Cell Theory 2014-15. History Cells were unknown until the invention of light microscopes in the...
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![Page 1: Cell Theory 2014-15. History Cells were unknown until the invention of light microscopes in the 1650’s two scientists working independently built the.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6f0a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Theory
2014-15
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History• Cells were unknown
until the invention of light microscopes in the 1650’s
• two scientists working independently built the first microscopes
– Anton von Leeuwenhoek in Holland
– Robert Hooke in England
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek
• Studied pondwater, sour milk, and semen
• named moving organisms “animalcules”
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek
People thought human sperm cells contained tiny human beings called a homunculus
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Robert Hooke• Studied cork - a
kind of tree bark
• named the structures he saw “cells” because they reminded him of the small rooms monks slept in.
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Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881)
–German lawyer-turned-botanist
–Studied plants, preferring to study plant structure under the microscope
–Determined that all plants are made of cells
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Theodor Schwann: 1810-1882
• German physiologist
• Studied animal tissues, particularly nerve and muscle tissues
• Determined that all animals are made of cells
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Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902)
Omnis cellula e cellula ("All cells come from cells")
![Page 9: Cell Theory 2014-15. History Cells were unknown until the invention of light microscopes in the 1650’s two scientists working independently built the.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6f0a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Cell Theory
• The cell theory has three parts:–All living things contain at least one
cell–Cells are the smallest living units of
matter–Cells can only come from pre-existing
cells
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Modern light microscopes
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Scanning electron microscopes
• 3-D images of outside of objects
• 25-50 million times magnification
Pollen grains:
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Transmitting electron microscope
• Looks at VERY thin slices of substances
• Sees the inner workings of the items
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Disadvantages of electron microscopes
• Expensive
• Non-portable
• Can only look at dead things
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All living things contain at least one cell
• Many scientists have observed many types of living things
• Each of them noted that no matter what they observed, ALL LIVING THINGS contain cells
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Cells are the smallest living units of matter
–scientists realized that when cells were dissected or broken open they died (still happens despite our fancy technology)
–This meant that whatever “life” is, it is something that happens inside cells
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Cells can only come from pre-existing cells
–Except the first cell
–has not been disproved yet- no scientist has ever built a living cell from nonliving molecules
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Spontaneous Generation
• Until 1850, most people believed that living things could spontaneously appear from non-living material
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Spontaneous generation
• People believed that mice could be “created” spontaneously by
putting grain in dark, quiet place and leaving it for a few weeks.
• Scientists sought to disprove it
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Francesco Redi
• First to challenge spontaneous generation
• Did not accept that flies appeared from rotting meat
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Redi’s Experiment
– IV= cover
– DV= presence of flies
– Hypothesis: If a jar containing rotting meat is covered, then it will produce no flies
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Redi’s Conclusions
–Flies lay eggs, grow into maggots, grow into flies
–If flies can’t lay eggs, then no new flies
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Objections to Redi
–“sealing the jar closed kept a magical essence from entering the rotting meat and bringing it to life”
–“Scientists seek only to challenge belief systems and stir things up”
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
• microbes that spoil food come from the air and can be killed by boiling
• IV= air, DV= food spoilage
• Hypothesis: If air is allowed to reach food, then microbes will get in and cause it to spoil
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Spallanzani’s Experiment
• Flask 1: boiled broth, open
• Flask 2: boiled broth, sealed shut
• Results–Flask 1 spoiled
–Flask 2 did not spoil
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Objections to Spallanzani
• Sealing the flask blocked the magical life force in the air from getting to the broth.
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Louis Pasteur• 1822. France• Supported that
spontaneous generation is a myth
• Invented pasteurization (sterilization by heat)
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Pasteur’s Experiment
• Used special “swan-neck flasks” that allowed air in but kept bacteria out
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Pasteur’s Experiment
• IV= bacteria, DV= spoiling broth
• Hypothesis; If boiled broth is kept free of bacteria, then it will not spoil even if air can reach it.
