Cell Connections & Junctions by Dr. Vani Gupta. Definition and Classification of cell junction Cell...
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Transcript of Cell Connections & Junctions by Dr. Vani Gupta. Definition and Classification of cell junction Cell...
Definition and Classification of cell junction
Cell junction is the connection between the neighbouring cells or the contact between the cell and extracellular matrix.
It is also called membrane junction.
Cell junction are classified into three types
a-Occluding junction
b-Communicating junction
c-Anchoring junction.
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Important cell surface proteins molecules promoting cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions.
Important for many normal biological processes -embryonic cell migration, immune system functions, wound healing.
Involved in intracellular signaling pathways (primarily for cell death/survival, secretion etc.)
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)Express 3 major domains:
The extracellular domain allows one CAM to bind to another on an adjacent cell.The transmembrane domain links the CAM to the plasma membrane through hydrophobic forces.The cytoplasmic domain is directly connected to the cytoskeleton by linker proteins.
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)Interactions between CAMs can be mediated
by :
Binding of an adhesion molecule on one cell to the
same adhesion molecule on a second cell
Cadherin - cadherin
An adhesion molecule on one
cell type binds to a different type of
cell adhesion molecule on a
second cellSelectins – mucins
The linker molecule in most
cases is Laminin, a family of large cross shaped
molecules with multiple receptor
domains.
These cell adhesion molecules can be divided into 4 major familiesThe cadherin superfamilyThe selectinsThe immunoglobulin superfamily and The integrins
The Cadherin superfamily
Cadherins are the most prevalent CAMs in vertebrates.
125 kD transmembrane glycoproteins - mediate intercellular adhesion in epithelial and endothelial cells by Ca2+ dependent homophilic adhesion.
Primarily link epithelial and muscle cells to their neighborsForm desmosomes and adherens junctions
Play critical role during development (cell sorting).
Do not interact with extracellular matrix.
The Cadherin superfamilyContain a short transmembrane
domain and a relatively long extracellular domain containing four cadherin repeats (EC1-EC4), each of which contains calcium binding sequences
Cadherins interact with specific cytoplasmic proteins, e.g., catenins (α, β and γ), as a means of being linked to the actin cytoskeleton.
The binding of cadherins to the catenins is crucial for cadherin function.
The SelectinsStructural features of
selectins include:NH2-terminal C-type Ca2+
dependent lectin like binding domain, which determines the ability of each selectin to bind to specific carbohydrate lingands.
an epidermal growth factor-like region.
a number of repeat sequences.a membrane-spanning region
and a short cytoplasmic region
Immunoglobulin Superfamily Molecules
Consists of more than 25 molecules.Important ones being:
Intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM1; CD54)Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2), Vascular cell adhesion molecule1 (VCAM1;
CD106), Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1
(PECAM 1; CD31) and the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1
(MAdCAM1).
The integrinsFifteen different α and eight
different β subunits give rise to over twently different heterodimeric combinations at cell surfaces.
Bind epithelial and muscle cells to laminin in the basal lamina
Allow platelets to stick to exposed collagen in a damaged blood vessel
Allow fibroblasts and white blood cells to adhere to fibronectin and collagen as they move
Occluding JunctionA cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that
prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.
Tight Junction
Tight Junction- occluding junctions / zonulae occludens - zonula occludens), are the closely associated areas of two cells whose
membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid. A type of junctional complex present only in vertebrates. Consist of linear array of several integral proteins. Junctional proteins occludins and claudins & members of IG
suprfamily are transmembrane proteins.
Function of Tight Junction
Strength and stabilitySelective permeable for ions.Fencing functionMaintance of cell polarityBlood-brain barrierCludin -16 in Thick Junctions of Ascending
Loop of henle.Cludin- 15 Permability of cations / anions.
Adhering JunctionsDesmosome- Connects intermediate filament
of one cell with other cells.Claudin HemidesmosomeDesmoplakin is essential for normal
desmosomal adhesion.
