Cell damage:Cell damage: necrosis, necrosis, apoptosis.apoptosis. General General

DDeatheath

Ass.prof. Golovata Tatiana

Necrosis (from the Greek. Nekros - Necrosis (from the Greek. Nekros - dead)dead). It’s. It’s deathdeath of cells and tissues in of cells and tissues in living organism. Necrosis may be living organism. Necrosis may be in onein one cell, a group of cells, part of the bodycell, a group of cells, part of the body or or organorgan..

1 - Preneсrosis or paranecrosis2 - Necrobiosis3 - Actually necrosis4 - Autolysis

Stages

Preneсrosis or paranecrosis- changes similar to necrotic, but

reverse

Necrobiosis- profound degenerative changes, in which the prevailing catabolic over

anabolic changes

Actually necrosis –cell death when the time of death can

not be established

Autolysis- decomposition of dead substrate under the influence of hydrolytic

enzymes

Microscopic signs of necrosis. Microscopic signs of necrosis. Changes in the nucleusChanges in the nucleus

1.Kariopiknosis - wrinkling nucleus (Я), caused by condensation of chromatin

Microscopic signs of necrosis. Microscopic signs of necrosis. Changes in the nucleusChanges in the nucleus

2.Karyorhexis – breakdown of nucleusnucleus

Microscopic signs of necrosis. Microscopic signs of necrosis. Changes in the nucleusChanges in the nucleus – kariorhexis in lymph

follicle

nuclei lymph follicle appear as small fragments

Microscopic signs of necrosis. Microscopic signs of necrosis. Changes in the nucleusChanges in the nucleus

3. Kariolysis - total splitting of the nucleus by hydrolytic enzymes

Microscopic signs of necrosis. Microscopic signs of necrosis. Cytoplasm changesCytoplasm changes

1.Plasma-coagulation: protein denaturation and coagulation 2. Plasmorhexis -cytoplasm decomposition 3. Plasmolysis - hydrolytic fusion of cytoplasm

The process ends with a complete dissolution of cells

Microscopic signs of necrosis. Microscopic signs of necrosis. Changes Changes intercellular substanceintercellular substance

In the interstitial substance of the intercellular space depolymerization with glucosamineglycane and saturation with blood plasma proteins develops. As a result interstitial substance becomes swollen and fuses. The collagen and elastic fibers are fused too. Reticular fibers are preserved longer than the other structures. Then they dissociate to lumps.

Classification of necrosis

I. According to the cause:

1) traumatic (caused by chemical or physical factors);2) toxic (toxins of bacteria, chemicals);3) trophoneurotic (in disturbances of nervous trophic)- bed-sore4) allergic (develops in the sensitized organism as hypersensitivity reaction of immediate type);5) vascular (infarction).

Classification of necrosis

II. According to the clinic and morphological forms:1) coagulative (dry) necrosis;2) colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis;3) gangrene (originate from Greek <<gangraina>> fire) necrosis of tissue adjacent to the outer environment:

a) dry b) wet

4) sequestration;5) infarction.

Classification of necrosis

III. According to mechanism of its development it may be direct and indirect.Direct necrosis arise immediate action of causal factor (toxic and traumatic);Indirect (mediate) necrosis may be vascular and trophoneurotic.

CCoagulatioagulativeve necrosi necrosiss

This is the most common type of necrosis which is caused by ischemia, and less often by bacterial and chemical agents. The organs commonly affected are the heart, kidneys and spleen.

CCoagulatioagulativeve necrosi necrosiss

In gross examination the foci of coagulative necrosis in the early stage are pale, firm and slightly swollen. Microscopic change probably results from denaturation of structural and enzymatic proteins

Colliquative necrosis

Colliquative necrosis due to ischemic injury and bacterial infections. Because of hydration and colliquation of tissue by the action of powerful hydrolytic enzymes. The common examples are brain infarct and abscess cavity.

Colliquative necrosis

In gross examination the affected area is soft and swollen. Late a cyst wall is formed. Microscopically, the cystic space contains necrotic cell detritus. Macrophages filled with phagocytosed material.

IInfarctionnfarction

Infarction is vascular necrosis.The causes of infarction are prolonged vascular spasm, thrombosis or embolism .

Sequestration

Sequestration is an area of dead tissue which does not experience autolization and is freely located in the living tissue. It is characteristic for osteomyelitis - purulent inflammation of the bone marrow.

GangreneGangrene

Wet gangrene. Occurs under the action of putrefactive microorganisms. Tissue to swell, become swollen, emit a fetid smell, demarcation zone is not defined.

Wet gangrene occur in the lungs, intestines and uterus.

GangreneGangrene

Dry gangrene begins in the distal part of a limb due to ischemia. The typical example is the dry gangrene in the toes and feet of an old patient due to arteriosclerosis.

Bed-sore

Is a kind of gangrene, death of the tissue under the influence of pressure (sacral area, spinous processes, great trochanter). It is trophoneurotic necrosis in severily ill patients.

Outcome of necrosis

Favorable: 1) organization, replacement by connective tissue

with formation of a scar or a capsule; 2) petrifaction;3) ossification, formation of bone;4) aseptic autolysis. Unfavorable: saprogenic fusion of necrotic tissue followed by

sepsis.

APOPTOSIS

Apoptosis - genetically programmed necrosis unwanted or defective cells in living organism and is aimed at the destruction of cells during embryogenesis and physiological involution: death epithelium of the skin, red and white blood cells.

Biological meaning of apoptosis is the elimination of damaged cells.

Between 50 and 70 billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult.

Morphogenesis of apoptosis

These changes include :

- blebbing, cell shrinkage;

- nuclear fragmentation;

- chromatin condensation and chromosomal DNA fragmentation;

- formation of apoptotic bodies;

- phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by macrophages or parenchymal cells.

In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis, in general, confers advantages during an organism's life cycle.

Death

Depending on the cause distinguish natural (physiological) death from old age and wear on the body, violent death from injury or other negative effects on the body ending in death, and from diseases (inviolent)

Stages of dying

Agony Clinical (somatic ) death Biological (molecular) death

Agony

Terminal condition characterized:

Violation of the central nervous system (sopor or coma)

Low blood pressure

Centralization circulatory

Breathing disorders

It was during the agony of the body loses 60 ... 80 grams of weight (due to complete combustion and depletion of cellular ATP reserves), which in some scientific-sounding articles called weighing souls who left after the agony of the body.

Clinical death

Clinical death is characterized by respiratory and cardiac arrest during 5-6 minutes while live brain cells. Clinical death is reversible process of dying. Reversibility depends on the degree of hypoxic changes in the brain.

Biological death

Biological death is the permanent (irreversible) cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.

Signs of biological death

Relative Relative signs of death: Byeloglazov’s sign

(cat eye)While squeezing the eyeball from a deceased pupil becomes oval.

– passive body’s position

– pale colour of the skin

– loss of reflexes and sensority

– loss of pulse and breathing

– cooling of extremities

– Byeloglazov’s sign

Reliable signs of death

early:

postmortem lividity (PML)

changes in the muscles (Cadaveric Rigidity)

cooling of the body

desiccation of the skin

late:

preserving of the body-

-saponification оr

(Adipocere formation),

-mummification

Which destroy the body - -putrefaction

Postmortem Lividity (PML)

After termination of cardiac activity and loss of tone of the vascular wall is a passive movement of blood through the vessels by gravity and concentration it in below the body parts.

Mummification

Mummification – means a modification of process of putrefaction in which there is a dehydration or dessication of all body after death.

Questions to test

And yet life is beautiful

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