ConnectorsConnectors

I-Subordinating conjunctionsI-Subordinating conjunctions

II-Coordinating conjunctionsII-Coordinating conjunctions

III-TransitionsIII-Transitions

Subordinating Subordinating conjunctions:conjunctions: Adjective clauses: Adjective clauses: who, whom, which, that, whose, who, whom, which, that, whose,

when, wherewhen, where

Adverb clauses:Adverb clauses: time: before, after, as soon as, since, until, while, whenevertime: before, after, as soon as, since, until, while, whenever

reason: as, because, sincereason: as, because, since

condition: as if, even if, if, unlesscondition: as if, even if, if, unless

contrast: although, even though, despite the fact that, whereascontrast: although, even though, despite the fact that, whereas

purpose: in order that, so thatpurpose: in order that, so that

manner: as if, as thoughmanner: as if, as though

A complex sentenceA complex sentence adds a adds a subordinate clause to a simple subordinate clause to a simple

sentence. The subordinate sentence. The subordinate clause is called a dependent clause is called a dependent

clause while the simple clause while the simple sentence is called the sentence is called the independent clause.independent clause.

Use Use subordinating subordinating conjunctionsconjunctions::

Robert wanted to study at Harvard.Robert wanted to study at Harvard.His parents preferred Yale.His parents preferred Yale.

We ate a large lunch.We ate a large lunch.We had skipped breakfast.We had skipped breakfast.

Computers are an important part of Computers are an important part of many people’s lives.many people’s lives.Some people in the world have never Some people in the world have never seen one.seen one.

Coordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctions

ForFor: : reason, means becausereason, means because

And: And: connects 2 sentences with similar ideas (positive/ connects 2 sentences with similar ideas (positive/ negative)negative)

NorNor: : connects 2 negative sentences with inverted word orderconnects 2 negative sentences with inverted word order

But:But: connects 2 sentences with contrasting or opposite ideas connects 2 sentences with contrasting or opposite ideas

Or: Or: connects 2 sentences that express alternatives or choicesconnects 2 sentences that express alternatives or choices

Yet:Yet:surprisesurprise

so: so: connects a reason and a resultconnects a reason and a result

Coordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctions

Join two main clauses. They Join two main clauses. They come between the clauses come between the clauses

and are preceded by a and are preceded by a commacomma

A compound sentenceA compound sentence is made is made up of two or more simple up of two or more simple

sentences joined by a comma sentences joined by a comma and a coordinating word or by and a coordinating word or by

a semicolon. a semicolon.

AdditionAddition: My father loves kitchen gadgets, : My father loves kitchen gadgets, andand he buys a new he buys a new one every week.one every week.

ContrastContrast: A few of the gadgets are useful, : A few of the gadgets are useful, butbut most of them most of them just take up space.just take up space.

ResultResult: We ran out of space for them in the kitchen, : We ran out of space for them in the kitchen, soso he he started to store them in the living room.started to store them in the living room.

ChoiceChoice: My mother asked my father to please stop buying : My mother asked my father to please stop buying gadgets, gadgets, oror she would throw them out. she would throw them out.

SurpriseSurprise: Of course, Dad came home the next week with three : Of course, Dad came home the next week with three new ones, new ones, yetyet Mom wasn’t upset. Mom wasn’t upset.

ReasonReason:Maybe she realized that buying little gadgets is :Maybe she realized that buying little gadgets is harmless, harmless, for for none of them cost a lot of money.none of them cost a lot of money.

AdditionAddition (negative): After all, he doesn’t buy sports cars, (negative): After all, he doesn’t buy sports cars, nornor does he bring home a new yacht every week.does he bring home a new yacht every week.

Japanese food is delicious to Japanese food is delicious to eat, and ___________________.eat, and ___________________.

Do you prefer living alone, orDo you prefer living alone, or ___________________________.___________________________.

Paired coordinating Paired coordinating conjunctionsconjunctions

Both … and - Both … and - additionaddition

Not only… but (also) - Not only… but (also) - additionaddition

Either … or – Either … or – positive choicespositive choices

Neither … nor – Neither … nor – negative choicesnegative choices

Content connected by Content connected by coordinating conjunctionscoordinating conjunctions

must be parallel. They must must be parallel. They must belong to the same belong to the same

grammatical category. (e.g. grammatical category. (e.g. adjective, adverb, noun adjective, adverb, noun

phrase, verb phrase, phrase, verb phrase, infinitive or gerund phrase).infinitive or gerund phrase).