Communicating JunctionCell junction which permit the intercellular
exchange of substance are called communicating junction, these junction permit the movement of ions and molecules from one cell to another cell.
a- Gap junction
b- Chemical synapse
Gap JunctionGap junctions are clusters of intercellular
channels that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.
At gap junctions, the intercellular space narrows from 25 nm to 3 nm.
gap junctions were first discovered in myocardium and nerve because of their properties of electrical transmission between adjacent cells (Weidmann 1952; Furshpan and Potter 1957).
• Low resistance intercellular junction that allows passage of ions and smaller molecules between the cells.
It present in heart, basal part of epithelial cell of intestinal mucosa, etc
Junctional unit-Connexons- 6 connexins Connexon of one cell have allignment with connexon
of other cells.
Gap Junction
Electron microscopy of gap junctions joining adjacent hepatocytes in the mouse. The gap junction (GJ) is seen as an area of close plasma membrane apposition
Function of gap junction- channel passage the substance have molecular
weight less than 1000. Exchange of chemical messenger between cells Rapid propagation of action potential from one cell
to another cell.
DesmosomesAlso known as macula adherens is a cell structure
specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. Are molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins and
linking proteins that attach the cell surface adhesion proteins to intracellular keratin cytoskeletal filaments.
The cell adhesion proteins of the desmosome, desmoglein and desmocollin, are members of the cadherin family.
On the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, there are two dense structures called the Outer Dense Plaque (ODP) and the Inner Dense Plaque (IDP). The Outer Dense Plaque is where the cytoplasmic domains of
the cadherins attach to desmoplakin via plakoglobin and plakophillin.
The Inner Dense Plaque is where desmoplakin attaches to the intermediate filaments of the cell.
Hemidesmosomes
Hemidesmosomes look like half-desmosomes that attach cells to the underlying basal lamina.
Rather than using desmogleins, hemidesmosomes use desmopenetrin cell adhesion proteins,which are members of Integrin family.
The integrin molecule attach to one of many multi-adhesive proteins such as laminin, resident within the extracellular matrix, thereby forming one of many potential adhesions between cell and matrix.
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapse is the junction between a nerve fibre and a muscle fiber or between two nerve fibre ,through which signals transmitted by the release of chemical transmitter.
Anchoring junction.Anchoring junction are the junction ,which provides strength to
the cell by acting like mechanical attachment.
These junction provide firm structural attachment between two cells or between a cell and extracellular matrix
Anchoring junction are responsible for structural integrity of the tissue.
various cell junctions found in a vertebrate epithelial cell, classified according to their primary functions
32
Q2-desmosomes differ from tight junction because
a-allow molecules to pass in the intercellular space
b-are non-communicatingc-are present in plants d-lack proteins
33
Q3-the Cell Junctions allowing exchange of cytoplasmic molecules between two cells are called:
A. Gap JunctionsB. Tight JunctionsC. Anchoring JunctionsD. Focal Junctions
34
4- Desmosome has the following characters except:
a- is a disk like attachment between cellsb- is located only between epithelial cellsc- is specialized for adhesion e-is called macula adherns
35
5- Gap junctionsa- permit the passage of large proteins
from cell to cellb- form part of the classical junctional
complexc- exist only between epithelial cellsd- are areas of low resistance for nerve
stimulation
36
Q-6 Which of the following apply to intercellular junctions?a) The three major adhesive junctions of animal cells are
adherens junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes.b) Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes connect epithelial
cells to their basement membrane and adjacent cells respectively.
c) Gap junctions and plasmodesmata are homologous structures.
d) The junctional complexes of gastrointestinal enterocytes ensure that nutrients are only absorbed through the spaces between the cells, which prevents them absorbing potentially harmful substances.
ANS-a
37
Q-7 tight junction a-are essential for metabolic couplingb-dont occur in vertebratesc-have the closest approach of two plasma
membranes of any junctiond-surround connexions
38
Q-8 hemi desmosome differs from spot desmosome because hemi desmosome
a-connect cell to cell b-connect extracellular matrix to
extracellular matrix c-connect cell to extracellular matrixd-having tonofilament ,made up of
intermediate filament