Surveillance and Control Surveillance and Control Procedures for West Nile Virus Procedures for West Nile Virus Vectors Near Naval Installations Vectors Near Naval Installations

in the Eastern United Statesin the Eastern United States

CDR K.J. SteinCDR K.J. Stein && CDR D.M. ClabornCDR D.M. Claborn steinkj@earthlink.netsteinkj@earthlink.net

DVECC JAXDVECC JAX

Jacksonville, FLJacksonville, FL

February 10, 2004February 10, 2004

ObjectivesObjectives

1.1. Develop local WNV surveillance and Develop local WNV surveillance and control that mirrors regional programscontrol that mirrors regional programs

2.2. To incorporate survey data into NDVECC To incorporate survey data into NDVECC JAX surveillance and control planJAX surveillance and control plan

3.3. To extend our knowledge with regard to To extend our knowledge with regard to mosquito IPM/abatement programsmosquito IPM/abatement programs

Navy Installations in NDVECC JAX AOR

1. NAS Jacksonville, FL2. NAVSTA Mayport, FL3. NAS New Orleans, LA4. NSA New Orleans, LA5. NCBC Gulfport, LA6. NAS Meridian, MS7. NAVSTA Pascagoula, MS8. MCAS Cherry Point, NC9. MCB Camp Lejeune, NC10. NSY Portsmouth, NH11. AEGIS CSEDS Moorestown, NJ12. NAWC Lakehurst, NJ13. NAS Willow Grove, PA14. NAVSSES Philadelphia, PA15. NSA Mechanicsburg, PA16. NSF Philadelphia, PA17. NAVSTA Newport, RI18. NETC Newport, RI19. NSA MIDSOUTH Memphis, TN20. AMPHIB Little Creek, VA21. FCTCLANT Dam Neck, VA22. NAS Oceana, VA23. NAVBASE Norfolk, VA24. NH Portsmouth, VA25. NSGA NWEST Chesapeake, VA26. NSY Portsmouth, VA27. NWS Yorktown, Norfolk, VA

Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and MidwestNortheast, Mid-Atlantic, and Midwest

Mid-Atlantic, South, and SoutheastMid-Atlantic, South, and Southeast

Survey—Response PlansSurvey—Response Plans

44% exceeded response plan criteria44% exceeded response plan criteria 40% matched response plan criteria40% matched response plan criteria 8% followed CDC guidance8% followed CDC guidance One state did not have a response planOne state did not have a response plan One state contracted its response planOne state contracted its response plan

Survey—Adult SurveillanceSurvey—Adult Surveillance

68-76% - CDC miniatures baited w/CO68-76% - CDC miniatures baited w/CO2 and and CDC gravid trapsCDC gravid traps

44% - New Jersey traps44% - New Jersey traps 32% - Fay-Prince traps32% - Fay-Prince traps 8% - EVS8% - EVS 4% - Mosquito Magnet4% - Mosquito Magnet

Survey—Adult Decision-MakingSurvey—Adult Decision-Making

52% landing rates or trap thresholds, or both52% landing rates or trap thresholds, or both 24% positive pools24% positive pools 12% did not use positive pools12% did not use positive pools 12% did not survey12% did not survey

Survey—Larval ThresholdsSurvey—Larval Thresholds

24% - larval data--no uniformity among24% - larval data--no uniformity among thresholds thresholds

16% - larval presence16% - larval presence 44% - historical databases and abiotic44% - historical databases and abiotic

variables variables 12% - no larval surveillance12% - no larval surveillance

Survey—Decision-MakingSurvey—Decision-Making

92% - dead bird data in their programs92% - dead bird data in their programs 8% - discontinued mosquito testing rely on8% - discontinued mosquito testing rely on

dead birds dead birds 72% - nuisance complaints72% - nuisance complaints 28% - sentinel chickens, some discontinued28% - sentinel chickens, some discontinued 64% - human serosurvey data64% - human serosurvey data 36% - discontinued human serosurveys36% - discontinued human serosurveys

Survey—Adult ControlSurvey—Adult Control

11 permethrin11 permethrin 9 sumithrin9 sumithrin 6 resmethrin6 resmethrin 5 malathion5 malathion 5 naled5 naled 3 pyrethrin3 pyrethrin 1 fenthion1 fenthion 4 no insecticide use4 no insecticide use

