Chapter 3

3.1 DISCOVERY

A. Robert Hooke1. Englishman2. 1660’s (Only 350 years ago)3. Called the tiny structures CELLS4. Observed CELL WALLS5. Living cells are liquid filled

B. Others 1. Schleiden later concluded all plants are

made up of cells2. Schwann later concluded all animals are made up of cells3. United study of Biology and led to cell

theory

3.2 CELL THEORY

A. Cells are the basic units of structure in living things1. All living things are made up of cells

a. Unicellular - one celled - bacteria, protozoa

b. Multicellular – many cells - plants, animals

2. Organization in multicellular living things

Multicellular Organization a. CELL

b. TISSUEGroups of the same kind of cell performing the same functionmuscle tissue, nerves, bone, blood

c. ORGANGroups of tissue performing the same functionstomach, liver, heart, kidney

d. SYSTEMGroups of organs performing a specific functiondigestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory

e. ORGANISMSystems working together

Multicellular Organization

3.2 CELL THEORY

B. Cells are the basic unit of function1. Cells are the living parts

2. You are alive because your cells are alive

C. Cells come from pre-existing cells1. Cells come from cell before them

2. All living things start as a single cell

3. Cells reproduce by dividing

3.3 CELL STRUCTURE

A. Cells show variation in:1. Size

2. Shape

3. Color

4. Parts

5. Function

3.3 CELL STRUCTURE

B. Cells have many common features

1. Not in animals

2. In plants, algae, fungi, and most bacteria.

3. Protection

4. Gives shape and support

5. Made of cellulose (FIBER)

a. Nonliving material

b. Polysaccharide

A. CELL WALL

3.4 OUTSIDE THE CELL

3.4 OUTSIDE THE CELLB. CELL MEMBRANE Plasma Membrane

1. Living Material

2. Surrounds all cells

3. Protection

4. Shape

5. Boundary

6. Selectively Permeable

a. Controls what moves in and out of cell

b. Allows food, oxygen, and water in and

waste products out

1. CYTOPLASM

a. Jellylike material between

membrane and nucleus

b. Usually flows

c. Contains cell parts (ORGANELLES)

d. Cytosol is the liquid part

2. NUCLEOPLASM

a. Protoplasm inside nucleus

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

A. PROTOPLASM

1. MICROFILAMENTS and

MICROTUBULES

a. Made of protein

b. Helps shape and

support cells

2. CILIA and FLAGELLA

a. Made of Microtubules that

extend out from Cytoskeleton

b. Aid in movement

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

B. CYTOSKELETON

Cilia

Flagella

Cell partsPerform a specific functionWork together to keep the cell alive

C. ORGANELLES

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

a. Found in most cellsPROKARYOTES Cells with NO nucleus Lack membrane- bound organelles EX: bacteria, blue-green algaeEUKARYOTES Cells that have a nucleus EX: plants, animals

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

1. NUCLEUSORGANELLES

1. NUCLEUS

b. FunctionControl CenterCellular Reproduction

c. Parts of NucleusChromatin

Strands of dispersed DNAForm chromosomes

during cell divisionGenes on chromosomes

code for specific traits

3.5 INSIDE THE CELLORGANELLES

c. Parts of Nucleus

Nuclear EnvelopeNuclear PoresNucleolusDirects synthesis of ribosomes

3.5 INSIDE THE CELLORGANELLES

2. VACUOLES

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

a. Storage b. In plants usually single

and largec. In animals small or absent

ORGANELLES

3. PLASTIDS

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

a. Only in plantsb. Types

LEUCOPLASTSFood storageCHROMOPLASTSPigments for color of fruits, flowers, and autumn leavesCHLOROPLASTSContain the green pigment chlorophyll for photosynthesis

ORGANELLES

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

4. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

a. ER b. Canal systemc. Transport of materials

through cellRough ERSmooth ER

ORGANELLES

5. RIBOSOMES

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

a. Knob-like organellesb. Sites of protein synthesisc. Location

Free floating in cytoplasm produce proteins for use inside the cell Attach to ER (rough ER) produce proteins that are exported

ORGANELLES

6. GOLGI BODIES

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

a. Stacks of sacsb. Receives proteins and lipids from ERc. Processing,

packaging, and secreting organelle

ORGANELLES

7. MITOCHONDRIA

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

a. Rod shapedb. “Powerhouses of the

Cell”c. Sites of cellular

respirationd. Abundant in active

cellse. Contain their own DNA

Can grow and divide

ORGANELLES

8. LYSOSOMES

3.5 INSIDE THE CELL

a. Rare in plantsb. “Suicide Sacs”c. Contain enzymes that

can digest:Food particlesWorn out cell partsForeign invaders

ORGANELLES

CELL STRUCTURES1. PLANT CELL 2. ANIMAL CELL

3. Cell Membrane4. Cytoplasm5. Centriole6. Cell Wall7. Nucleus8. Vacuole9. Chromatin

10. Golgi Body

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum

12. Mitochondrion11. Ribosome

14. Chloroplast

16. Lysosome15. Nucleolus