Case Studies UNDP: AUTONOMOUS WORKERS ASSOCIATION OF SAN RAFAEL, TRES CRUCES AND YURACRUMI...

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: AUTONOMOUS WORKERS ASSOCIATION OF SAN RAFAEL, TRES CRUCES AND YURACRUMI (AS

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Ecuador

AUTONOMOUS WORKERSASSOCIATION OF SAN

RAFAEL, TRES CRUCES,AND YURAC RUMI(ASARATY)

Empowered live

Resilient nation


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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that w

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing se

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power of Local Action: Lessons from 10 Year

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chief: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hugh

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Autonomous Workers Association o San Raael, Tres Cruces, and Yurac Ru

(ASARATY), and in particular the guidance and inputs o Jorge Rivas, Fundacin Natura. All photo credits courtesy o ASARATY a

Francois Laso/Archivo Fundacin Natura. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Autonomous Workers Association of San Rafael, Tres Cruces, and Yurac Rumi (ASARA

Ecuador. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858


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PROJECT SUMMARYThe Autonomous Workers Association o San Raael,Tres Cruces, and Yurac Rumi (ASARATY) brings togetherindigenous Quichua-Puruhe (Kichwa) communities in thecentral Ecuadorian Andes in the sustainable managemento 8,000 hectares o montane grassland adjacent to theSangay National Park. The association represents the localagrarian communities o Guarguall Chico, GuarguallGrande, San Raael, Tres Cruces, and Yurac Rumi, and worksto conserve the parks orest and grassland ecosystems bypromoting low-impact livelihood activities.

Recognizing that ecosystem degradation was resulting rominappropriate agricultural practices and intensive grazing,ASARATY has promoted innovative and responsible waysto use local resources, including sustainable alpaca-rearingand ecotourism. By generating sustainable income sourcesor the communities members, the initiative has helpedto conserve this critical grassland reserve and mountainwatershed.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2004

FOUNDED: 1999

LOCATION: Chimborazo Province, Ecuador

BENEFICIARIES: 400 people, 5 communities

BIODIVERSITY: Sangay National Park

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 7

Socioeconomic Impacts 8

Policy Impacts 8

Sustainability 9

Partners 9

AUTONOMOUS WORKERS ASSOCIATION OF SANRAFAEL, TRES CRUCES, AND YURAC RUMI (ASARATY)Ecuador


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44

ince 1999, the indigenous and campesino communities comprising

he Autonomous Workers Association o San Raael, Tres Cruces, and

Yurac Rumi (Asociacin de Trabajadores Autnomos San Raael,

res Cruces y Yurac Rumi - ASARATY) have managed 8,000 hectares

montane grassland adjacent to the Sangay National Park in the

entral Ecuadorian Andes. Located in Chimborazo Province, this

ssociation brings together the indigenous Quichua-Puruhe

Kichwa) peoples and the local agrarian communities o Guarguall

Chico, Guarguall Grande, San Raael, Tres Cruces, and Yurac Rumi.

he association works to counter habitat degradation and conserve

water sources on traditional lands. This has been achieved largely

hrough the development o sustainable alpaca arming and

cotourism, increasing ood security and generating income or thessociations members.

An Andean montane grassland ecosystem

angay National Park is the largest area o protected wild terrain

n Ecuadors Central and Eastern Cordilleras. It is home to a range

ecosystems, rom the tropical rainorests o the Amazon basin

o mountain glaciers, and encompasses two snow-capped, active

olcanoes: Tungurahua and Sangay. Its isolation has protected a

reat diversity o wildlie including indigenous species such as the

Mountain Tapir and Andean Condor. Established in 1975, the park

urrently totals 517,765 hectares. The initial park o 271,925 hectares

was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.

he slopes o Sangay between altitudes o 3,000 and 4,500 metres are

ominated by pramo montane grassland and black Andean soils

ormed rom volcanic base material. This grassland ecosystem has

he greatest hydrological and soil carbon sequestration potential in

cuador. Within this subalpine pramo zone, three main vegetation

ypes dominate: Festuca tussock grassland; areas o cushion

lants and other low-growing species; and undisturbed stands o

Nuerolepsis bamboo species. Its high diversity o ora and auna and

importance or watershed protection has made it a priority are

conservation in Ecuador.

