CENTER FOR FAMILY & DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH · PDF filemarital status of mother, 2005-2010 ......

CENTER FOR FAMILY & DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

Making Charts & Tables Fall 2017 Workshop Series

Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.

Abraham Lincoln

Source: “Slide:ology: The art and science of creating great presentations” by Nancy Durante

Today’s Presentation…

1. Why Charts?

2. Structure of an Excel Chart

3. Different Types of Charts (w/ dos and don’ts)

4. Basic Principles of Design

5. Getting Tables from Stata Excel Word

CHARTS?

WHY-

“Designing good charts, however, presents more challenges than tabular display as it draws on the talents of both the scientist and the artist. You have to know and understand your data, but you also need a good sense of how the reader will visualize the chart’s graphical elements.”

~Gary Klass

Picture Superiority EffectInformation is better remembered in

tests of recall and item recognition

when presented as pictures rather

than words

Fruit <

THE STRUCTURE OF

AN EXCEL CHART?

What makes up-

Let’s Dissect…

36.0

24.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

$0 $5 $10 $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40

Rat

es

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,00

0 a

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Po

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HMI Spending Per Population at Risk of Marriage or Divorce

Predicted Marriage & Divorce RatesUpper Bounds (UB) & Lower Bounds (LB)

UB Mar Rt LB UB Div Rt LB

Chart Title

Legend

Axis Titles

Axis

Gridlines

Data Labels

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008-2011; HMI spending data– Hawkins et al., 2013. Source

THE DIFFERENT

TYPES OF CHARTS?

What are-

HistogramsA vertical bar chart that depicts the

distribution of a set of data

Histograms, example

Pie ChartsGenerally used to show percentage or

proportional data classified into nominal or

ordinal categories

Pie Charts, examples

Simple Pie

Childcare15%

School/Training

20%

Layoff19%

Other46%

Top Reasons for Fathers Leaving the Workforce in 2008

Source: Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 March Supplement

Pie Charts, examples

Pie-of-Pie Doughnut

Did not finish44%

Associate's degree

7%

Bachelor's degree

49%

Percent of young adults who enroll in a 4-year program by

degree earned by age 25

Source: National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, Rounds 1-13: 1997-2009 weighted. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau

of Labor Statistics, NCFMR analyses of valid cases.

Single18%

Cohabiting25%

Married57% Unmarried

43%

Percent of births by informal marital status of mother, 2005-

2010

Source: NSFG 2006-2010

Bar Chart vs. Pie Charts

19%

20%

12%

8%

2%

33%

13%

7%

9%

11%

None

GED

H.S.

Assoc. Deg.

B.A.+

Blacks

Hispanics

Whites

Men

Women

Pre

-un

ion

Fir

st B

irth

Prevalence of Pre-union First Birth across Demographic Characteristics

Yes33%

No67%

Prevalence of Pre-union First Birth by Race/Ethnicity:Blacks

Yes13%

No87%

Hispanics

Yes7%

No93%

Whites

Source: National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), Rounds 1-13: 1997-2009 (weighted). U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, NCFMR analyses of valid cases.

Bar Chart vs. Pie Charts• Percentage Distribution of Number of Births Among Mothers Aged 40-44

20%

39%

26%

15%

1 Birth

2 Births

3 Births

4+ Births

Clustered Bar Chart

1 Birth20%

2 Births39%

3 Births26%

4+ Births15%

Doughnut Chart

1 Birth20%

2 Births39%

3 Births26%

4+ Births15%

2-D Pie Chart

Bar Chart vs. Pie Charts

Column & Bar ChartsUseful for showing data changes over a

period of time or for illustrating

comparisons among items

Column Charts, examplesSimple

74%

80%

49%

62%

70%

All fathers White Black NB Hispanic FB Hispanic

Fathers Living with All of Their ChildrenRace, Ethnicity & Nativity

Side-by-Side

11%

25%20% 22%

25%

44%

38% 37%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

White Black Asian Hispanic

Percentage of Same-Sex Couple Households with Minor Children by Sex of Couple and Race/Ethnicity of Household

Head

Male-Male Female-Female

Source: NSFG 2006-2010 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates, 2012

Column Charts, examples

-25%

-18%

-12%

-8%

16%

Percent Change in Share of Aggregate Income from 1970-2009

Lowest fifth Second fifth Third fifth Fourth fifth Highest fifth

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements


55%

65%

31%

52% 53%

76%

6%11%

1%6%

11%19%

Married CoupleHouseholds

Different SexCouples

MaleSame SexCouples

FemaleSame SexCouples

FatherOnly

MotherOnly

Cohabiting Households Single Parent Households

Public Assistance Participation among U.S. Children in Poverty by Family Structure, 2010

SNAP TANF

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates, 2010


15% 16% 17% 18%

6%11%

18%24%21%

27%

35%42%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1980-1984 1990-1994 1997-2001 2005-2009

Changes in the Shares of Births to Single and Cohabiting Mothers Under Age 40

Single Cohabiting Total Non-Marital

Sources: 1980-1984 data, Bumpass & Lu (2000) using NSFH, 1987/1988; 1990-1994 & 1997-2001 data, Kennedy & Bumpass (2008) using NSFG 1995 & NSFG 2002; 2005-2009, NCFMR analyses using NSFG 2006-2010.

