Case studies of digital libraries supporting education:

NDLTD and CITIDEL

VII Conference for Information Technologies Universidad de los Andes

Mérida, Venezuela 5-9th July 2004 http://www.serbi.ula.ve/coloquio/

Edward A. FoxVirginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA

fox@vt.edu http://fox.cs.vt.eduSlides: http://smp2.cc.vt.edu/~fox/tmpMerida2004Fox.ppt

Acknowledgements (Selected)• Sponsors: US Embassy, Conference/University; plus:

ACM, Adobe, AOL, IBM, Microsoft, NASA, NLM, NSF, OCLC, SUN, US Dept. of Ed. (FIPSE)

• VT Faculty/Staff: Debra Dudley, Weiguo Fan, Gail McMillan, Manuel Perez, Naren Ramakrishnan, Layne Watson, …

• VT Students: Yuxin Chen, Shahrooz Feizabadi, Marcos Goncalves, Nithiwat Kampanya, S.H. Kim, Aaron Krowne, Bing Liu, Ming Luo, Paul Mather, Fernando Das Neves, Unni. Ravindranathan, Ryan Richardson, Rao Shen, Ohm Sornil, Hussein Suleman, Ricardo Torres, Wensi Xi, Baoping Zhang, …

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (NDLTD)• NDLTD Board of Directors, previous Steering Committee + other

NDLTD committees; those running Electronic Thesis & Dissertation (ETD) initiatives in universities, regions, countries

• Helpful sponsorship by many organizations, especially Adobe (new initiative!), CONACyT, DFG, FIPSE (US Dept. Education), IBM, Microsoft, NSF (IIS-9986089, 0086227, 0080748, 0325579; DUE-0121679, 0136690, 0121741, 0333601), OCLC, SOLINET, SUN, SURA, UNESCO, VTLS, many governments (Australia, Germany, India, …), …

• Colleagues at Virginia Tech (faculty, staff, students), and collaborators at many universities

• Slides included from: Vinod Chachra, Thom Hickey, Joan Lippincott, Gail McMillan, Axel Plathe, Hussein Suleman, …

Part 1

Introduction

Virginia Tech Background

• Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, football, town population 35K plus 26K students

• 3rd fastest supercomputer (1100 Apple G5 dual-proc)• Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with > 80% of

community on Internet • Net.Work.Virginia, with sites for education, research,

government; LMDS, gigabit wireless networking• Math Emporium, 500 workstations• Faculty Development Initiative, round 3• Torgersen Hall, $30M Advanced Communications and

Information Technology Center, with DLRL

Fox at VT

• Professor, Dept. of Computer Science• 1/3 time report to Erv Blythe, VP for Info. Tech.• Director of University Center: Internet

Technology Innovation Center at VT• Director, Digital Library Research Laboratory

• Location: 2030 Torgersen Hall• Students: typically about 20• Visitors: India: 2, S. Korea: 1, Brazil: 1, …• Grants: 9 active

• www.dlib.vt.edu

Digital Libraries --- Objectives

• World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop• Integrated “super” information systems: 5S:

streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies • Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost • Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery• Disintermediation -> Collaboration • Universities Reclaim Property• Interactive Courseware, Student Works• Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful

DLs: Why of Global Interest?

• National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly

• Knowledge and information are essential to economic and technological growth, education

• DL - a domain for international collaboration• wherein all can contribute and benefit• which leverages investment in networking• which provides useful content on Internet & WWW• which will tie nations and peoples together more

strongly and through deeper understanding

Libraries of the FutureJCR Licklider, 1965, MIT Press

World

Nation

State

City

Community

SynchronousScholarly Communication

Same time, Same or different place

Asynchronous, Digital Library Mediated Scholarly Communication

Different time and/or place

Information Life Cycle

AuthoringModifying

OrganizingIndexing

StoringRetrieving

DistributingNetworking

Retention/ Mining

AccessingFiltering

UsingCreating

D ig ita l L ib ra r y C o n te n t

A rtic le s ,R e p o rts,

B o o ks

T e xtD o cum e n ts

S p ee ch ,M u s ic

V id eoA u d io

(A e ria l)P h o tos

G e og rap h icIn fo rm ation

M o d e lsS im u la tio ns

S o ftw a re ,P ro g ra m s

G e no m eH u m a n,a n im a l,

p la n t

B ioIn fo rm ation

2 D , 3 D ,V R ,C A T

Im ag es a ndG ra p h ics

C o nte n tT yp e s

Definitions

• Library ++ (library+archive+museum+…)

• Distributed information system + organization + effective interface

• User community + collection + services

• Digital objects, repositories, IPR management, handles, indexes, federated search, hyperbase, annotation

Open Archives Initiative (OAI)

• Advocacy for interoperability• Standard for transferring metadata among

digital libraries• Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (PMH)