In 1992, the park was added to the list o World Heritage Sit

Danger due to illegal poaching, extensive grazing, road construc

and growing encroachment rom human populations living o

perimeters. In partnership with the governments Sub-Secret

o Forestry and Renewable Natural Resources, the Ecuadorian

Fundacin Natura (Ecuadorian Foundation or the Protection

Conservation o Nature) rst began supporting the manageme

the park in the mid-1980s. In 1997, they implemented a projec

the Conservation o Biodiversity and the Participatory Managem

o Sangay National Park. This sought to involve local populatiothe management and sustainable use o the natural resources w

the park and its bufer zone, through community-based sustain

development activities. One o the areas targeted was the b

zone plateaus to the west o the park, where overgrazing o c

had severely depleted grasslands and led to encroachment on

parks natural resources.

A community-based response to ecosystem degradatio

This was the context or the ormation o ASARATY, which b

together 101 households in ve communities, or a tota

approximately 400 people, to collectively own and manage 8

hectares o land. Ranging rom mountainous cloud orest and umountainous evergreen orest to pramo herbaceous and

grassland moors, this land was purchased rom a private esta

1999 with support rom Fundacin Natura. The land is located i

Guargualla River watershed, comprising the parishes o Cebada

Pungala in the cantons o Guamote and Riobamba respective

eastern-central Chimborazo.

Very ew community members work in the provincial capit

Riobamba, with the majority engaged in small-scale agricultu

Background and Context


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growing potatoes, beans, barley, onions, and other vegetables and

herding cattle, sheep, horses and, importantly, alpaca. Overgrazing,

combined with burning o grasslands has substantially decreased

he productivity o the land or agriculture and pastoralism. This has

been exacerbated by the degradation o water sources, a problem

common to many communities throughout Chimborazo Province.

ASARATY began not only as an environmental initiative, then, but as

a response to the threats o poverty and ood and water insecurity.

n Chimborazo, 89.6% o the rural population is dened as poorhaving one basic need unmet), with 45% o the province considered

extremely poor (having more than one basic need unmet.) The rate is

highest in Guamote, where 87.9% o the rural population, or 30,932

people, live in extreme poverty.

The initial land purchase aimed to give the indigenous and arming

communities control over their ancestral land and its many

mportant water sources. The project was opposed by the Ministry

o Environment, who attempted to orce the relocation o

ASARATY communities rom their land. Ater lengthy negotiat

an agreement was struck allowing the communities to remai

the land provided they remove all cattle rom the moors within

years. Although this was opposed by individual community mem

that owned large numbers o cattle, the communities collect

committed to meeting this goal. This agreement also gave ASA

control over the moors reshwater resources, overcomin

competing challenge rom the private owners o estate land iarea. With our years o nancial support rom Fundacin Na

the association was able to develop sustainable alpaca armin

an alternative to high-impact cattle herding, reducing pressure

grassland. This has involved producing and marketing high-qu

goods rom their alpaca herds, and has been supplemente

ecotourism, which has urther diversied local incomes.

5

All of those who are in the protected areas and in the moors, in general, care for the environme

so that our children have a healthy life. We must develop coordinated actions with those wi

whom we live in these lands so that, together, we defend life.

Jorge Rivas, Fundacin Natura


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66

Key Activities and Innovations

he objectives o ASARATY have been to stimulate local development

hrough economic diversication; to reduce rates o migration

o young community members to urban centres in search o

mployment; to preserve the areas natural and cultural heritage or

uture generations; to improve and sustain the biological diversity

upported by the moors; and to strengthen local capacity.

Sustainable resource management

he associations activities have been carried out in line with

hese objectives. Burning and grazing cattle are prohibited on the

rassland moors. Alpaca arming has been developed in place o

erding cattle since 2002, with support rom Fundacin Naturand Corporacin de Promocin de Exportaciones e Inversiones del

cuador (CORPEI). ASARATY members were assisted in writing an

nitial proposal during workshops acilitated by Fundacin Natura

echnicians. The process used participatory planning, with a group

o community members elected to receive training in camelid

erding rom other Andean alpaca-arming peasant groups in the

egion. This process involved designing the necessary herding,

anitation, eeding, reproduction, and shearing inrastructure or

he alpaca herd, which initially numbered 70 individuals. The group

o herders were given training in making diferent types o clothing

rom the alpaca wool, including scarves, hats, vests, shawls, and

loves, and were assisted in marketing these goods. CORPEI helped

o establish a handicrat centre or making these goods. Currently,ty community members are active alpaca armers; the herd had

rown to around 150 animals by 2005.

