MEANS OF

TRANSPORT

Overview of international freight

Freight transport today is an economic activity

of great importance, thanks to them raw to the

centers of production and finished products to

distribution centers and consumer products

materials approach. Since economic views, the

transport requires huge investments and is

vital to the economy of the states. The

importance increases when the carriage of

goods acquired international dimensions.

The continuous increase in production of

consumer goods determines a growing

development of international trade and

hence freight traffic "crossing of borders",

and it seems that this increase tends

aproseguir contributing to it the presence of

multinational companies generating

continuous displacements raw materials and

finished goods across countries, because we

have taken into account that international

trade is not referred to among nations or

governments but between companies from

different countries.

The freight can be discussed by different

geographical environments, which implies

the use of different vehicles. According to the

media that use four freight modes there are:

- Road Transport

- Marine transport

- Rail transport

- Air transport

When using two or more of these means are

called mixed multimodal.El transport or freight is international whenever its route involving a border clearance, whether the destination is located in a country other than that of which part, as if the two points are located in the same country but foreign territory is crossed to go from one to another.

Shipping is the action of bringing people or

things (solid fillers, liquid or gaseous) by sea

from one geographical location to another

on board a ship.

Air transport is one of the greatest advances

of modern logistics

The air logistics was first used for urgent

shipments transport speed advantage

Rail Transport:

Its main advantage lies in its ability to

transport large volumes of goods, which

contrasts with its inflexibility, it can only

reach places arriving railways

Road transport

The freight service serves to transport from one

place to another a certain merchandise. This

service is part of an entire supply chain, which is

responsible for placing one or more products at

the time and place specified destination.

Freight transport is part of the distribution chain,

as it meets the transport of the products at a

specified cost (which is called freight). This

transfer is performed from the starting point to

the final destination of the goods, but the load

during this journey will pass through places of

loading, storage and unloading.

ICA History

In 1963, Decree 3116, is given to the Institute as a decentralized public

institution and began in earnest the process of organization, the design

of its structure, statutes, budget, plant personnel and the incorporation

and management of all resources the former Department of

Agricultural Research (DIA).

In 1963 the Ministry ICA

received five national

agricultural research centers,

and seven experimental

stations located in the main

areas of agro-ecological

potential for production. These

centers were Tibaitatá in

Cundinamarca; Palmira, Valle

del Cauca; Tulio Ospina, in

Antioquia; Turipaná in

Cordoba; Nataima, in Tolima.

The seven

experimental stations

were located in Armero

in Tolima; Surbatá in

Boyaca; Obonuco in

Nariño; The Nus, in

Antioquia; Freedom, in

Meta; San Jorge, in

Cundinamarca and La

Selva, in Antioquia.

VAT CONTRIBUTION TO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE

COUNTRY IN THE 60s

• Cotton Initiation Program

• Production of hybrid seed

cocoa

• Control Borer corn stalks

• Physiological

adaptation of

Holstein and Brown

Swiss heifers to

agro-ecological

region of the Sinu.

• Soil analysis service, in

conjunction with training in

interpretation of results and

recommendation of fertilizer.

Object

The Colombian Agricultural Institute, Ica, aims to contribute to the

sustained development of the agricultural, fisheries and aquaculture

sector, through prevention, surveillance and control of health, biological

and chemical risks to animal and plant species, applied research and

administration , research and management of fisheries and

aquaculture resources, in order to protect the health of people, animals

and plants and ensure trading conditions.

General features

1- Advise the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in the

formulation of policies and plans for agricultural development,

and prevention of SPS, biological and chemical risks to animal

and plant species.

2- Planificar y ejecutar acciones para proteger la producción

agropecuaria de plagas y enfermedades que afecten o puedan

afectar las especies animales o vegetales del país o asociarse

para los mismos fines.

3- Exercise technical control on imports of inputs for agricultural

activities as well as animals, plants and products of plant and

animal origin in order to prevent the introduction of diseases and

pests that may affect agriculture and the gana¬dería country, and

certify the SPS quality of exports, when required by the importing

country

Performance

To guarantee national health status, ICA through its risk prevention

system, provides services in 30 checkpoints spread at international

airports, sea and river ports, border crossings and quarantine as well:

11 airports.

