CCS Civil War

7/29/2019 CCS Civil War

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Civil War CCS10/11/2012Dutton-5Venkat Muthukumar, Horacio Gatian, Imran Murtuza

VS.


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Causes:1. Sectionalism: Sectionalism refers to the different types of economies,

customs, and social structures between the Confederate states and the

Union. The Union had a more industrialized economy, it was mainly an urban

area, and slavery was no longer practiced as a main source of production. The

Confederate states were mainly a rural area, where slavery was still used

and the Confederate states were not as industrialized as the Union.

2. Mexican Cession: The Mexican Cession is the territory won by the UnitedStates from Mexico in the Mexican-American War. The territory included

California, New Mexico, and Texas. The Mexican Cession represents the

available space that could become available for slave owners to cultivate

their appropriate crops. The Union argued that the new territory should get

to decide for itself on whether they would allow slavery.

3. State Rights: The debate over which powers rightly belonged to theFederal government or the States became a problem when the Confederate

states argued that slavery was property and that they should be able to

take it anywhere in the country. the problem began when southerners

needed to move somewhere else for any given reason, and if the state was afreed state, that would mean that the slave was now a free men. This

angered the Confederate states and gave them yet another reason to fight.

4. Slavery: Slavery is known to be the major cause of the American Civil War.The Confederate states were fighting to retain the power to own slaves, and

in order for them to do so, they must become independent. The Union had

said that slavery was no longer allowed in the United States and so the Union

fought to end the Confederate rebellion and end slavery in the United

States.5. Election of Abraham Lincoln: The election of Abraham Lincoln in the

elections of 1860 was the moment when the confederate states decided to

secede from the Union. Even though Lincoln never intended to start a war,

he had previously made a speech were he stated that he did not want slavery


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to expand. And so if Lincoln was to become President, the Confederates felt

as if they only had one option, to secede.

6. Abolitionist Movements: The Abolitionist Movements were becoming moreinfluential in the United States around the 1830s but mainly in the Northern

states. One of the major abolitionist authors was Harriet Stowe, and her

famous novel Uncle Toms Cabin. This was a very useful tool of abolitionist

because the readers reacted with horror and anger towards the slave

owners.

7. Confederate Goals: The Confederate forces were fighting to retain itspower to hold slaves as property. They were also fighting to become

independent because they disagreed with the decisions that President

Lincoln would make. The Confederate were just trying to retain their way of

life and maintain their slaves.

8. Union Goals: The Union forces were not fighting to end slavery; they werefighting to reunite the United States of America. The Union viewed the

Confederates decision of secession as betrayal in form of a rebellion and

the Union then set out to end the rebellion.

9. Lincolns policy: In Lincolns inaugural speech, he stated that under theConstitution the act of secession is illegal. Lincoln had no intention to invade

the Confederate states, Lincoln wanted a peaceful solution. He also never

intended to abolish slavery, but to maintain it and stop it from expanding

into new territories.

10. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 waspassed in September 18, 1850 by the United States Congress. This was part

of the Compromise of 1850 and one of the most controversial acts. Under

the act, all runaway slaves captured would be returned their respective

masters. This act increased the efforts of abolitionist against slavery, and

also increased the activity of the Underground Railroad.


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Characteristics:

1. In January of 1861 the south seceded from the union, because AbrahamLincoln, a clear opponent of slavery, was elected as president. Soon the 11

states that seceded formed the Confederate States of America.

2. In April 1861 president Lincoln wanted to send supplies to Fort Sumter, butSouth Carolina ordered Robert Anderson to surrender when he got there.

He refused initially and on April 12 the Civil War began with shots fired on

the fort. Fort Sumpter was eventually surrendered to South Carolina.

3. In July 1861 the main general Winfield Scott chose to advance on the southbefore the troops were ready. Initially the attack on Manassas was

successful, but when the Confederate reinforcements came the troops wereforced to retreat back to washington. This was the first battle of Bull Run.

4. Also in July 1861 the Union formed a blockade on the coast of confederateborders, and it had made a significant difference. However the South

retaliated by constructing smaller vessels that were able to outmaneuver

Union vessels.