Diversifying sources of income

Community-based ecotourism has also been developed as a source

o income generation. Visitors to the area can take a 2-5 day guided

our o the slopes o the Sangay volcano, led by indigenous tour

uides. The tour shows visitors the slopes alpaca herds, and ofers

hem the chance to buy alpaca wool handicrats. 75 amilies out o

the 101 ASARATY member households have been engaged in

with community members receiving training as artisans, co

porters, porters, and mountain guides. This has helped to re

migration o young community members by creating local job

the provincial level, ASARATY has helped to ound the Corporatio

Community Tourism Development o Chimborazo (Corporacin

el Desarrollo del Turismo Comunitario de Chimborazo - CORDTU

This organisation has successully promoted the community-b

tourism initiatives as an alternative means to generating income

local amilies.

Conservation o the grasslands has been linked to provincial ef

to improve irrigation or agriculture at lower altitudes through

protection o key watersheds on the plateaus. In particular, thisocused on the Guargualla-Licto and Chambo-Guano channe

which 1,800 and 5,000 households respectively have bene

rom improved water ows.

Governance structure

Decisions on new and developing projects are taken in a democ

ashion. ASARATY members meet with the associations leade

make proposals; these are then brought to the general assemb

all member households, ensuring that decisions are approve

a majority o the communities. This has created a high degre

community ownership o the associations diferent projects.

The community has experienced the ravage

of climate change and has responded wit

the conservation of its pramo ecosystem

Jorge Rivas, Fundacin Natura


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7

Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS

The biological diversity o Sangay National Park has been largely

preserved since its ormation thanks to the isolation o many o its

mountainous areas. Very little human activity has reached the central

reas o the park, allowing wildlie and ora species to ourish.

Natural vegetation covers around 84% o the park, which lies within

WWF/IUCN Centre o Plant Diversity: at least 3,000 plant species

re known to exist in the park. Some 93 amilies, 292 genera and

,566 species have been identied in the Andean orests o Ecuador

bove 2,400 meters, and most o these genera are represented in

angay. The vegetation has three main zones: alpine and subalpine

n the high pramo, montane cloud and wet orests, and subtropicalnd wet rain orests in the upper Amazon basin.

Animal species distribution corresponds with vegetation zones.

Mountain Tapir, puma, guinea pig and Andean ox are ound at higher

ltitudes. The park is also home to the spectacled bear, jaguar, ocelot,

margay, white-tailed deer, brocket deer, pudu, and giant otter. The

park contains two Endemic Bird Areas: the Central Andean pramo,

home to ten bird species o restricted range, and Ecuador-Peru East

Andes, home to teen restricted-range species. Noteworthy species

nclude condor, seen particularly around the mountain area o Altar,

ubillin and quilimas, cock-o-the-rock, which exists in substantial

populations in inaccessible upper orest areas o the eastern Andean

lopes, giant hummingbird, torrent duck, king vulture, and swallow-ailed kite.

Reducing the environmental impact of pastoralism

The main conservation impacts o ASARATYs work have been

chieved through greatly reducing the pressures on the plateaus

grassland ecosystem. By embracing alpaca arming over cattle

grazing, the indigenous and campesino communities have

llowed grass to regenerate in the 8,000 hectares under ASARATY

management. Several characteristics o alpaca allow or b

conservation o natural resources in the plateau region. The s

and padding o their hooves and low body weight o on

kilograms ensure that they do not overly damage or compac

soil. In addition, their eeding habits biting of vegetation ins

o uprooting it do not break up the soil, and allow or re-gro

o the vegetation. Alpaca excrement also helps in the recupera

and conservation o the soil and low-growing vegetation in

ecosystem. The expansion o the agricultural rontier has slo

due to the use o organic ertilizer rom alpaca excrement, whic

increased agricultural productivity.

As part o the alpaca herding project, the association researthe herding capacity o the plateau region. The results o this s

demonstrated that the plateau can support 2.73 alpacas per he

annually, compared to 0.33 cows per hectare. The results o

study have been useul in promoting alpaca arming as a mea

sustainably managing the natural grazing areas.

