Cell Organelle Cell Organelle DAMAGEDAMAGE

Our choices can affect Our choices can affect our cells, tissues, our cells, tissues,

organs, and bodies. organs, and bodies.

Heart cell

Heart TissueHeart Organ

Organism – YOU!

The black dots represent cells that are dying. The black dots represent cells that are dying. Alcohol interferes with the energy production Alcohol interferes with the energy production

in the in the mitochondriamitochondria. If cells cannot produce . If cells cannot produce

enough energy, they will die and the tissue enough energy, they will die and the tissue will die. will die.

At even the lowest levels of alcohol, cell At even the lowest levels of alcohol, cell death can occur. It is never safe to death can occur. It is never safe to

drink.drink.

ALCOHOL (ethanol)

The brain images show how alcohol may harm teen The brain images show how alcohol may harm teen mental function. Compared with a younger, non-mental function. Compared with a younger, non-drinker, a 15-year-old with an alcohol problem drinker, a 15-year-old with an alcohol problem

showed poor brain activity during a memory task.showed poor brain activity during a memory task.

Other Drugs…Other Drugs…

Amphetamines (Crystal Meth) and Amphetamines (Crystal Meth) and Ecstasy excite brain cells until they Ecstasy excite brain cells until they die. This obviously leads to die. This obviously leads to brain brain damagedamage. .

Both pictures: brain cells (neurons)

We may not have a We may not have a choice over what choice over what

diseases we inherit…diseases we inherit…

Disease: a disordered or Disease: a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, incorrectly functioning organ, part,

structure, or system of the body structure, or system of the body that causes illness or sicknessthat causes illness or sickness

Disease of the LysosomeDisease of the Lysosomehttp://www.agsd.org.uk//index.phphttp://www.agsd.org.uk//index.php

Pompe DiseasePompe Disease

- If the If the lysosomelysosome does not does not contain a special protein to contain a special protein to break down complex sugars break down complex sugars (glycogen) in the muscle cells, (glycogen) in the muscle cells, sugars will build up in the sugars will build up in the lysosome and damage can lysosome and damage can result. result.

- Muscle cells in the heart and Muscle cells in the heart and those used for breathing and those used for breathing and moving are damaged by this. moving are damaged by this.

- EffectsEffects: Headaches, inability : Headaches, inability to concentrate, cardiac or to concentrate, cardiac or respiratory crises. respiratory crises.

http://www.agsd.org.uk/images/stories/newsletterspring2008.pdf

Real People with Pompe Real People with Pompe DiseaseDisease

Disease of the cell membrane:Disease of the cell membrane:Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a defect in the CFTR protein defect in the CFTR protein in the in the cell membranecell membrane. This . This protein allows certain protein allows certain substances to pass through substances to pass through the membrane. If this is the membrane. If this is damaged, those substances damaged, those substances cannot pass through. cannot pass through.

Cystic Fibrosis – produces Cystic Fibrosis – produces unusually thick, sticky unusually thick, sticky mucus that clogs lungs, mucus that clogs lungs, leads to life-threatening leads to life-threatening lung infections, obstructs lung infections, obstructs pancreas, and stops pancreas, and stops enzymes that allow body to enzymes that allow body to break down and absorb break down and absorb food. food.

http://www.stanford.edu/class/psych121/humangenome-CF.htm

Diseases in Golgi apparatus Diseases in Golgi apparatus Function of Golgi apparatus: folds, Function of Golgi apparatus: folds,

tags, & modifies proteins tags, & modifies proteins

If the Golgi is damaged, mis-folded, If the Golgi is damaged, mis-folded, abnormal proteins can collect in abnormal proteins can collect in the cell. This is bad. the cell. This is bad.

Neurodegenerative disordersNeurodegenerative disorders may may result. These are diseases that result. These are diseases that involve problems with brain involve problems with brain function and spinal cord (The spinal function and spinal cord (The spinal cord is responsible for sensations, cord is responsible for sensations, conscious movements, and conscious movements, and automatic functions like breathing).automatic functions like breathing).

