to respect this agreement though now the Muslims are in a clear majority.

Khalil does not like this system one bit. He is a popular man with political ambitions. However, under the present system the top position is out of his reach–barred from him. He does not practice either his father’s or his mother’s religion and does not wish to be known by either. He cannot understand why Lebanon cannot be like any other ‘normal’ democracy. “Just hold an

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election, allow everyone to contest and whoever wins maximum votes becomes the president, no matter which community he comes from. Why can’t we do that, like in other democracies of the world?” he asks. His elders, who have seen the bloodshed of the civil war, tell him that the present system is the best guarantee for peace…”

The story was not finished, but they had reached the TV tower where they stopped every day. Vetal wrapped up quickly and posed his customary question to Vikram: “If you had the power to rewrite the rules in Lebanon, what would you do? Would you adopt the ‘regular’ rules followed everywhere, as Khalil suggests? Or stick to the old rules? Or do something else?” Vetal did not forget to remind Vikram of their basic pact: “If you have an answer in mind and yet do not speak up, your mobile will freeze, and so will you!”

Can you help poor Vikram in answering Vetal? Ans: If I had the power to rewrite the rules in Lebanon, I would rather prefer to have the constitutional

frame work that accommodates political, cultural and economic rights of the common citizens of Lebanon irrespective of their religious denomination.

The spirit of democracy does not advocate discrimination or segregation on the basis of religion or race. Rather, in its essence, democracy intends to accommodate the needs of divergent social and ethnic groups. Khalil’s viewpoint is legitimate in the context of Lebanon, it should go for a constitutional amendment that abolishes the system of reservation of higher political posts based on religious denomination and opens up the political opportunities to contest for these posts irrespective of race and religion.

Examples of Power Sharing: 1) The Bombay High Court ordered the Maharashtra state government to immediately take

action and improve living conditions for the 2,000-odd children at seven children’s homes in Mumbai.

Ans: This is the first type of power sharing, where power is shared among different organs of the government. The judiciary is sharing power with the executive.

2) The government of Ontario State in Canada has agreed to a land claim settlement with the aboriginal community. The Minister responsible for Native Affairs announced that the government would work with aboriginal people in a spirit of mutual respect and co-operation.

Ans: This is the third type of power sharing, where power may also be shared among different social groups. The aboriginal community is sharing power with the government of Ontario State in Canada.

3) Russia’s two influential political parties, the Union of Right Forces and the Liberal Yabloko Movement, agreed to unite their organisations into a strong right-wing coalition. They propose to have a common list of candidates in the next parliamentary elections.

Ans: This is the fourth type of power sharing where two or more than two parties form an alliance to contest elections. If the right wing coalition gets elected there will be power sharing arrangement between the union of right forces and the liberal Yabloko movement.

4) The finance ministers of various states in Nigeria got together and demanded that the federal government declare its sources of income. They also wanted to know the formula by which the revenue is distributed to various state governments.

Ans: This is the second type of power sharing where power can be shared among governments at different levels. The meeting of finance ministers of various States in Nigeria was a case of power sharing between the states and the centre in a federal structure.

IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER:

Democracy: A form of government which literally means "rule by the people". Majoritadanism: Under majoritarianism, majority community rules the country in its own way by

disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.



Legislature: A kind of deliberative assembly with the power to make, amend and repeal laws. Federal Government: A general government for the entire country is usually called federal

government. Community Government: In which different social groups are given the power to handle the

affairs related to their communities. Civil War: A violent conflict between opposing groups within a country that becomes so intense

that it appears like a war. Ethnic: A social division based on shared culture. Indian Tamils: The Tamilians whose forefathers came from India as plantation workers during

colonial rule and settled in Sri Lanka are called 'Indian Tamils'. Sri Lankan Tamils: Tamil natives of Sri Lanka are called 'Sri Lankan Tamils'. Power Sharing: The division of power between different stages of government, different organs

or different communities in a country in order to ensure smooth running of the government and to check that all powers are not concentrated within one hand.

Prudential: Based on prudence or on careful calculation of gains and losses. Prudential decisions are usually contrasted with those decisions based purely on moral considerations.

Checks and Balances: A system, in which each organ of the government checks the others, which results in a balance of power among various institutions.

