5.3 Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Chapter 5.3.
Cellular Respiration - Citrus...
Transcript of Cellular Respiration - Citrus...
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration• A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (Ocatabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O22)) requiring
process that uses energyenergy extracted from macromolecules (glucose)macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy energy (ATP)(ATP) and water (Hwater (H22O).O).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucoseglucose ATP
Question:Question:
•• In what kinds organisms does cellular In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place?respiration take place?
Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals
•• Plants Plants -- AutotrophsAutotrophs: self-producers.• Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.
MitochondriaMitochondria•• OrganelleOrganelle where cellular respirationcellular respiration takes place.
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
Matrix Cristae
Redox ReactionRedox Reaction
• Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.
•• Two types:Two types:1.1. OxidationOxidation2.2. ReductionReduction
Oxidation ReactionOxidation Reaction
• The lossloss of electrons from a substance.• Or the gaingain of oxygenoxygen.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose ATP
OxidationOxidation
Reduction ReactionReduction Reaction
• The gaingain of electrons to a substance.• Or the lossloss of oxygenoxygen.
glucose ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
ReductionReduction
Breakdown of Cellular RespirationBreakdown of Cellular Respiration
•• Four main parts (reactions).Four main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phasea. migration from cytosol to matrix.
Breakdown of Cellular RespirationBreakdown of Cellular Respiration
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)a. mitochondrial matrix
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation
a. Also called Chemiosmosisb. inner mitochondrial membrane.
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
• Occurs in the cytosol just outside of mitochondria.
•• Two phases (10 steps):Two phases (10 steps):
A. Energy investment phaseA. Energy investment phasea. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps).
B. Energy yielding phaseB. Energy yielding phasea. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps).
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
A. Energy Investment Phase:A. Energy Investment Phase:
Glucose (6C)
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)(G3P or GAP)
2 ATP - used0 ATP - produced0 NADH - produced
2ATP
2ADP + P
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
B. Energy Yielding PhaseB. Energy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C)(G3P or GAP)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C)(PYR)
0 ATP - used4 ATP - produced2 NADH - produced
4ATP
4ADP + P
C-C-C C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
GAP GAP
(PYR) (PYR)
1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
•• Total Net YieldTotal Net Yield
2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation)2 - NADH
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation• ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a
phosphate groupphosphate group from a substrate to ADP.
Enzyme
Substrate
O-
C=OC-O-CH2
P P P Adenosine
ADP(PEP)Example:PEP to PYR
P PPATP
O-
C=OC=OCH2
Product(Pyruvate)
Adenosine
Fermentation Fermentation
• Occurs in cytosol when ““NO OxygenNO Oxygen”” is present (called anaerobic).(called anaerobic).
• Remember: glycolysisglycolysis is part of fermentationfermentation.
•• Two Types:Two Types:
1.1. Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
•• Plants and FungiPlants and Fungi →→ beer and winebeer and wine
glucose
Glycolysis
CCCCCC
CCC
2 Pyruvicacid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CC
2 Ethanol2 Ethanol2CO2CO22releasedreleased
2NADH 2 NAD+
Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
•• End Products: Alcohol fermentationEnd Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’sDuffBeer
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
•• Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).
2 Lactic2 Lacticacidacid
2NADH 2 NAD+
CCC
Glucose
GlycolysisCCC
2 Pyruvicacid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CCCCCC
Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
•• End Products: Lactic acid fermentationEnd Products: Lactic acid fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - Lactic Acids
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase
• Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).Oxygen is present (aerobic).
• 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules.
CytosolCCC
2 Pyruvate
2 CO2 CO22
2 Acetyl CoA2 Acetyl CoACC--CC
2NADH2NADH2 NAD+
Matrix
2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase
•• End Products: End Products: grooming phasegrooming phase
2 2 -- NADHNADH
2 2 -- COCO22
22-- Acetyl CoA (2C)Acetyl CoA (2C)
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
•• Location:Location: mitochondrial matrix.
• Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).
• It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize1 glucose molecule.
MitochondrialMatrix
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
KrebsCycle
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
3 NAD+
3 NADH3 NADHFAD
FADHFADH22
ATPATP ADP + P
(one turn)(one turn)
OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)
2 CO2
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
KrebsCycle
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
6 NAD+
6 NADH6 NADH2 FAD
2 FADH2 FADH22
2 ATP2 ATP 2 ADP + P
(two turns)(two turns)
OAA (4C)Citrate (6C)
4 CO2
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
• Total net yield (2 turns2 turns of krebs cycle)
1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)2. 6 - NADH3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative Phosphorylation (Oxidative Phosphorylation (ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
•• Location:Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
• Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins)ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATPSynthase (enzyme) to make ATP.
• ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative Phosphorylation (Oxidative Phosphorylation (ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
• The H+ then move via diffusiondiffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.
• All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respirationcellular respiration.
• Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.
• Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative Phosphorylation (Oxidative Phosphorylation (ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
MatrixCristae
4. 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation ((Chemiosmosis for Chemiosmosis for NADHNADH))
NADH+ H+
ATPSynthase
1H+ 2H+ 3H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP + ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
NAD+2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
4. 4. ETC ETC and and Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for (Chemiosmosis for FADH2)
FADH2+ H+
ATPSynthase
1H+ 2H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP + ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
FAD+2H+ +
1/2O2H2O
Intermembrane SpaceIntermembrane Space
MatrixMatrix
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
TOTAL ATP YIELDTOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATPATP
Eukaryotes(Have Membranes)
• Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle36 ATP - TOTAL
Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes)
36 ATP (maximum per glucose)
Glucose
Glycolysis
2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP
2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)
2NADH
2NADH6NADH
KrebsCycle
2FADH2
2 ATP(substrate-levelphosphorylation)
2 Pyruvate2 Acetyl CoA
ETC and OxidativePhosphorylation
Cytosol
Mitochondria
ProkaryotesProkaryotes(Lack Membranes)(Lack Membranes)
• Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle38 ATP - TOTAL
Question:Question:
•• In addition to glucose, what other various In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?Respiration?