Problems with the Golgi apparatus Problems with the Golgi apparatus may also contribute to may also contribute to Alzheimer’s diseaseAlzheimer’s disease..

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599251http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599251http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/nere/2007/00000032/00000008/0000930http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/nere/2007/00000032/00000008/000093022

Golgi apparatus

Normal & damaged brain cells due to Alzheimer’s disease

Problems with the Nucleus Problems with the Nucleus If certain proteins called If certain proteins called

“lamins” in the nucleus “lamins” in the nucleus are damaged or are damaged or missing, diseases missing, diseases affecting the muscles, affecting the muscles, skeleton, heart, brain, skeleton, heart, brain, and fat can result. and fat can result.

http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/2003/February/030217.htmhttp://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/2003/February/030217.htm

Other problems within the Other problems within the nucleus: nucleus: DNA damageDNA damage..

What happens if DNA What happens if DNA

is damaged?is damaged?

Why does Why does cancercancer

(uncontrolled (uncontrolled growth of growth of

abnormal cells) abnormal cells) depend on DNA?depend on DNA?

WHAT IS WHAT IS DNA?DNA?

Your assignmentYour assignmentScience TextbookScience Textbook1.1. Go to INDEX and search for “DNA”Go to INDEX and search for “DNA”2.2. Write down the page numbers for DNAWrite down the page numbers for DNA3.3. Read those pages and come up with Read those pages and come up with

at least 5 facts about DNAat least 5 facts about DNA- Extra CreditExtra Credit: Use other sources to find : Use other sources to find

out more about DNA, such as the out more about DNA, such as the Internet or other books. The more Internet or other books. The more facts you write, the more credit you facts you write, the more credit you can receive. can receive. At least 10 good facts for At least 10 good facts for e/c.e/c.

How can the DNA get How can the DNA get damaged?damaged?

RadiationRadiation from microwaves, computers, X- from microwaves, computers, X-rays (high-energy waves) or UV radiation rays (high-energy waves) or UV radiation

from the sun can break DNA or cause extra from the sun can break DNA or cause extra bonds to form. bonds to form.

Radiation causes the DNA to break or causes Radiation causes the DNA to break or causes extra bonds to form. This changes the extra bonds to form. This changes the structurestructure of the DNA and damages it. of the DNA and damages it.

This is called a This is called a DNA mutationDNA mutation. .

But, what a minute…But, what a minute… WHAT IS DNA? WHAT IS DNA?

How can cancer result if DNA is How can cancer result if DNA is damaged or mutated?damaged or mutated?

Cancer: The uncontrolled growth & spread of Cancer: The uncontrolled growth & spread of abnormal cells.abnormal cells.

Your questions about Your questions about cancer:cancer: How does someone get cancer?How does someone get cancer?

Is it contagious?Is it contagious? Why is it so common?Why is it so common? How many times can people get cancer?How many times can people get cancer? Can you be born with cancer?Can you be born with cancer? Can we prevent cancer?Can we prevent cancer? Can you get cancer from doing drugs?Can you get cancer from doing drugs? Can certain foods neutralize or prevent cancer?Can certain foods neutralize or prevent cancer? Can pets get cancer?Can pets get cancer? What is the history of cancer? Who was the first to have it? How What is the history of cancer? Who was the first to have it? How

was it discovered?was it discovered? Are more people getting cancer today than many years ago? Why?Are more people getting cancer today than many years ago? Why? Is cancer the same thing as a virus that attacks your body?Is cancer the same thing as a virus that attacks your body? Will there ever be a simple cure? A simple vaccination?Will there ever be a simple cure? A simple vaccination? How long does cancer take to run its course? How long does it How long does cancer take to run its course? How long does it

last?last? Are the cancer rates different for men and women?Are the cancer rates different for men and women? Do people with weaker immune systems get cancer more easily?Do people with weaker immune systems get cancer more easily? Why does cancer cause pain?Why does cancer cause pain? Why does one’s hair fall out during chemotherapy?Why does one’s hair fall out during chemotherapy? Are there different types of treatment?Are there different types of treatment?