Coalition Government: A government formed by the union of two or more political parties. Pressure Groups: Pressure groups are those organizations that attempt to influence the policies

of the government to safeguard their own interests. Legitimate Government: A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation,

acquire a stake in the system. Horizontal Distribution of Power: Power is shared among different organs of government such

as legislative, executive and judiciary. Vertical Division of Power: Distribution of power between higher and lower levels of government

such as between central and state governments.

PREVIOUS YEARS BOARD QUESTIONS:

1) Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian policies adopted by the Sri Lankan government. [2017]

2) ‘Sharing of powers makes a country more powerful and united’. Do you agree with this statement and why? [2017]

3) What is horizontal distribution of power? Mention its any two advantages. [2017] 4) Which two ethnic groups are in majority in Belgium? [2016] 5) How is power shared among different organs of Government? Explain. [2016] 6) How did Sri Lanka and the Belgium government try to solve the ethnic problem? [2015] 7) Why is power sharing necessary in democracy? Explain. [2015] 8) Which type of powers does the community government of Belgium enjoy? [2015] 9) How majoritarianism has increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lanka Tamils? Explain.

[2014] 10) What measure was adopted by the democratically elected government of Sri Lanka to establish

Sinhala Supremacy? [2014] 11) What is the Prudential reason behind power sharing? [2014] 12) What is the state religion of Sri Lanka? [2014] 13) Who formed the majority in terms of population in Sri Lanka? [2014] 14) How can power be shared among government at different levels? Explain. [2014]

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15) What arrangements are made by Belgium? [2014] 16) What is power sharing? Why power sharing is important in a democracy? [2014] 17) “Sharing of powers makes a country more powerful and united”. Do you agree with this statement

and why? [2013] 18) “Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies but they follow different systems of power sharing”.

Support the statement by giving three points of difference. [2012] 19) Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian policies adopted by the Sri Lanka

government. [2012] 20) Mention any three demands of Srilankan Tamils? [2012] 21) What is horizontal distribution of power? Mention its any two advantages. [2012] 22) Describe any three majoritarian measures adopted by the Sri Lankan Government to establish

Sinhala supremacy. [2012] 23) Give reasons why power sharing is desirable. [2011] 24) Describe horizontal and vertical power sharing in modern democracies. [2011] 25) In modern democracies, power is often shared among different organs of the government.

Explain. [2011] 26) Compare the different ways in which the Belgians and the Sri Lankans have dealt with the

problem of cultural diversity. [2011, 12] 27) Explain how Belgium was able to solve its ethnic problem? [2010] 28) Mention the two major ethnic groups of Belgium. [2009] 29) Explain, how power is shared among different organs of government. [2009] 30) Describe any three demands of the Sri Lankan Tamils. How did they struggle for their demands?

[2009]

NCERT QUESTIONS:

1) What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.

Ans: Forms of power-sharing: i) Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive

and judiciary. This is horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government, placed at the same level to exercise different powers. A system of checks and balances ensures that in such a distribution none of the organs can exercise unlimited powers. Example: In India, the judiciary has an independent status. The Supreme Court is the apex court of justice. The Parliament is the legislative body where the laws governing the country are made and the Executive is the implementing body.

ii) Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at provincial or regional level. This is the federal form of government. The Constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government. This federal division of power involving higher and lower levels of government is also called the vertical division of power. Example: A key change in the Constitution of Belgium in 1993 was that the regional governments were given constitutional powers that were no longer dependent on the Central Government. Thus, Belgium shifted from a unitary to a federal form of government.

iii) Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as religious and linguistic groups. Example: ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. The government is elected by people belonging to one language community –Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live.

iv) Power-sharing arrangement can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. In contemporary democracies, this takes the form of competition among different parties who form alliances to contest elections. Example: In India, there were three major alliances in 2004 parliamentary elections – the



National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and the Left Front.

2) State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context

Ans: Prudential reason: Power-sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Example: Reserved constituencies in Assemblies and the Parliament in our country whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the Legislature and Administration.

Moral reason: Power-sharing is the spirit of democracy. It involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise. The people have a right to participate in the system. Example: In India, most trade unions and student organisations are either established by or affiliated to one or the other major political parties. The roots of parties like the DMK and the AIADMK in Tamil Nadu can trace their origin to social reform movements during 1930s and 1940s.