Adulticides (%)Adulticides (%)

permethrin26%

sumithrin20%

resmethrin14%

malathion11%

naled11%

pyrethrin7%

fenthion2%

none9%

Survey Highlights— Larval ControlSurvey Highlights— Larval Control

BTIBTI and methoprene - 20 and 13, and methoprene - 20 and 13,respectively (granules and dunks)respectively (granules and dunks)

B. sphaericusB. sphaericus - 9 - 9 Temephos - 4Temephos - 4 Oils - 7Oils - 7 Monomolecular films - 3Monomolecular films - 3 Gambusia - 2Gambusia - 2 No larval control but source reduction - 2 No larval control but source reduction - 2

Larvicides (%)Larvicides (%)

BTI35%

Methoprene22%

B. sphaericus16%

Temephos7%

Oils12%

Momomolecular films5%

Gambusia3%

Survey Highlights— ManagementSurvey Highlights— Management

60% - GIS for mapping birds, mosquito 60% - GIS for mapping birds, mosquito traps, and directing aerial spray programstraps, and directing aerial spray programs

32% - did not use GIS32% - did not use GIS 8% - recently acquired GIS8% - recently acquired GIS

Survey Highlights— ManagementSurvey Highlights— Management

84% conducted source reduction: 84% conducted source reduction: ditching, dredging, removing standing water, channelizing swamps, and shredding of used tires

88% relied on public awareness campaigns: 88% relied on public awareness campaigns: community meetings, press releases, radio and TV public service announcements, brochures, and LISTSERVS

8% complained of environmental regulations that 8% complained of environmental regulations that interfered with mosquito managementinterfered with mosquito management

Survey Highlights— ManagementSurvey Highlights— Management

1 - Public awareness was major part of1 - Public awareness was major part of IPM IPM

1 - Did not use public awareness1 - Did not use public awareness 1 - NJ light traps to homeowners1 - NJ light traps to homeowners 1 - 1 - GambusiaGambusia to stock in ponds to stock in ponds

Survey—MosquitoesSurvey—MosquitoesMosquito species n %

Aedes vexans (Meigen) 16 64%

Ochlerotatus sollicitans (Walker) 14 56%

Aedes albopictus (Skuse) 13 52%

Culex pipiens L. 13 52%

Culex restuans Theobald 9 36%

Ochlerotatus taeniorhyncus (Say) 7 28%

Culex salinarius Coquillet 6 24%

Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say) 5 20%

Culex quinquefasciatus Say 4 16%

Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say 3 12%

Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) 3 12%

Ochlerotatus cantator (Coquillet) 3 12%

Culiseta melanura (Coquillet) 2 8%

Ochlerotatus canadensis (Theobald) 2 8%

Ochlerotatus trivitattus (Coquillet) 2 8%

Psorophora columbiae (Dyar & Knab) 2 8%

Culex erraticus (Dyar & Knab) 1 4%

Culex nigripalpus Theobald 1 4%

Ochlerotatus atlanticus Dyar & Knab 1 4%

Ochlerotatus infirmatus Dyar & Knab 1 4%

Ochlerotatus japonicus (Theobald) 1 4%

ConclusionConclusion

More resources directed towards adults than More resources directed towards adults than larvaelarvae

Three respondents dropping mosquito surveillance Three respondents dropping mosquito surveillance and relying on dead birdsand relying on dead birds

Dead birds and human serology dataDead birds and human serology data Adults - synthetic pyrethroids replacing Adults - synthetic pyrethroids replacing

organophosphatesorganophosphates Larvae - microbials and IGRs most popularLarvae - microbials and IGRs most popular

ConclusionConclusion

If WNV is a surrogate for other emerging diseases, If WNV is a surrogate for other emerging diseases, we must ensure that current efforts are effective,we must ensure that current efforts are effective,

Conserve techniques that have worked in the pastConserve techniques that have worked in the past Additional studies that involve feedback and focus Additional studies that involve feedback and focus

on the quantitative aspects of mosquito on the quantitative aspects of mosquito surveillance and control through timesurveillance and control through time