Cellular Response

Adaptive

Disturbances of growth

Inflammation and repair

Immune response

Non Adaptive

Degeneration

Neoplasia

Dysplasia

Necrosis

INFLAMMATION

Definition

-it’s a body response against injury , it’s

a first line of defense.

-Protective adaptive tissue response to

injury .

Causes of Inflammation:By injurious agents called irritants. It are different types:

1-Living Irritants: bacteria, virus, parasites.

:2-Non Living Irritantsa-Chemical: Acids, alkalis and poisons .b-Physical: Heat, cold, ionizing radiation.c-Mechanical: Trauma, cut.

3-Antigens: cause allergic inflammation.

Mechanism:

1 .Vascular response 2.Cellular response

1 .Vascular Response A-Vasodilatations of arterioles in local blood

flow redness and hotness = (hypraemia.)

B-Increase in capillary permeability leakageof fluid local swelling.

C-Release of mediators pain .

1 -inflammatory reaction “dilated blood vessels”

The widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells in vessel walls

Mechanism:

2 .Cellular Response:- Margination of WBCs .

- Emigration (Diapedesis) .- Chemotaxis . - Phagocytosis.

Cellular ResponseMargination: The polymorphnuclear leucocytes leave the blood and adhesion to the margin of the endothelial lining of the capillaries .

Emigration :The polymorphnuclear leucocytes pass between the endothelial cells through the vessels wall by amoeboid movement into

damage tissue .

Cellular ResponseChemotaxis: Is the directed movement of the polymorph-nuclear leucocytes and macrophages in the area of inflammation.Phagocytosis: Is the ingestion and destruction of the foreign particles by the phagocytic inflammatory cells .

2 -Margination of WBC’s:

PMN move to the peripheral B.V & adherent to endothelium B.V wall ,this process called "Margination of WBC’s

3 -Emigration of WBC’s

PMN or WBCs migration from vessels lumen into area of tissue damage, this process called" Emigration of WBC’s"

Inflammation types:1 -acute.

2 -chronic. 3-sub-acute.

Inflammation types:1 -Acute inflammation :

Sudden onset and short duration.

-Cellular response Polymorphnuclear leucocytes, pus cells and macrophages.

-Vascular response Numerous, thin walled, dilated blood vessels.

4 -Acute inflammatory cells:

Mainly we see PMNL & small amount of macrophages.PMNL= WBCs refer to neutrophil ,cytoplasm contain fine violet granules ,several lobes of nucleus,

Pus cells= dead PMN lymphocytes or dead neutrophil.Machrophages=usually seen in acute & chronic inflammationl,Function of machrophages:1-phagocytosis &killing of bacteria. 2-phagocytosis of necrotic debris. 3-formation of giant cells.

Inflammation types:2 -Chronic Inflammation :

Gradual onset and prolonged duration (connective tissue formation).

-Cellular response Lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and giant cells .

-Vascular response Few, thick walled, narrow blood vessels.

Inflammation types:3 -Sub-acute Inflammation :

in between the acute and the chronic

5 -chronic inflammatory cells

Lymphocytes: WBCs, distinguished by dark blue round nuclei & small amount of cytoplasm.Plasma cells :WBCs, it is mature B-cell ,identified by extensive basophilic cytoplasma & small eccentric nuclei( specific seen in chronic inflammation),it is produce large antibodiesFibroblast: is type of cell synthesizes C.T &plays critical role in wound healingForeign body giant cell: is fused macrophages which are generated in response to present large foreign body, nuclei are arranged in disorganized manner.Langhans giant cell: is fusion of macrophages & contain arranged in horse shoe-shaped pattern in cell periphery, found in granulomatous & tuberculosis conditions.

6 -chronic inflammatory cells

Mainly we have Plasma cell ,lymphocytes.&Fibroblast cells to form

7 -chronic inflammatory cells:

Mainly plasma cell ,small amount of lymphocytes ,macrophages & fibroblast cells to form C.T

8 -Giant cell ( langerhan’s) specific:

Atypical langhans giant cell formed by fusion of macrophages in tuberculosis granuloma ,contain nuclei horse shoe-shaped

9 -Giant cell (foreign body) non-specific:

Giant cell,nuclei arranged in disorganization pattern,fibroblast & few lymphocytes.

10 -Acluster of giant cells around (foreign body) :

A cluster of giant cells around (foreign body )&number of lymphocytes.