Cause-Effect Cause-Effect Relationships Relationships

ConjunctionsConjunctions The most important causal conjunctions are The most important causal conjunctions are

becausebecause, , asas, , sincesince, and , and soso. . These are used to join two complete sentences These are used to join two complete sentences

(or independent clauses) together. (or independent clauses) together. BecauseBecause, , asas, and , and sincesince introduce a introduce a cause.cause. SoSo introduces an introduces an effecteffect. .

They are often used like this: They are often used like this: First sentenceFirst sentence conjunctionconjunction second sentence. second sentence. 1.1. I stayed at home I stayed at home becausebecause it was raining. it was raining.2.2. It was rainingIt was raining, so, so I stayed at home. (use a I stayed at home. (use a

comma before so)comma before so) You can also reverse the order of the sentences You can also reverse the order of the sentences

with with because, as, and sincebecause, as, and since: : BecauseBecause it was raining, I stayed at home. it was raining, I stayed at home. Note that this is Note that this is notnot possible with so. possible with so.

TransitionsTransitions Therefore, consequently, and as a result. Therefore, consequently, and as a result. All of these introduce an All of these introduce an effect. effect. These are used to join two complete sentences (or These are used to join two complete sentences (or

independent clauses) together. independent clauses) together. They are often used like this: They are often used like this: First sentenceFirst sentence; transition,; transition, second sentence.second sentence. First sentence.First sentence. Transition,Transition, second sentence. second sentence. 1.1. It was rainingIt was raining; therefore,; therefore, I stayed at home. I stayed at home.2.2. It was raining. It was raining. Consequently,Consequently, I stayed at home. I stayed at home.

PracticePractice

Connect the ideas below by using the appropriate Connect the ideas below by using the appropriate causal transitions and punctuation: causal transitions and punctuation:

1.1. My computer froze/ I had to restart it.My computer froze/ I had to restart it.2.2. I couldn't get it to start again / the battery was dead.I couldn't get it to start again / the battery was dead.3.3. I had left it on all day /   the battery died. I had left it on all day /   the battery died. 4.4. I want to apply for a job/ I had to rewrite my resume.I want to apply for a job/ I had to rewrite my resume.5.5. Cell phones have come down so much in price/ everyone Cell phones have come down so much in price/ everyone

seems to have a one. seems to have a one. 6.6. Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia / he needed to take Yousef went back to Saudi Arabia / he needed to take

care of some business in his company. care of some business in his company. 7.7. People choose Apple computers / their ease of use. People choose Apple computers / their ease of use.

Put a C (cause) and an E (effect) on the back of each for the Put a C (cause) and an E (effect) on the back of each for the answer then join between the two sentences:answer then join between the two sentences:

1.1. I had a hole in my pocket/ I lost my money.I had a hole in my pocket/ I lost my money.

2.2. I got a haircut/ my hair grew longI got a haircut/ my hair grew long

3.3. I studied real hard/ I got a good grade.I studied real hard/ I got a good grade.

4.4. The phone rang / I picked up the receiver and said "hello". The phone rang / I picked up the receiver and said "hello".