Community members have attested to improved ecolo

conditions resulting rom ASARATYs natural resource managem

From the higher slopes o the Sangay volcano, indigenous tour g

can spot tapir, deer, and occasionally condors. These agship sp

are indicative o improved conservation o the national park, a

turn the improved conservation o its populated bufer zone

initiative has also helped to recover water sources, contributinthe irrigation schemes at lower altitudes in Guargualla and Ceb

Prohibitions on burning have allowed grass to grow higher and a

a wider range; orests o polylepis genus and hesperomeles

species (known locally as yagual and pujin respectively) endem

the Ecuadorian Andes have also been regenerated. In 2005, Sa

National Park was removed rom UNESCOs list o endang

World Heritage Sites thanks to the work o the parks managem

Fundacin Natura, and the eforts o community-based associa

such as ASARATY that inhabit the parks bufer zones.


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8

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

ASARATYs chie socioeconomic impacts have come through

ncreasing and diversiying the income o the associations members.

his has been achieved by processing alpaca wool into clothing

products, increasing agricultural productivity (thanks to the use o

organic ertilizer rom alpaca excrement), improving access to water,

nd through jobs created by ecotourism. In turn, these activities have

llowed the communities to retain many elements o their culturaleritage, while reducing seasonal migration to urban centres.

econdary processing o alpaca products: Having received training in

earing alpaca and producing handcrated clothing rom their wool,

he ty community members engaged in this project were able

o realise prots rom this activity. As an indication, in the rst ew

months o 2003, alpaca herders and weavers received around USD

,000 rom the sale o alpaca products. The growth in alpaca herds

nd improved marketing o these goods alongside the development

o tourism in the region has helped to increase revenues rom this.

Revenues are used by amilies to aford the costs o education,

lothing, and basic goods.

mproved agricultural productivity: The production o organic

ertilizer rom alpaca excrement has acilitated the improvement o

gricultural productivity or the associations arming households.

he use o soil humus has reduced the use o chemical ertilizers, in

urn reducing the cost o arming. Improved soil composition and

gricultural conservation practices such as natural wind barriers and

erracing have helped to increase crop yields: potato production

as increased rom eight tons per hectare to ourteen tons per

ectare, generating higher sales and increased incomes or agrarian

ouseholds.

cotourism livelihood opportunities: O the 101 amilies initiallynvolved in managing the associations 8,000 hectares o land, 65ave benetted rom direct sources o income created by ASARATY

ctivities, including alpaca rearing, weaving, and ecotourism. Forty

o these members are men, and twenty-ve are women. All o the

amilies are now deemed to be sel-supporting, thanks to increased

ncomes. A ar larger number o amilies outside the associations

and, however, have benetted rom their activities, including

ouseholds at lower altitudes who have improved access to water

nd irrigation systems thanks to the conservation o watersheds on

he higher plateau. Local capacity has also been strengthened by the

nitiative, thanks to negotiation and training processes involved in

ommunity-based resource management. The groups experiences

ave also been shared with other Andean alpaca arming groups,promoting the development o knowledge-sharing networks

mong Chimborazos campesino and indigenous communities.

POLICY IMPACTS

he chie impacts on policy resulting rom the work o ASARATY and

other like-minded associations have come through their organisation

nto regional and national bodies. In as much as the groups have

been able to inuence decision-makers, this has come through

their involvement in community-based ecotourism, although

achievements in sustainable arming and conservation have

been widely disseminated.

The Corporacin para el Desarrollo del Turismo Comunitari

Chimborazo (CORDTUCH) has helped to coordinate the advo

eforts o various community-based tourism initiatives in

province. ASARATY was the rst such initiative in Chimborazo

a pioneer at the national level, and has thus played a leadingin advancing the locally-managed tourism agenda. Groups in A

Alao, Candelaria, Pancn, and Retn are currently implemen

projects along the lines o ASARATY. The group has also be

part o Ecuadors Community Tourism Network, while the efor

Fundacin Natura have been recognised at the national level as g

practices or national park management. One o their key p

agendas has been pressing or regulations recognising comm

tourism centres. Another important policy change would

the introduction o regulations to standardize the proper us

grassland moors and their resources, including water sources,

the economic benets being ully reinvested in local commun

The participatory nature o ASARATY at the community leve

networking with groups across Ecuador at the national leve

helped to give power and depth to their advocacy eforts, w

remain on-going.

