Cells Part II
description
Transcript of Cells Part II
![Page 1: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cells Part II
Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Oklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson
![Page 2: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Solute Concentration of Cells
0.9% NaCl300 Milliosmoles
![Page 3: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Concentration of Solutions
• Normal Saline or Physiological Saline– 300 millisomoles = 0.9% NaCl
• Ringers Solution– Contains NaCl and other salts that make it more
similar to blood plasma– 300 milliosmoles
Amount of solutes dissolved in water
![Page 4: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher concentration than another
1% NaCl 0.2% NaCl
Hypertonic
![Page 5: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Hypotonic
1% NaCl 0.2% NaCl
Hypertonic
A solution with a lower concentration than another
Hypotonic
![Page 6: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Isotonic
A solution with the same concentration as another
0.9% NaCl 0.9% NaCl
![Page 7: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Osmosis
Water moves across a membrane to the side with a higher concentration of
Solutes
![Page 8: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cell in a Hypertonic Solution
300
350 Crenate
![Page 9: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Cell in a Hypotonic Solution
300
250
Swell
Lyse
![Page 10: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Cell in Isotonic Solution
300
300
0.9%
0.9%
No net movement of water
![Page 11: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Isotonic Solutions
• Have the same amount of solutes as body cells– 300 Milliosmoles
– 0.9% NaCl
– 5% Glucose
![Page 12: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Isotonic IV Solutions
• Normal Saline or Physiological Saline– 0.9% NaCl
• D5W (Dextrose 5% in Water)
– 5% Glucose
• Lactated Ringers – Glucose, lactic acid, salt
![Page 13: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Tonicity
Water
Sea WaterD5 1/2 NS
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Hypertonic
![Page 14: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
310 mosm
300 mosm
Which Way Will Fluid Move?
![Page 15: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Fluid Balance
• Fluid leaving body = Fluid entering body
• Right amount of fluid in each compartment
![Page 16: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
![Page 17: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Electrolyte Balance
• Having the right concentration of various ions in the body– Sodium
– Potassium
– Calcium
– Magnesium
![Page 18: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Fluids and Electrolytes
• Electrolytes attract fluids by osmosis
• Loss of fluids results in a loss of electrolytes
• IV therapy is often needed to restore fluid balance, electrolyte balance or both
![Page 19: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Organs that Regulate Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
• Brain
• Adrenal glands
• Kidneys
![Page 20: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Hypothalamus of the BrainDecreased volume of ECF or
Increased osmolarity of ECF
Hypothalamus
Decreased saliva
Thirsty
Drink FluidIncrease ECF
![Page 21: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Adrenal Gland
![Page 22: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Hypothalamus & Kidneys
![Page 23: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Application Problem 1
•Richard works as a roofer. He is in the hot sun many hours a day. As a result he loses water by perspiration. How does his body maintain homeostasis?
![Page 24: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Answer to Problem 1
• The hypothalamus will make more ADH causing the kidneys to produce less urine.
• His hypothalamus will make him thirsty. This will cause him to drink a lot of liquids
![Page 25: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Application Problem 2
Dawn urinates many times during the day but is able to sleep all night without the need to urinate. How do you explain this?
![Page 26: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Answer to Problem 2
• The kidneys produce less urine when you are asleep because the hypothalamus secretes more ADH during sleep.
![Page 27: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Application Problem 3
Claudia has had diarrhea for the past two weeks. Her potassium level is only 25% of the normal value. Why is her potassium so low?
![Page 28: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Answer to Problem 3
• Claudia has lost a lot of fluid and with this fluid she has lost potassium.
• She will need to be given potassium immediately or her heart may develop arrhythmias and stop beating.
![Page 29: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Application Problem 4
Melissa has been unable to eat anything following her surgery. Her doctor has ordered an IV of D5W. Why did he do this?
![Page 30: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Answer to Problem 4
• The fluid in the D5W will replace fluid she will naturally lose.
• The sugar will provide an energy source for her body.
![Page 31: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Application Problem 5
Dr. Quack has told Sally she needs to flush the poisons out of her body. He has been giving her an IV of distilled water twice a week. What are the risks to Sally of this treatment?
![Page 32: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Answer to Problem 5
• Distilled water is hypotonic to blood cells.
• Many of the red blood cells will lyse creating a burden on the liver to cleanse the blood.
• Lack of blood cells could make Sally anemic.
![Page 33: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Application Problem 6
Mike has had a severe head trauma. There is swelling on his brain. His doctor has ordered an IV of 20% glucose. Why did he do this?
![Page 34: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Answer to Problem 6
• 20% glucose is hypertonic.
• It will attract fluid from the brain into the blood.
![Page 35: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Application Problem 7
Paul has a history of hypertension. His doctor has placed Paul on a low salt diet. What is the rationale for the low salt diet?
![Page 36: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Answer to Problem 7
• Salt will make Paul’s blood hypertonic.
• Fluid will move by osmosis into his blood.
• Increased blood volume will increase blood pressure. 310 mosm
300 mosm
![Page 37: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Ion
• Atom or molecule with a charge
![Page 38: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Solution
• A mixture of two or more substances
• Salt water–salt
–water
![Page 39: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Solvent
• A substance that dissolves solutes in a solution
• Water
![Page 40: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Solute
• Substance that dissolves in a solution
• Salt is a solute in salt water
• Sugar is a solute in sugar water
![Page 41: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Turgor
• Tightness of the skin or a membrane
• Poor skin turgor is a sign of dehydration
![Page 42: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Equilibrium
• When something is balanced with its environment
• A cell in a solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell
![Page 43: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Cell in Equilibrium
0.9% NaCl
0.9% NaCl
![Page 44: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Dehydration
• Condition of excessive water loss
![Page 45: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Osmotic Pressure
• Measure of the tendency of a solution to attract water by osmosis
• Osmotic pressure increases when the difference in solute concentration between two solutions increases
![Page 46: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
0.9% NaCl 0.9% NaCl
1% NaCl 3% NaCl
Which Solution has the Greater Osmotic Pressure?
![Page 47: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Milliosmole
• Unit of measurement of all the solutes in a solution
• Blood has a concentration of 300 milliosomoles
![Page 48: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Edema• The accumulation of excess interstitial fluid in
interstitial spaces (between cells)• Causes swelling• May be caused by increased hydrostatic
pressure in capillaries– congestive heart failure– hypertension– pregnancy
![Page 49: Cells Part II](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5681499b550346895db6de71/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
The End