8 Port Maritimes.

2 river ports

6 Border crossings

3 quarantine stations

INCOTERMS

EXW – Ex Works (named place of delivery)

The Ex Works term is often used when making an initial quotation for the sale of goods

without any costs included. EXW means that a buyer incurs the risks for bringing the goods

to their final destination. Either the seller does not load the goods on collecting vehicles and

does not clear them for export, or if the seller does load the goods, he does so at buyer's risk

and cost. If the parties agree that the seller should be responsible for the loading of the

goods on departure and to bear the risk and all costs of such loading, this must be made

clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.

FCA – Free Carrier (named place of delivery)

It should be noted that the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of

loading and unloading the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the seller's premises, the

seller is responsible for loading the goods on to the buyer's carrier. However, if delivery

occurs at any other place, the seller is deemed to have delivered the goods once their

transport has arrived at the named place.

FAS – Free Alongside Ship (named port of shipment)

The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export, which is a reversal from

previous Incoterms versions that required the buyer to arrange for export clearance.

However, if the parties wish the buyer to clear the goods for export, this should be made

clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale.

FOB – Free on Board (named port of shipment)

Under FOB terms the seller bears all costs and risks up to the point the goods are loaded on

board the vessel. The seller must also arrange for export clearance. The buyer pays cost of

marine freight transportation, bill of lading fees, insurance, unloading and transportation

cost from the arrival port to destination. Since Incoterms 1980 introduced the FCA

incoterm, FOB should only be used for non-containerised seafreight and inland waterway

transport.

CFR – Cost and Freight (named port of destination)

The seller pays for the carriage of the goods up to the named port of destination. Risk

transfers to buyer when the goods have been loaded on board the ship in the country of

Export. The Shipper is responsible for origin costs including export clearance and freight

costs for carriage to named port.

CIF – Cost, Insurance & Freight (named port of destination)

This term is broadly similar to the above CFR term, with the exception that the seller is

required to obtain insurance for the goods while in transit to the named port of destination.

CIF requires the seller to insure the goods for 110% of their value under at least the

minimum cover of the Institute Cargo Clauses of the Institute of London Underwriters

(which would be Institute Cargo Clauses )or any similar set of clauses. The policy should

be in the same currency as the contract. CIF can be used by any transport by sea and air not

limited to containerized or non-containerized cargo and includes all charges up to the

port/terminal of entrance. CIP covers additional charges at the port/terminal of entrance

CPT – Carriage Paid To (named place of destination)

The seller pays for the carriage of the goods up to the named place of destination. Risk

transfers to buyer upon handing goods over to the first carrier at the place of shipment in

the country of Export. The seller is responsible for origin costs including export clearance

and freight costs for carriage to named place of destination (either final destination such as

buyer's facilities or port of destination has to be agreed by seller and buyer, however,

named place of destination is generally picked due to cost impacts).

CIP – Carriage and Insurance Paid to (named place of destination)

This term is broadly similar to the above CPT term, with the exception that the seller is

required to obtain insurance for the goods while in transit. CIP requires the seller to insure

the goods for 110% of their value under at least the minimum cover of the Institute Cargo

Clauses of the Institute of London Underwriters (which would be Institute Cargo Clauses ,

or any similar set of clauses. The policy should be in the same currency as the contract.

DAT – Delivered At Terminal (named terminal at port or place of

destination)

This term means that the seller covers all the costs of transport (export fees, carriage,

unloading from main carrier at destination port and destination port charges) and assumes

all risk until destination port or terminal. The terminal can be a Port, Airport, or inland

freight interchange. Import duty/taxes/customs costs are to be borne by Buyer.

DAP – Delivered At Place (named place of destination)

Under DAP terms, all carriage expenses with any terminal expenses are paid by seller up to

the agreed destination point. The necessary unloading cost at final destination has to be

borne by seller under DAP terms. If unloading can not be carried out by the seller, it might

be better to ship under DAT (Delivered At Terminal) terms instead.

DDP – Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination)

Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer,

and pays all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes.

The seller is not responsible for unloading. This term is often used in place of the non-

Incoterm "Free In Store (FIS)". This term places the maximum obligations on the seller and

minimum obligations on the buyer. With the delivery at the named place of destination all

the risks and responsibilities are transferred to the buyer and it is considered that the seller

has completed his obligations

The World Trade organization

The World Trade organization is an intergovernmental organization that regulates the

international trade in whole the world.