The Italian film The Italian film Life Is BeautifulLife Is Beautiful made me made me bothboth laugh laugh andand cry. cry. It contained It contained not onlynot only comic comic butbut alsoalso tragic scenes. tragic scenes.

EitherEither my father my father oror my mother my mother will meet me at the airport.will meet me at the airport. NeitherNeither my father my father nornor my my mother will meet me at the mother will meet me at the airport.airport.

I don’t like country western I don’t like country western music, nor …music, nor …Interest rates continued to rise, Interest rates continued to rise, yet…yet…The children were hungry, The children were hungry, but…but…We decided to go shopping, We decided to go shopping, for…for…The hurricane was The hurricane was approaching, so…approaching, so…

Use appropriate conjunctionsUse appropriate conjunctions::

The skier broke his leg.The skier broke his leg.He couldn’t compete in the Olympics.He couldn’t compete in the Olympics.

Butter is very expensive. Butter is very expensive. Most people buy margarine.Most people buy margarine.

Taking the bus is cheaper than driving.Taking the bus is cheaper than driving.It conserves energy.It conserves energy.

Robert is a lazy student.Robert is a lazy student.He misses a lot of classes.He misses a lot of classes.

Use Use paired coordinating paired coordinating conjunctions:conjunctions:SSay something constructive.ay something constructive.Don’t say anything at all (either …or)Don’t say anything at all (either …or)

Americans pay income tax.Americans pay income tax.They are charged high sales taxes in They are charged high sales taxes in some states. (not only…, but also)some states. (not only…, but also)

He didn’t ask for permission.He didn’t ask for permission.He didn’t give me an explanation of his He didn’t give me an explanation of his action. (neither…,nor)action. (neither…,nor)

Using …Too or SoUsing …Too or So

Subject + auxiliary + tooSubject + auxiliary + tooI I cancan dance the Tango, and dance the Tango, and my my

husbandhusband can toocan too

So + auxiliary + subjectSo + auxiliary + subject I I cancan dance the Tango, and dance the Tango, and so so

cancan my husbandmy husband..

Using… Not either or NeitherUsing… Not either or Neither

Subject + modal + not + eitherSubject + modal + not + eitherThe teacher isn’t here, and The teacher isn’t here, and the the

students aren’t either.students aren’t either.

Neither + modal + subject Neither + modal + subject The teacher isn’t here, and The teacher isn’t here, and neither are the students.neither are the students.

(not either)(not either) - - I don’t have my book.I don’t have my book.Claudia doesn’t have her book.Claudia doesn’t have her book.

(too)(too) - John has been to South America.- John has been to South America.Karen has been to South America.Karen has been to South America.

(so )(so ) - My nephew lost his passport.- My nephew lost his passport.My sister lost her passport.My sister lost her passport.

(Neither)(Neither) - You haven’t done your - You haven’t done your homework.homework.

I haven’t done my homeworkI haven’t done my homework..

TransitionsTransitions

A A transitiontransition word can be used word can be used with a semicolon to make with a semicolon to make clearer the relationship clearer the relationship

between the two sentences.between the two sentences.

TransitionsTransitions ResultResult: : as a result, consequently, therefore, thusas a result, consequently, therefore, thus

ContrastContrast : however, on the other hand, : however, on the other hand, nonetheless, neverthelessnonetheless, nevertheless

TimeTime: before that, after that, meanwhile, : before that, after that, meanwhile, afterward, firstafterward, first

AdditionAddition: moreover, furthermore, in addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition

ConditionCondition: otherwise: otherwise

ExemplificationExemplification: for example, for instance: for example, for instance

You must use a semicolon You must use a semicolon (;)before and a comma (,) after (;)before and a comma (,) after

the transition word to join it the transition word to join it and its clause to another and its clause to another

independent clause.independent clause.His first class begins at 8 AM;His first class begins at 8 AM; thereforetherefore,, he leaves home at he leaves home at 7:30 AM to get there on time.7:30 AM to get there on time.

Use transitionsUse transitions

People should exercise regularly.People should exercise regularly.They will get out of shape.They will get out of shape.

I would like to take an English I would like to take an English literature course. literature course. I haven’t had the prerequisites yet.I haven’t had the prerequisites yet.

Working part time gives you more free Working part time gives you more free time.time.

You don’t earn as much money asYou don’t earn as much money as full full time workers do.time workers do.

The end!The end!