Line ChartsIdeal for showing trends over time

Line Charts, examples

4.4

30.9

2.4

20.422.1

57.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1955-59 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09

Overall

White

Black

Source: The Integrated Fertility Survey Series (IFSS) is a project of the Population Studies Center and the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan, with funding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD, grant 5R01 HD053533; Pamela J. Smock, PI).

Share of Married Mothers Experiencing a Premarital Birth, by Race and Marriage Cohort

Line Charts, examples

46.1

33.9

18.4 18.4

$5

$122

$0

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

$120

$140

$160

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Do

llar

Am

ou

nts

in M

illio

ms

Rat

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0 a

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Annual HMI Spending and Marriage & Divorce Rates, 2000 - 2010

Marriage Rate Divorce Rate HMI Spending

Sources: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, 2000; Glass & Levchak, 2010, NCFMR County-Level Marriage & Divorce Data, 2000; U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census, 2000; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates, 2008 – 2010; HMI Spending data – Hawkins et al., 2013.

Line Charts, examplesFigure. Crossover in the Median Age at First Marriage and First Birth, 1980-Present

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Stats and U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2015

Scatter PlotsCommonly used to show the relationship

between two variables e.g. correlation

Scatter Plots, example

AL

AZ

ARCA

CO

CT

DE

DC

FLGA HI

IDIN

IA

KY

LA

ME

MD

MAMI

MN

MS

MO

NENH

NJ

NM

NYNC

ND

OHOK

PA

RI

SCTN

TX

UT

VA

WV

WI

WY

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

19

92

Sta

te 8

th-g

rad

e N

AEP

Mat

h S

core

% Students watching TV 6 hrs+ per day

State Math Scores and Students' TV Viewing Habits

Source: National Center for Educational Statistics, 1994

Line Graph vs. Scatter Plots

Year Ratio1970 3.01980 2.01990 2.12000 2.42008 1.72009 1.82010 1.72011 1.72012 1.72013 1.82014 2.02015 2.1

Women’s Marriage to Divorce Ratio, 1970-2015

Sources: 1970-2000, National Center for Health Statistics; 2008-2015, U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-yr est.

Line Graph vs. Scatter Plots

Line with Markers Scatter with Smooth Lines and Markers

3.0

2.0 2.1

2.4

1.7

2.1

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Women's Marriage to Divorce Ratio, 1970-2015

3.0

2.0 2.1

2.4

1.7

2.1

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

19

70

19

80

19

90

20

00

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

Women's Marriage to Divorce Ratio, 1970-2015

Area ChartsShow percentage or proportional data

classified into nominal or ordinal categories

over time

Area Charts, example

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1970 1980 1990 2000 2008 2012

Marital Status of U.S. Population Aged 15 and Older, 1970-2012

Married

Never Married

Divorced

Widowed

Source: 1970-2000 data, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March and Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 2008 and 2012 data, U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, (IPUMS)

*Charts to be Cautious of…

• Pie/Doughnut Charts

• Area Charts

• Radar Charts

Charts to be Cautious of…

• Doughnut Charts

• Area Charts

• Radar Charts

• Circle Charts

Divorce Rates per 1,000 by Age Groups, 2015

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2015 1-year est.

Charts to be Cautious of…Divorce Rates per 1,000 by Age Groups, 2015

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2015 1-year est.

Vs.


• Doughnut Charts

• Area Charts

• Radar Charts

• Circle Charts

• Unit Charts


• Doughnut Charts

• Area Charts

• Radar Charts

• Circle Charts

• Unit Charts

• Funnel Charts

Source: https://peltiertech.com/bad-graphics-funnel-chart/


• Doughnut Charts

• Area Charts

• Radar Charts

• Circle Charts

• Unit Charts

• Funnel Charts

• Waterfall Charts

Source: http://community.powerbi.com/t5/Desktop/Stacked-waterfall-chart/td-p/188067


• Doughnut Charts

• Area Charts

• Radar Charts

• Circle Charts

• Unit Charts

• Funnel Charts

• Waterfall Charts Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_chart

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF

CHART DESIGN?