It was established on 1 of January in 1995, it has a headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, and its

official languages are English, French and Spanish.

The WTO is run by its member governments and all important decisions are taken by the entire

membership. The agreements of the WTO obligates to the governments to guarantee the

transparency of its commercial policies notifying to the WTO the laws in force and the measures

taken.

The WTO has 161 members since 26 of April of 2015.

Some of these members are:

-Australia -UnitedKingdom

-Brazil -France

-Colombia -Panama

-China -Venezuela

-U.S -etc...

The goal of the WTO are:

1. Raise standards of living, ensuring full employment and an increase of the revenue of the

countries.

2. Make positive efforts for developing countries

3. The reduction of the customs tariff and the other trade obstacles.

USTOMS REGULATIONS

The Directorate of National Taxes and Customs - DIAN, is responsible for enforcing observance of the customs and rules regarding the entry and exit of goods from the national territory; by failing to comply with these guidelines, some exporters and importers have to bear legal consequences and situations that can be quite harmful. Therefore, the Office of Foreign Trade University ICESI - Icecomex wants to inform employers about this issue. What are the consequences of failure to comply with customs rules? The consequences of failure to comply with customs rules are: apprehension, seizure and neglect, such measures are taken by the Tax and Customs in different cases and situations. According to the decree 2685 of 1999 what it is called apprehension? According to Article 1 of Decree 2685, it is called apprehension precaution measure consisting of the detention of goods by the customs authority. What are the grounds for apprehension?

The grounds for arrest are contained in Article 502 of Decree 2685 of 1999, the main are: the import regime: When you hide or not presented to the customs authority that goods have arrived at the national, except customs territory where goods are covered with documents destined for other ports. When the entry of goods is made by places not authorized by DIAN, unless the legitimate forced arrival is set in Article 1541 of the Commercial Code refers to. When the goods not be covered in a Form Submission, Bill Nationalization or import declaration or does not correspond with the stated description, or an amount greater than that indicated in the import declaration are, or incurred in errors or omissions in your description. Change the destination of goods placed in a position restricted to places, people or purposes other than those authorized. Sell without authorization from Customs, when this is required, goods brought in the form of import duty. In the export procedure: ·

transporting goods destined for export than those authorized by the Tax and Customs routes. Mobilize coffee without the current Transit Guide or places other than those authorized in the same.

C

In transit: When load is in excess of the covered in the transport document in the identification parade or inspection. Not deliver the goods subject to customs transit system to the tank or the Free Zone. When the reservoir find excess goods at the time of loading conveyor. What is the act of apprehension? The minute of apprehension is a preparatory act by which the customs authority starts the process to define the legal status of the goods. This record contains: date and place of the arrest, grounds for arrest, identification of means of transport on which the goods are mobilized (when this any place), identification and address of persons involved in the diligence, plus a detailed description of the goods permitting individualize and identify; all information contained in Article 504 of Decree 2685 of 1999 and particularly the objections concerned the relationship of the evidence by the administration or provided by the applicant during the hearing warrants were included. What to do in case of arrest? In case of seizure of the goods the applicant must establish the legal introduction or stay the same in the national customs territory or disprove the causal generated apprehension. To this end it shall submit the document object to the apprehension of within ten days of notification of the act of aprehensión.

What is the objection to document the arrest? The document objection to the apprehension is an instrument of defense of employers ensuring defense and due process who allegedly committed a customs offense. This document will be presented to the customs authority the objections of the person in charge of the goods with respect to the apprehension, attaching the evidence to establish the legal introduction or permanence of the merchandise into the

national customs territory.

What are the requirements documents must meet the

objection of apprehension? The requirements are filed within the legal term, personally and in writing by the applicant or his representative or attorney duly constituted; and underpinned with concrete expression of the reasons for disagreement with the act of apprehension, relate and apply the evidence intended to enforce, state the name and address of the person who objects to the minutes of apprehension and his attorney to effect notifications which by the right holder or responsible for the seized goods, or his agent or legal representative firm, as the case and that the document object to the apprehension may be submitted by the holder of rights or responsible for the goods, without counsel.