5. In the early months of 1862 Abraham Lincoln issued a full blown out warorder that allowed the Union to launch aggressive actions against the

Confederacy, but General McClellan ignored this order, which ended up

costing him supreme command. Instead he was given command of the Armyof Potomac.

6. In April 1862 at the Battle of Shiloh also known as the landing of Pittsburgh,the Confederate forces attacked Union forces under the command of

Ulysses S. Grant. The troops were almost defeated, but when

reinforcements arrived the Union troops dominated the battlefield forcing

the Confederate forces to retreat. However the casualties on both sides

were massive.

7. Also in April 1862 General McClellan led his troops out from NorthernVirginia and began the Peninsular Campaign.His troops occupied Yorktown,but at Williamsburg the Confederate forces prevented McClellan from

meeting the central part of the Confederate Army, so instead he waited for

reinforcements.

8. In May 1862 the Confederate General Thomas Stonewall Jackson assailedUnion forces causing them to retreat across the Potomac, which resulted in

the Union forces rushing to protect Washington D.C.


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9. On May 31, 1862 the Confederate army attacked the federal forces atSeven Pines, and coming very close to defeating them, but Union

reinforcements saved them. Also due to the Confederate Commanders ill

situation after the battle, Robert E. Lee became the Commander of the

Army of North Virginia.10.In July 1862 there was a seven days battle(June 26-July 2) in which theConfederate and Union forces fought a series of battles: Mechanicsville,

Gaines Mill, Savages Station, Fraysers Farm, and Malvern Hill. After these

battles the COnfederates were forced to withdraw to Richmond, which

ended the Peninsular Campaign,

11.In September 1862, the Battle of Sharpsburg also known as Antietamoccurred. This was the most bloody battle of the war, and there was no clear

winner, but since General Lee withdrew to Virginia, McClellan was considered

victorious. This battle gave Lincoln the opportunity to give his preliminaryEmancipation Proclamation which essentially would free all slaves.

12.At the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862 marked the turmoil ofdeciding the major general, because McClellans slow movement of forces

coupled with General Lees escape and confederate raidings, cost McClellan

his role, however the man who replaced him, Ambrose Burnside was of little

help marked by his numerous losses against the Confederate forces at

Fredericksburg; consequently Burnside was replaced by General Joseph

Hooker.

13.In the early months of 1863 Abraham Lincoln gave the EmancipationProclamation saying that all slaves were free, and later on passed the

Conscription Act which made all men between the ages of 20-45 liable to be

called for military service. However there was a loophole in that you could

pay yourself out of military service which was viewed as unjust to the poorer

citizens.

14.In May 1863 at the Battle of Chancellorsville General Hooker attackedGeneral Lees army, however General Lee surprised the Union army by

splitting his forces and attacking the Union forces in three places causing an

almost complete defeat. The Union army withdrew across the Rappahannock

river.15.In the Vicksburg Campaign in May 1863, General Grant won several battles

around Vicksburg, essentially seizing the city, causing the Confederate

General, John Pemberton to surrender. This resulted in the Confederacy to

be split in two, because the Union had control of the Mississippi river.


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16.From June to July of 1863 the Gettysburg Campaign occurred. It was whenGeneral Lee defeated Union troops at Winchester, Virginia and continued up

north forcing General Hooker to follow him, and eventually resigned. He was

replaced by General Meade. On July 1, there was a major encounter between

the Confederate and Union forces at Gettysburg. General Meade and histroops won, but General Lee was able to retreat back to Virginia. The Battle

of Gettysburg is known as the high water mark of the Confederacy, because

they had lost all chances of foreign aid and recognition. Also President

Lincoln dedicated a portion of the battlefield as a national cemetery, and

gave the Gettysburg Address.

17.From September to December of 1863 at the battles of Chickamauga andChattanooga the Confederate army maintained control of the battlefield,

but the Union forces eradicated Confederate troops from Chattanooga. Also

General Burnside was successfully able to defend Knoxville formConfederate troops.

18.In May 1864 met and fought in the wilderness for three days in whichGeneral Lee inflicted the most damage and would have won if he had

replacements like the newly promoted general Grant had.