• Simplicity• Generality• Extensibility

• Support for PMH => Open Archive (OA)

OAI = Technical Umbrella forPractical Interoperability…

ReferenceLibraries

PublishersE-Print

Archives

…that can be exploited by different communities

Museums

OAI – Repository Perspective

Required: Protocol

DODO DO DO

MDO

MDO MDOMDOMDO

MDOMDOMDO

OAI – Black Box Perspective

OA 1

OA 2

OA 4

OA 3

OA 5OA 6

OA 7

DiscoveryCurrent

AwarenessPreservation

Service Providers

Data Providers

Meta

data

harv

estin

g

The World According to OAI

Digital LibrariesShorten the Chain from

Editor

Publisher

A&I

Consolidator

Library

Reviewer

DLs Shorten the Chain to

Author

Reader

Digital

LibraryEditor

Reviewer

Teacher

Learner

Librarian

Case Study: Education

• Refactoring Scholarly Communication:• Creating, Sharing, Reviewing, Teaching,

Learning, …

• Physics: PhysNet

• OCKHAM

• CSTC, CITIDEL, NSDL

• NDLTD

Part 2

CITIDEL

(and NSDL)

Computer Science Teaching Center(www.CSTC.org)

• Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.

• Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.

• Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built.

• ACM support led to Journal of Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC), accessible from www.acm.org

Computing and Information Technology Interactive Digital Educational Library (CITIDEL)

• Domain: computing / information technology

• Genre: one-stop-shopping for teachers & learners: courseware (CSTC, JERIC), leading DLs (ACM, IEEE-CS, DB&LP, CiteSeer), PlanetMath.org, NCSTRL (technical reports), …

• Submission & Collection: sub/partner collections www.citidel.org

www.CITIDEL.org

• Led by Virginia Tech, with co-PIs:• Fox (director, DL systems)• Lee (history)• Perez (user interface, Spanish support)

• Partners• College of New Jersey (Knox)• Hofstra (Impagliazzo)• Villanova (Cassel)• Penn State (Giles)

DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES

REPOSITORIES

USER PORTALS

Overview of CITIDEL architecture

Union Metadata Repository

OAI Data

Provider

Laboratories Repository

Applets Repository

Papers Repository

Syllabi Repository

. . .

Digital Library Services

OAI Data

Harvester

Distributed repository structure

Annotations

OAI Data

Harvester

EDUCATORS

ADMINISTRATORS LEARNERS

Multilingual Searching

Revising Annotating Filtering Browsing Administering

Filtering Profiles User Profiles

Union Metadata

OAI Data

Provider

Remote and Peer Digital Libraries (eg. NSDL -CIS)

PORTALS

SERVICES

REPOSITORIES

Digital library architecture for localand interoperable CITIDEL services

CITIDEL: Computing & Information Technology Interactive Digital Education Library

Cluster Search Results from CITIDEL

Cluster NDLTD-Computing

CITIDEL -> NSDL

• A collection project in the

• National STEM (science, technolgy, engineering, and mathematics) education Digital Library – NSDL

• National Science Digital Library

• www.nsdl.org

Expectations of NSDL ProgramTracks

• Core Integration: coordinate a distributed alliance of resource collection and service providers; and ensure reliable and extensible access to and usability of the resulting network of learning environments and resources

• Collections: aggregate and actively manage a subset of the digital library’s content within a coherent theme / specialty

• Services: increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value of the digital library in its fully operational form

• Targeted (Applied) Research: have immediate impact on one or more of the other three tracks

Collections

• Discovery of content

• Classification and cataloguing• Acquisition and/or linking; referencing• Disciplinary-based themes define a natural body of content,

but other possibilities are also encouraged

• Access to massive real-time or archived datasets

• Software tool suites for analysis, modeling, simulation, or visualization

• Reviewed commentary on learning materials and pedagogy

Services• Help services, frequently asked questions, etc.

• Synchronous/asynchronous collaborative learning environments using shared resources

• Mechanisms for building personal annotated digital information spaces

• Reliability testing for applets or other digital learning objects

• Audio, image, and video search capability

• Metadata system translation

• Community feedback mechanisms

NSDL Information ArchitectureEssentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup

referenceditems &

collections

referenceditems &

collections

Special Databases

NSDLServicesNSDL

ServicesOther NSDLServices

CI Services

annotation

CI Services

discussion

CI Services

personalization

CI Services

authentication

CI Services

browsing

Core Services:information retrieval

Core Collection-Building Services

harvesting

Core Collection-Building Services

protocols

Core Services:metadata gathering

Portals &ClientsPortals &

ClientsPortals &Clients

Usage Enhancement

Collection Building

User Interfaces

NSDLCollections

NSDLCollections

NSDLCollections

CoreNSDL“Bus”

Part 3

NDLTD

A Digital Library Case Study

• Domain: graduate education, research

• Genre:ETDs=electronic theses & dissertations

• Submission: http://etd.vt.edu

• Collection: http://www.theses.org

Project: Networked Digital

Library of Theses & Dissertations

(NDLTD) http://www.ndltd.org

The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations

www.NDLTD.org

Leader of the Worldwide ETD(Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative

Training AuthorsExpanding Access

Preserving KnowledgeImproving Graduate Education

Enhancing Scholarly CommunicationEmpowering Students & Universities

Main Message

• Digital libraries can help advance education.