3) In this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words.

Thomman : Power sharing is necessary only in societies, which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions.

Mathayi : Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions. Ouseph : Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have

social divisions Ans: I agree with Ouseph. Every society needs some form of power-sharing even if it is small or does

not have social divisions because social divisions of one kind or another exist in most societies and can take different forms in different societies. It means the groups that share a common interest on one issue, are likely to be on different sides on a different issue. It is common for people belonging to the same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community, because their caste or sect is different. Power-sharing is good for democracy as respect is given to all views in a society.

4) “The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town”. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.

Ans: This measure is not in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power-sharing arrangements because the community government, which is one of the elements of the Belgian Model, is elected by people belonging to three, one-language communities – Dutch, French and German speaking, no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues. Irrespective of the ban, the non-Dutch speakers are very much a part of the Flemish town because their language and culture have been given equal representation in the Belgian Model of power-sharing arrangement.

5) Read the following passage: Pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this. “We need to give more power to the Panchayats to realize the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and

the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy – in the hands of the people. Giving power to the Panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt intermediaries. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”

Ans: Prudential reason in the passage for power-sharing: Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy and is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. It gives power to the people i.e. self-governance and it is applicable as people know their needs well locally.

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6) Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power-sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power-sharing and select the answer using the codes given below.

Power-sharing: A. reduces conflict among different communities. B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness. C. delays decision-making process. D. accommodates diversities. E. increases instability and divisiveness. F. promotes people’s participation in government. G. undermines the unity of a country. a) A, B, D, F b) A, C, E, F c) A, B, D, G d) B, C, D, C Ans: a) A, B, D, F 7) Consider the following statements about power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri

Lanka: A) In Belgium the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the

minority French-speaking community. B) In Sri Lanka the policies of government ensured the dominance of the Sinhala

speaking majority. C) The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power sharing to protect

their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs D) The transformation of Belgium from a unitary government to a federal one prevented a

possible division of the country on linguistic lines. Which of the statements given above are correct? a) A, B, and D b) A, B and D c) C and D d) B, C and D Ans: d) B, C and D 8) Match List I (forms of power sharing) with List ll (forms of government) and select the

correct answer using the codes given below the lists List I List II

1) Power shared among different organs of government. A) Community government 2) Power shared among governments at different levels B) Separation of powers 3) Power shared by different social groups C) Coalition government 4) Power shared by two or more political parties D) Federal government

1 2 3 4 a) D A B C b) B C D A c) B D A C d) C D A B

Ans: 1– B, 2– D, 3–A, 4–C 9) Consider the following two statements on power-sharing and select the answer using

codes given below: A. Power sharing is good for democracy. B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Which of these statements are true and false? a) A is true but B is false. b) Both A and B are true. c) Both A and B are false. d) A is false but B is true. Ans: b) Both A and B are true.



SOLVED QUESTIONS:

1) Name any two Asian countries in which there was conflict between two linguistic and ethnic groups.

Ans: India and Sri Lanka are the two Asian countries in which there was conflict between two linguistic and ethnic groups.

2) Who is the source of all political power in a democracy ? How? Ans: In a democracy, the people elect their representatives. They are answerable to the people. 3) Name the conflicting groups of people in Sri Lanka. Ans: The conflicting groups of people in Sri Lanka are (i) Sinhalese and (ii) Tamils. 4) What do you understand by social justice? Ans: To keep all units or individuals growing and progressing in a natural way by creation of a

peaceful and productive atmosphere for the same. Social justice encourages traits and pursuits in individuals and discourages violence, jealousy or domination by any one group.