19.From May 1864 to the June of 1864, General Grant relentlessly attackedGeneral Lee at the Spotsylvania Courthouse and at Cold Harbor. Despite

winning at Cold Harbor General Lees army never truly recovered from

General Grants continuous attacks, and this was the last victory of the war

for General Lee. Also General Grant tried to siege Petersburg but epically

failed and caused a 10 month siege and the loss of thousands of lives.

20.In August and November of 1864 Union General Sherman defeated bothGeneral Johnston and the man who replaced Johnston, General Hood.

General Sherman continued onto to the sea through Georgia.

21.Over the course of November and December 1864, the Union Army capturedFort Monroe by force, Fort McAllister by storming it, and completely

repulsed General Hood in the most complete victory of the war.

22.In January and February of 1865 the South as a shortage of food andsupplies due to effective blockades, which allowed for General Sherman to

just obliterate anything in his path from Georgia though South Carolina. YetConfederate President Davis wanted to hold a peace conference with

Lincoln, but demanded Southern Independence which was swiftly rejected

by Lincoln. So the conference never occurred.

23. On March 25, 1865 General Lee attacked General Grants forced but failedand evacuated the confederate capital Richmond, Virginia.


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24.Finally on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Courthouse andLees ment were sent home. However on April 14, Lincoln was assassinated by

John Wilkes Boothe, who was later shot by a union soldier, and by the end of

April and May the remaining confederate troops were defeated, along with

Davis being captured in Georgia, thus completely ending the war.


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Significances:1. Changes in South: After the north won the war produced about 1.03 million

casualties. The war destroyed most of the wealth that was in the south. The

income per person dropped less than 40% than the North. Southern

influence in the US federal government, previously considerable, was greatly

diminished until the latter half of the 20th century

2. Reconstruction Era: This was the era right after the civil war and is thetransformation of the southern states. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew

Johnson were presidents at the time. Republicans try to block the moderate

approach, impose harsh terms, and upgrade the rights of the Freedmen. The

south set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy.

3. Thirteenth Amendment: This amendment officially outlawed slavery andinvoluntary servitude. It was the first of the three reconstruction

Amendments that were made after the Civil war. Lincoln thought that the

emancipation proclamation was seen as temporary. It didnt make the slaves

free in the southern states, this amendment made it official.

4. Reconstruction Amendments: These are the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendmentsof the US constitution. It was during the reconstruction era (1865-1870),

five years after the Civil war. It is also referred to as civil war amendments.

The thirteenth amendment abolished slaver, the fourteenth gave equal

protection to everyone under the law and the fifteenth Amendment grantedvoting rights to any race or color.

5. Emancipation Proclamation: An order issued to the executive agencies ofthe US by President Abraham Lincoln. It said that all slaves in confederate

territory to be free forever. This did not outlaw slavery and didnt make the

freedmen citizens.

6. Assassination of Abraham Lincoln: President Abraham Lincoln wasassassinated in Fords Theater. He was the first president to ever be

assassinated in US. He was killed by John Wilkes Booth. There was a big

conspiracy in to revive the confederacy.7. Jim Crow Laws: Local laws in the US that mandated the segregation in

public. It was separate but equal society.The separation led to conditions

that tended to be inferior to those provided for whites systematizing a

number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. Northern

segregation was generally with patterns of segregation in housing enforced

by covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination, including


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discriminatory union practices for decades. It was applied more in the

Southern States.

8. Black Codes: These laws were in effect after the civil war and limited thehuman right and civil liberties of blacks. The Black Codes is used most often

to refer to legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the CivilWar. It was to control the labor, migration and other activities of newly-

freed slaves.

9. Radical Republicans: American politicians part of the Republican Party from1854 to the end of Reconstruction in 1877. These people were opposed

during the war by moderates and conservative faction by Abraham Lincoln.

They strongly opposed slavery during the war and after the war. They

demanded harsh policies for the former rebels, and emphasizing civil rights

and voting rights for Freedmen.

10.

Cotton Trade Decline: Cotton had been shipped all over the worldbefore the war started. During the war, the North had blockaded the South.

The South had not been able to get much cotton out past the blockade.

Countries that had bought cotton from the South were now buying it from

other countries.

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