TRANSFER PRICING IN INDIA MADHUKAR DODRAJKA [email protected].
CCNA CHAPTER 7 BY jetarvind kumar madhukar
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Transcript of CCNA CHAPTER 7 BY jetarvind kumar madhukar
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Chapter Objectives
Explain IGRP Explain EIGRP Explain OSPF
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Recall - I The different metrics used by the routing protocols
include: Hops Bandwidth Load cost Reliability
Interior routing protocols include: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Recall - II Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
(EIGRP) Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS –
IS) The different RIP timers include:
Route update timer Route invalid timer Holddown timer Route Flush timer
Routing tables can be defined as the database that contains the routing information of the network
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
IGRP is a distance-vector routing protocol The characteristics if IGRP include:
Uses composite metric Supports unequal-cost load balancing Supports multipath routing Supports holddowns Supports split horizons
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Verifying IGRP
Commands to verify IGRP configurations include: show ip route show protocols show ip protocols debug ip rip debug ip igrp events debug ip igrp transactions
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Debugging IGRP
The debugging command displays the routing information and the updates sent and received on the router
Commands for debugging IGRP include: debug ip igrp events debug ip igrp transactions
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocols (EIGRP)
EIGRP saves all the routes connected to the neighboring routers
EIGRP has the qualities of both distance-vector and link state protocols
EIGRP is an ideal protocol in the large networks
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Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
DUAL helps the router to determine the best route to the destination using the hop count, bandwidth and other factors as metrics
It sends query packets to the neighboring routers to determine the best path to reach the destination network
When a router receives a reply, DUAL calculates the successor (main route) and the feasible successor (backup route)
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Route Discovery and Maintenance
For discovering the routes, the tables used by EIGRP include: Neighbor table Topology table Route table Successors Feasible successors
Unlike the other protocols, EIGRP uses four metrics, bandwidth, delay, load and reliability to determine the best path to transmit the packets
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Verifying EIGRP
Commands to verify EIGRP configurations include: show ip route show ip route eigrp show ip eigrp neighbors show ip eigrp topology
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Border Gateway Protocol
BGP is an Exterior Gateway Protocol used to exchange the routing information between two or more Autonomous Systems (AS)
It uses cost as its metrics The hosts that use BGP as their routing protocol,
exchange information with the help of TCP/IP It uses the method of Classless Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR)
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Link State Routing Protocols
In Link-state routing, the routers while communicating share the status of the links on the network
The protocols send Link State Advertisement (LSA) that contains routing information and details of the router that sent the information
The destination router stores the LSAs in a local database
When a change occurs in the database, the router runs the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
OSPF uses the link-state concept and sends Link State Advertisements (LSAs) to all the connected routers
Entities of the OSPF hierarchy include: Autonomous System (AS) Areas Backbone Area
Area Border Routers (ABRs) Stub Area Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBRs)
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Case Study
The Hyderabad branch of the Blue Diamond Steel Company has 15 routers connected in the network. The network uses RIP to route the packets between the departments. Now the company has decided to add a team of 20 Software Engineers to design the new steel plants. The network administrator has decided to place the engineers on a different network. This requires the 16th router to be placed in the network.
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Problem
The other departments cannot exchange the data with the software engineers
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Solution
The network administrator decided to use OSPF, which uses bandwidth as its metric to route the
packets and can be used to connect large networks
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS – IS)
IS – IS is a link state routing protocol used to carry IP network information
The routing in IS – IS is carried out in two levels: Level 1 comprises of the routers connected in an
area Level 2 comprises of routers connected to the
routers in multiple areas
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Verifying OSPF
Commands to verify EIGRP configurations include: show ip route show ip ospf show ip ospf database show ip ospf interface show ip protocols
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Summary - I
IGRP is a distant-vector routing protocol, which implies that each router sends all or a part of its routing table in a routing message update
The characteristics of IGRP are: Uses composite metric Supports unequal-cost load balancing Supports multipath routing Supports multipath routing Supports holdown Supports split horizons
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Summary - II
The characteristics of EIGRP are: Fast convergence Link-state protocol Less network overhead Interoperation with IGRP Supports three routed protocols Six path load-balancing
The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol, used to handle routing for Internet Protocol (IP) traffic
Release 16/07/2009 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.
Summary - III
The OSPF protocol is designed on the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm, which enables to determine the shortest route to each destination
OSPF provides the following advantages: Open protocol Loop free topology Scalable Hierarchical design Provides multicasting
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Summary - IV
The OSPF maintains a two-layer hierarchy consisting of: Backbone area Off backbone
The advantage of dividing OSPF into areas are as follows: Conserves router resources Concealing information Dealing with external routes