07 Cell Organelle

AP Biology 2008-2009

Cells & Cell Organelles

The Building Blocksof Life

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bacteriacells

bacteriacellsTypes of cells

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

Prokaryote- no organelles

Eukaryotes- organelles

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Cell size comparison

Bacterial cell

Animal cell

micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

most bacteria 1-10 microns

eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns

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Why study cells? Cells Tissues Organs Bodies

bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!

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What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live… “breathe”

gas exchange: CO2 vs. O2

eat take in & digest food

make energy ATP

build molecules proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids

remove wastes control internal conditions respond to external environment build more cells

growth, repair, reproduction & development

The Work of Life

ATP

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Organelles Organelles do the work of cells

each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive

Model Animal Cell

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Cells need power! Making energy

to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must… take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2)

make ATP remove waste

organelles that do this work… cell membrane lysosomes vacuoles & vesicles mitochondria

ATP

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Cell membrane Function

separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell

O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cells

allows communication between cells

Structure double layer of fat

phospholipid bilayer receptor molecules

proteins

lipid “tail”

phosphate“head”

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cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

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Vacuoles & vesicles Function

moving material around cell

storage Structure

membrane sacsmall food

particle

vacuole

digesting food inside cell

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Food & water storage

plant cellsplant cells

contractilevacuole

contractilevacuole

animal cellsanimal cells

central vacuole central vacuole

food vacuoles food vacuoles

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recognizes signals


vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

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Lysosomes

small foodparticle

vacuole

digesting food

lysosomes

Function digest food clean up & recycle

digest broken organelles

Structure membrane sac of

digestive enzymes

digesting brokenorganelles

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lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling


recognizes signals



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Function make ATP energy from cellular respiration

sugar + O2 ATP fuels the work of life

Structure double membrane

Mitochondria

in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells

ATP

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recognizes signals



mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2

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Mitochondria make energy from sugar + O2

cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP

Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlight

photosynthesis

sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy

build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars

Plants make energy two ways!

ATP

sugar

ATP

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Mitochondria are in both cells!!

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

mitochondriamitochondriachloroplastchloroplast

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central vacuolestorage: food, water or waste

mitochondriamake ATP in cellular respiration

chloroplastmake ATP & sugars in photosynthesis

cell wallsupport


recognizes signalslysosomedigestion & clean up

cytoplasm

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Cells need workers (proteins)! Making proteins

to run daily life & growth, the cell must… read genes (DNA) build proteins

structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors

organelles that do this work… nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus

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Proteins do all the work!

cellsDNA proteins

one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…

one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…

proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!

signals

structure

enzymes

receptors

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Nucleus Function

control center of cell protects DNA

instructions for building proteins

Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus

ribosome factory chromosomes

DNA

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recognizes signals




nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell

chromosomesDNA

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Ribosomes on ER

Ribosomes Function

protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA

Structure 2 subunits some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER

largesubunit

smallsubunit

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recognizes signals





ribosomesbuilds proteins

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

part of protein factory helps complete the

proteins makes membranes

Structure rough ER

ribosomes attached works on proteins

smooth ER makes membranes

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recognizes signals






ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes

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vesiclescarrying proteins

Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins

like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”

Structure membrane sacs

Golgi Apparatus

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recognizes signals







Golgi apparatusfinishes, packages & ships proteins


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DNA

RNA

ribosomes

endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Golgi apparatus

vesicle

proteinon its way!

protein finishedprotein

Making Proteins

TO:

TO:

TO:

TO:

nucleus

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central vacuolestorage: food, water or waste

mitochondriamake ATP in cellular respiration

chloroplastmake ATP & sugars in photosynthesis

cell wallsupport


recognizes signals

Golgi apparatusfinish & ship proteins

nucleuscontrol cellprotects DNA

endoplasmic reticulumprocesses proteinsmakes membranes

lysosomedigestion & clean up

cytoplasm

ribosomesmake proteins

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Cells need to make more cells! Making more cells

to replace, repair & grow, the cell must… copy their DNA make extra organelles

divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells

organelles that do this work… nucleus centrioles

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Centrioles Function

help coordinate cell division Structure

one pair in each cell “motor” proteins

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recognizes signals


mitochondriamake ATP energy

from sugar + O2




Golgi apparatusfinishes, packages & ships proteins

lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recyclingvacuole & vesicles

transport inside cellsstorage

centriolescell division

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Cells have 3 main jobs make energy

need food + O2

cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastes

make proteins need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & “finish”

& “ship” the protein make more cells

need to copy DNA & divide it up

Cell Summary

Our organellesdo all those

jobs!


That’s mycellular story…

Any Questions?


EXTRA SLIDES

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Nucleus

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proteins

transportvesicle

Golgiapparatus

vesicle

smooth ER

rough ER

nuclear porenucleus

ribosome

cellmembrane protein secreted

cytoplasm

Making proteins

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Lysosomes

white blood cells attack & eat invading germs =

digest them in lysosomes

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When things go bad… Diseases of lysosomes are fatal

digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up food, but can’t digest it

lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &

organ function example:

Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells

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But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when

they are supposed to be destroyed some cells have to die for proper

development in an organism ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns

into a frog ex: getting rid of webbing between your fingers

during fetal development “auto-destruct” process

lysosomes break open and kill cell cell “suicide”

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Fetal development

15 weeks

6 weeks

syndactyly

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Chloroplasts sun energy ATP & sugars photosynthesis

+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy + ++

ATP

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glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +

+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy + ++

Compare the equationsPhotosynthesis

Respiration

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The Great ENERGY Circle of Life

sun

ATP

Photosynthesis

Respiration

O2glucosesugarCO2 H2O+ +

plants

animals & plants

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rough ER ribosomes

attached works on

proteins

smooth ER makes

membranes

Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Growth & Reproduction

We’ll learn about this in a later unit!We’ll learn about this in a later unit!

07 Cell Organelle

Technology

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