What are some-

1. Simplify

• Sort data in a meaningful way

• Minimize ink-to-data ratio Remove unneeded chart elements

– Gridlines

– Chart borders

– Axis titles

– Legends

– Markers & data labels

– Decimal points (in axis & data labels)

– Trend lines

– NO 3D charts!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1. Simplify

NO 3D charts!

2. Color vs. Black & White

• When in doubt black & white

• Color can help tell a story

• Color = branding (e.g. CFDR, NCFMR,

BGSU)

– Use a cohesive and consistent color palette

– Be mindful of how audience will view

• Excel vs. Word vs. PDF

• Color vs. B&W print copy

• Colorblind audience

3. Do NOT Use Distorted Charts

• Do NOT misrepresent your data!

• Use appropriate and consistent axis and

scales

4. Present Related Charts Simultaneously

• One-after-another or side-by-side if

possible

– Emphasizes importance of appropriate axis

and scales

5. Know Your Audience

• Academics vs. lay folks

• Undergraduate students vs. graduate

students

• Graduate students vs. professors

• PAA presentation vs. job talk

6. TMC = TMI

• Too many charts (TMC) is as bad as too

much information (TMI)…

Do NOT overload your audience!

Let’s apply some principles:

Which is easier to understand?

35.97

24.25

05

101520253035404550

$0.00 $10.00 $20.00 $30.00 $40.00Rat

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HMI Spending Per Population at Risk of Marriage or Divorce

Predicted Marriage & Divorce RatesUpper Bounds (UB) & Lower Bounds (LB)

UB Mar Rt LB

UB Div Rt LB

3936

19

24***

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

$0 $8 $16 $24 $32

Predicted Marriage & Divorce Rates Given State-level HMI Spending

Mar Rt Div Rt

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008-2011; HMI spending data– Hawkins et al., 2013.

Unformatted Formatted

-5.000

0.000

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516

Black Women

White Women

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Parity

Effect of Parity on Ever Marrying for Black and White Women

Black Women White Women

7. Do you need a chart?

$117 mill

ion Increase in annual

HMI spending in the U.S. from 2000 – 2010

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008-2011; HMI spending data– Hawkins et al., 2013.


Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2015 1-yr est.


Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2015 1-yr est.

Geographic Variation of Women’s Marriage to Divorce Ratio Among States, 2015

GET MY STATA OUTPUT

INTO A TABLE?

How do I-

1. Know Your Audience…

What type of table do you need to produce?

• For the prof you work for?

• For a class paper, conference, or journal?

• For a conference poster?

2. Gather your materials…

• Find a recently published article with a

similar research design in the journal you

will be submitting to.

• If you don’t know, go with APA format.

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

2. Gather your materials, cont.

Open the necessary programs on your

computer:

• Stata

• Excel

• Word

3. Set Your Margins in Excel

4. Generate Table in Stata

Use the estimates store command in Stata

4. Generate Table in Stata

. help estimates

4. Generate Table in Stata. estimates table model1 model2

model3 model4 model5, b(%10.2f) star

4. Generate Table in Stata. estimates table model1 model2 model3 model4 model5,

b(%10.2f) stats(N r2) varlabel allbaselevels se

5. Get Stata Table Into Excel. estimates table model1 model2 model3 model4 model5,

b(%10.2f) stats(N r2) varlabel allbaselevels se

Copy Ctrl+C

Copy table Ctrl+Shift+C

Copy table as HTML Ctrl+Shift+Alt+C

Select all Ctrl+A

Clear results

Preferences…

Font…

Print…

6. Paste Table Into Excel

7. Format…in Excel First

7. Format…in Excel First

Variables SE SE SE SE SE

Boomeranged -0.38 * 0.16 -0.32 * 0.16 -0.29 0.16 -0.36 * 0.16 -0.34 * 0.16

Plans to move out -0.43 ** 0.15 -0.49 ** 0.15 -0.51 *** 0.15 -0.52 *** 0.15

Pays room and board -0.29 0.18 -0.34 0.19 -0.22 0.18 -0.20 0.19

Aged 19-23 0.02 0.18 0.05 0.17 0.05 0.18

Male 0.02 0.15 -0.02 0.15 -0.04 0.16

Race/Ethnicity (White,

ref.)

Black 0.39 * 0.16 0.45 ** 0.16 0.45 * 0.18

Hispanic 0.56 ** 0.21 0.61 ** 0.21 0.62 ** 0.21

Other -0.57 0.43 -0.70 0.44 -0.67 0.44

Good physical health 0.70 ** 0.25 0.71 ** 0.26

Depressive symptomology -0.18 ** 0.07 -0.18 ** 0.07

Table 2. Logistic Regression Predicting Young Adult Satisfcation with Parental Coresidence Situation

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5

b b b b b

8. Paste in Word

CENTER FOR FAMILY & DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH · PDF filemarital status of mother, 2005-2010 ......

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