In other areas, ASARATY communities have aced challen

Notably, improvement o existing inrastructure has been s

although there has been some success in bringing electrici

schools and other buildings in the plateaus communities. On

whole, however, ASARATY members have been critical o the

o public investment and community-level engagement in tou

and conservation in the area, and their lack o political backing

hindered attempts to change this. For instance, the community

not been engaged in National Biodiversity Strategy and Action(NBSAP) processes, despite the experience and knowledge

could bring to these areas.


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9

Sustainability and Partners

SUSTAINABILITYKey issues or the sustainability o ASARATYs work are maintaining

he alpaca herds, developing alternative sources o income or

member households, and continuing to organise at the community,

egional, and national levels or political change.

he association has ambitious plans to expand the area currently

nder management by ty percent to a total o 12,000 hectares. This

would comprise a ully protected zone o 5,000 hectares o grassland

n the highlands that is currently managed or the protection o

watersheds, and a total o 7,000 hectares to be used or light alpaca

erding and small-scale agriculture. This would allow or expansiono the alpaca herds while enabling the ull protection o important

water sources. The increasing importance o water security makes

his a pressing concern.

he creation o additional livelihood activities has been prioritised

o reduce incidences o hunting in the areas orests. One strategy

dentied or this is establishing a supportive credit union to provide

oans to armers or agriculture and rearing livestock. This would

permit armers to scale-up cultivation or alpaca rearing to increase

ncomes. It would also encourage the development o alternative

velihood options such as pig-rearing or other ecologically low-

mpact economic activities. Improved market access and entry into

ew markets would acilitate higher income generation rom theseinds o activities.

CORDTUCH plays an important role in ASARATYs sustained impact

t the regional level. Continued knowledge exchange with other

ommunity-based ecotourism initiatives and strategic policy

dvocacy will be critical or the growth o the association. Ultimately

t is the level o community engagement, however, that will ensure

ASARATYs long-term success. Since the late 1990s, the associations

eadership has promoted projects and activities that have addressed

eeds identied by the community members themselves, and this

ontinues to guide the groups work. Support rom external sources

in the orm o unding and in-kind donations o equipment, aci

and technical assistance are also important or sustained impac

PARTNERS

The initiative has been supported by various local, regional,

national partners. Chie among these is Fundacin Natura

Ecuadorian Foundation or the Protection and Conservatio

Nature a non-governmental organization created in 1978

the mission o acilitating the conservation o biodiversity

sustainable management o natural resources, and the preven

o pollution in order to improve the living conditions o Ecuador

This NGO helped to acilitate the ounding o ASARATY, andcoordinated conservation activities within Sangay National Park

its bufer zones since the mid-1980s.

The Corporation or the Promotion o Exports and Investm

(Corporacin de Promocin de Exportaciones e Inversiones - CO

has supported the local ASARATY womens association, c

Grupo Germen, through capacity building in artisan textiles.

group o women ormed as part o ASARATYs initial membersh

coordinate and manage the artisanal production o alpaca text

Chimborazo Polytechnic College (Escuela Superior Politcnica

Chimborazo - ESPOCH) has supported ASARATY by helping to

packages and routes or the associations tourism activities, asas in researching the herding capacity o ASARATY plateau terr

Proyecto Pramo has provided technical assistance in surveyin

the plateau region. It also took part in participatory research int

herding areas and compiling ecological inventories, and contrib

to the Management Plan or the Pramo Region.

In addition, ASARATY has received support rom the Founda

o Salineras Organizations (FUNORSAL) and rom private An

Camelid herders, among others.


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Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:

FURTHER REFERENCE

Berkes, F. and Adhikari, T. 2006. Development and conservation: indigenous businesses and the UNDP Equator Initiative. International Jou

o Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Vol. 3, No. 6., pp. 671-690. http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2004win

ASARATY/berkes_adhikari.pd.

Equator Initiative

Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Tel: +1 646 781-4023

www.equatorinitiative.org

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change

onnecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.

The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati

o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2012 by Equator Initiative

All rights reserved
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2004winners/ASARATY/berkes_adhikari.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2004winners/ASARATY/berkes_adhikari.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348164210.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348151899.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348151691.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2004winners/ASARATY/berkes_adhikari.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2004winners/ASARATY/berkes_adhikari.pdf

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