5) What is political equality? Ans: It is a state of equal political rights and equal access of each citizen to all offices of authority. 6) What is Government? Mention the three organs of the Government. Ans: An integral part of a State that implements the Laws of the state in accordance with the

constitution and judiciary. The three organs of government are (i) Legislature, (ii) Executive and (iii) Judiciary 7) Briefly describe the three functions, which every Government has to perform. Ans: Every Government has to perform the following three functions: i) The formation of laws ii) The implementation of laws. iii) Awarding punishment to those who do not obey the laws. 8) What do you mean by ‘Power sharing’? Ans: Power sharing means the distribution of powers of the government between the organs of the

government or sharing of power at different levels of government. 9) What languages are spoken in Belgium? Ans: Dutch, French and German are spoken in Belgium. 10) Why are some Tamils in Sri Lanka called Indian Tamils? Ans: They are called Indian Tamils because their forefathers had migrated from India as plantation

workers during the colonial period. 11) What do you understand by checks and balances? Ans: It is a type of power sharing arrangement in which each organ of the government keeps a check

on the other organs. 12) How did Sri Lankan leaders promote majoritarianism in Sri Lanka? Explain. Ans: Primarily, the Sinhala leaders by virtue of their superior numerical strength preferred to promote

majoritarianism in Sri Lanka. They went on favouring the majority community (Sinhalas) by a series of majoritarianism measures to establish the Sinhala majority. They made the Sinhala language the official language in Sri Lanka and Buddhism was made the state religion. They followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants to university jobs and government. Positions at the cost of discriminating and marginalizing Tamils and other communities (Muslim and Christians).

13) Why did Belgium choose the policy of accommodation? Write in your own words. Ans: The Belgium leaders recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities

prevailing in Belgium. So between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.

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In other words, they chose accommodation because they wanted to Belgium to be a united country despite ethnic, regional and cultural differences. At the same time, they wanted to avoid conflict and clashes because these things could have led to civil war, eventually boiling down to the partition of Belgium. Thus, they chose accommodation in order to avoid an unpleasant and violent situation.

14) What are the advantages of power sharing? Elaborate. Ans: The practice of power sharing has the following advantages i) It reduces conflict among different social, ethnic and religious groups. ii) It accommodates diversities and conflicts and promotes stability and harmony in society. iii) It promotes people’s participation in government. iv) Power does not remain confined to one place, rather it gets divided among various organs of

the government. It ensures division of power at various levels. For instance, the formation of government at the centre and state level and the formation of local governance institutions at the grass route level.

15) Critically examine the notion of power sharing in the context of India. Ans: India is a democratic country and it practices federalism and there exists the government at

different layers (centre, state, local self government). India has enacted laws for reservation of seats for women in the parliament, assembly, municipal and Panchayat elections. There is reservation of seats for SC/ST and OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions.

Still, the power sharing arrangement in India has certain pitfalls and short coming. Despite the practice of federalism, small states and union territories (Sikkim, Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam Pondicherry, Chhattisgarh, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand) don’t enjoy political autonomy in a true sense. These states have little presence in overall political and economic sphere. Wherever the ruling party at the centre rules the state it simultaneously allows very limited freedom for state governments to decide in their local affairs. Punjab, Kashmir, Assam are few states which are still witnessing political turmoil because of this policy.

Women are still under-represented in parliament and assembly. Dalits are still politically marginalized. There has emerged vast economic disparity among the rich and the poor. A tiny rich and affluent social class is reaping more political and economic dividends because of their proximity to the dominant political groups in India.

So power sharing should be more equitable and the aspirations of each social group should be realized

16) What were the consequences of the policy of majoritarianism in Sri Lanka? Explain. Ans: Because of the policy of majoritarianism in Sri Lanka, Tamils grew alienated and indifferent.

They felt that the constitution and government denied them equal rights and discriminated against them in getting jobs and other socio–political and economic rights. The relations between Sinhalese and Tamil communities got strained. This further boiled down to the formation of various Tamil organizations who launched a struggle for the recognition of Tamil as the official language, for regional autonomy and for equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs. When their demands were rejected, the movements became more aggressive. By the 1980s several organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Elam State in northern and eastern part of Sri Lanka. The distrust between the two communities resulted into widespread conflict. It soon turned into a civil war. As a result, it took thousands of lives from both the communities.

17) Why do modern democracies need to practice the concept of power sharing? Articulate in your own words.

Ans: Modern democracies need to practice the concept of power sharing due to the following reasons:

i) Modern nation–states however big or small in size normally contain different and divergent social, cultural, linguistic groups.



ii) Power sharing in a democratic arrangement allows all the various groups to have a political stake in the elected government.

iii) This arrangement also reduces political, social and ethnic conflicts. It restores social, political, economic and ethnic stability.

iv) This arrangement also allows different viewpoints and interests to be accommodated with main–stream political forces which decide and shape the larger policies of a nation.

v) This arrangement also allows the disadvantaged, discriminated and marginalised groups to acquire a political stake in federal political structure.