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Spontaneous generation is dead!
• Redi didn’t believe in it, and did an experiment using flies
• Spallanzani didn’t believe in it, and experimented with broth
• Pasteur disproved it conclusively with his open-air yet spoilage free flasks.
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Pasteur is the father of modern microbiology
• supported the last part of the cell theory: cells only come from pre-existing cells
• showed that heat can be used to sterilize foods and preserve them
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As a result…
• in the late 1870’s, doctors start to wash their hands and instruments before operating...some even start wearing gloves
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Organelles are membrane-bound cell
parts•Mini “organs” that have unique functions
•Located in cytoplasm (everything inside the cell membrane)
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Cells have evolved two different architectures:
• Prokaryote
• Eukaryote
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Prokaryote cells are smaller and simpler
• Commonly known as bacteria
• Single-celled (unicellular) or
• Filamentous (strings of single cells)
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Prokaryote cells
•Very small •These are prokaryote
•E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.
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Prokaryote Cells
• cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
• DNA in one big loop called the NUCLEOID
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Prokaryote Cells
• ribosomes: for building proteins
• Reproduce using BINARY FISSION
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Endosymbiont theory:
•a prokaryote ancestor “eats” a smaller prokaryote
•They join forces and become more complex
•
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Eukaryotes
• Bigger and more complex• Have membrane-bound
organelles including NUCLEUS• Have chromosomes• can be multicellular• include animal, plant, fungal, and
protist cells
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•Cell membrane–delicate phospholipid and protein skin around cytoplasm
–found in all cells
Cell Structures
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•Nucleus–a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cell’s chromosomes-DNA wrapped around histones
–has nuclear pores: holes to let substances in and out
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Parts of a nucleus:
ribosomes
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•Nucleolus–inside nucleus
–location of ribosome factory
–made of RNA
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nucleoplasm
• a highly viscous liquid that includes the chromosomes and nucleoli.
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Chromatin
• Unraveled DNA (not involved in cell division, so not in our familiar chromosomes- looks like tangled yarn)
![Page 46: Cell Theory 2014-15. History Cells were unknown until the invention of light microscopes in the 1650’s two scientists working independently built the.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/5697bfe91a28abf838cb6f0a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
•mitochondrion– makes the cell’s energy (ATP) via cellular respiration–the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has
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Parts of a mitochondrion:
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•Ribosomes–Very small; build proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm
–may be free-floating, or
–may be attached to ER
–made of rRNA
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•Endoplasmic reticulum–may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydrates
–may be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes
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Endoplasmic reticulum
• Part of intracellular transport system; always near nucleus
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•Golgi Complex–takes in sacs called vesicles of raw proteins from ER–sends out vesicles containing finished cell products–Smaller than ER and closer to cell membrane
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Golgi Complex
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Golgi Complex
• Proteins in the Golgi Complex can be stored for later use, chemically changed, or exported to outside of cell
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•Lysosomes–sacs filled with digestive enzymes
–digest worn out cell parts
–digest food absorbed by cell
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Lysosomes
• Can also be used to reabsorb body parts that are no longer needed– This is how you lost your tail <3
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•Centrioles–pair of bundled tubes (microtubules)
–organize cell division
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Centriole
• Also called centrosome
• Made of protein filaments
• Part of cytoskeleton
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Cytoskeleton
•found throughout cytoplasm
•gives shape to cell & moves organelles around.
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Structures found in plant cells•Cell wall–very strong–made of cellulose (in plants)–protects cell from rupturing
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Cell wall
• Also find cell walls in fungi (chitin), bacteria (peptidoglycans), and protists (cellulose)
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•Vacuole–huge water-filled sac–keeps cell pressurized–stores starch, signaling molecules, etc.
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•Chloroplasts (also in some protists)–filled with chlorophyll–turn solar energy into food energy
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Chloroplasts:
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Eukaryote cells can be multicellular
•The whole cell can be specialized for one job•cells can work together as tissues•Tissues can work together as organs
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Label the cells