18) Mention the measures adopted by the government to establish Sinhala supremacy. Why did the Tamils get alienated?

Ans: Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The democratically elected government adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy:

i) In 1956, an Act was passed to make Sinhala the official language. ii) The government followed preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants for University

positions and government jobs. iii) The Constitution provided for State protection and fostering of Buddhism. The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala

leaders were sensitive to their language and culture and the government policies denied them equal political rights which led to an increased feeling of alienation among them.

The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in every field.

Therefore, the measures adopted by the government to establish Sinhala supremacy led to distrust between the two communities which turned into widespread conflict, namely Civil War.

19) Compare the power-sharing models of Belgium and Sri Lanka. Ans: Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies, yet they have dealt with the question of power-

sharing differently. Belgium Sri Lanka

Leaders realised that for the unity of the country it is important to respect the feelings and interests of different communities.

In Sri Lanka, a majority community, the Sinhalas, have forced their dominance over Tamils, refusing to share power.

The Belgian model of power-sharing between the Centre, States and Community Governments has led to unification of the country.

In Sri Lanka, the dominance of one community over the other led to Civil War.

Between 1970 and 1993, the Constitution was amended four times to enable all linguistic groups to live together within the same country.

In 1956, the Government passed an Act to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.

20) Give the example of ‘Lebanon’ and explain how a conflict related to power-sharing disputes could be resolved by power-sharing arrangements.

Ans: People from various communities lived in Lebanon’s capital city, Beirut, and fought a bitter Civil War amongst themselves. As a result, thousands of people of various communities were either killed or lost their livelihood. At the end of this Civil War, Lebanon’s leaders came together and agreed to some basic rules for power-sharing among different communities. As per these rules it was agreed that:

i) The President would be from Maronite sect of Catholic Christians. ii) The Prime Minister must be from the Sunni Muslim community. iii) The Deputy Prime Minister would be from an Orthodox Christian sect. iv) The Speaker – a Shia Muslim.

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As per the pact, the Christians agreed not to seek French protection and Muslims agreed not to seek unification with the neighbouring state of Syria. Both the sides have continued to respect this agreement.

21) Mention any three demands of Srilankan Tamils? [Board Term 1, 2012] Ans: Demands of the Tamils: i) Recognition of Tamil as an official language. ii) Equal opportunities for Tamils in government jobs and educational institutions. iii) Provincial autonomy for Tamil dominated provinces. iv) Gradually the above demands were replaced by the demand for a separate Tamil state.

REVIEW QUESTIONS: CLASS WORK / HOME WORK

Very Short Answers: (1 Mark) 1) Which factor is responsible for increasing the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan,

Tamils? 2) In which countries the participation of women in public life is very high? 3) Which ethnic group is related to Belgium? 4) What does the system of checks and balances ensure in power sharing? 5) What is the prudential reason behind power sharing?

Short Answers: (3 Marks) 6) Why did Sri Lanka leaders prefer to promote majoritarianism? Write in your words. 7) Why did Belgium choose the policy of accommodation? Write in your in own words. 8) What are the advantages of Power sharing? Elaborate. 9) What were the consequences of promoting the policy of majoritarianism in Sri Lanka? Explain.

10) How did Belgium benefit from the policy of accommodation in power sharing? Long Answers: (5 Marks)

11) What is power sharing? Explain it in the context of Belgium and Sri Lanka or Do a comparative evaluation of power sharing between Belgium and Sri Lanka.

12) Why do modern democracies need to practice the concept of power sharing? Articulate it in your own words.

13) Critically examine the notion of Power Sharing in the context of India.

WORK SHEET

1) Define the term ‘majoritarianism’.

Ans: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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2) What is Civil war?

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3) Define the term ‘prudential’.

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4) What is power sharing?

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5) State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context.

Ans: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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CESSF L U UT - Universal Tutorials · Theme 5: Popular Struggles and Movements (Chapter 5) (Note:...

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Transcript of CESSF L U UT - Universal Tutorials · Theme 5: Popular Struggles and Movements (Chapter 5) (Note:...