• Venezuela is invited to engage in NDLTD, as well as CITIDEL, NSDL, and other DL ventures.

• UNESCO Analytical Survey on Digital Libraries in Education is recommending DLE in each nation.

• Local and national support can• stimulate activities, including collaboration• promote a sharing culture, especially in research and teaching• leverage others’ investments (networking, computing, …)• encourage / facilitate learning

• Please join NDLTD!

What led to today’s meeting?• 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, …• 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities

with 3 reps each• 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (regional,

US Southeast): SURA, SOLINET• 1994 mtg at VT: std: PDF + SGML + multimedia objects• 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)• 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ...• 1998 – 1st symposium – Memphis (20)• 1999 – 2nd symposium – Blacksburg (70)• 2000 – 3rd symposium – St. Petersburg (225)• 2001 – 4th symposium – Caltech (200)• 2002 – 5th syposium – BYU, Provo, Utah• 2003 – 6th syposium – Berlin (215) • 2004 – 7th syposium – U. Kentucky• 2005 – 8th syposium – Sydney, Australia

What are the long term goals?

• 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are exposed / involved

• 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios (images, video, audio, …)

• Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: literature reviews, bibliographies, …

• Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links

• Hundreds/thousands of downloads / year / work

ETDs: Library Goals • Improve library services

• Better turn-around time • Always available

• Reduce work • catalog from e-text • eliminate handling: mailing to ProQuest, bindery

prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc.• Save space

NDLTD Incorporation

• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations incorporated May 20, 2003 in Virginia, USA

• Charitable and educational purposes (501 c 3)• Can accept donations, collect dues, receive funds

• LeClair Ryan provides legal counsel

• Officers• Executive Director (Ed Fox)• Secretary (Gail McMillan)• Treasurer (Scott Eldredge)

Board of Directors• Suzie Allard (ETD 2004, U. Kentucky)• Denise A. D. Bedford (World Bank)• Julia C. Blixrud (ARL, SPARC)• José Luis Borbinha (National Lib Portugal)• Alex Byrne (ETD 2005, ADT: Australia)• Tony Cargnelutti (ETD 2005, Australia)• Vinod Chachra (VTLS)• Susan Copeland (RGU, UK)• Jude Edminster (Bowling Green St. Univ.)• Scott Eldredge (Treasurer, ETD 2002, BYU)• Edward A. Fox (Exec Director,Virginia Tech)• John H. Hagen (West Virginia U.)• Thomas B. Hickey (OCLC)• Christine Jewell (U. Waterloo, Canada)

• Delphine Lewis (ProQuest)• Joan K. Lippincott (CNI)• Mike Looney (Adobe)• Gail McMillan (Secretary, Virginia Tech)• Joseph Moxley (ETD 2000, USF)• Eva Müller (U. Uppsala, Sweden)• Ana Pavani (PUC Rio, Brazil)• Axel Plathe (UNESCO, Paris)• Sharon Reeves (National Library Canada)• Peter Schirmbacher (ETD 2003, Humboldt)• Hussein Suleman (U.Cape Town, S. Africa)• Shalini R. Urs (U. Mysore, India)• Eric F. Van de Velde (ETD 2001, Caltech)

NDLTD Committees (Chairs)• Awards (John Hagen)• Conferences (Tony Cargnelutti)• Development (Peter Schirmbacher)• Executive (Edward Fox)• Finance (Scott Eldredge)• Implementation (Ana Pavani)• Membership (Shalini Urs)• Nominating (Sharon Reeves)• Standards (Thomas B. Hickey)• Union Catalog (Vinod Chachra)

Selected Projects / Sponsors• Australia (ADT)• Brazil (BDT, IBICT)• Canada• Catalunya• Chile (Cybertesis)• Germany• India (Vidyanidhi)• Korea• OhioLINK: 79

colleges/univs

• Portugal (National Library)

• South Africa• UK (British Library,

JISC, Edinburgh, …)• UNESCO (especially

Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa)

• Venezuela

Some Countries

• Australia• Belgium• Brazil• Canada• Chile• China, Hong Kong• Columbia• Finland• France• Germany• Greece• India• Italy• Jamaica• Korea• Lithuania• Malaysia• Mexico

• Namibia• Netherlands• Norway• Poland• Russia• Singapore• S. Africa• S. Korea• Spain• Sudan• Sweden• Switzerland• Taiwan• Thailand• Turkey• UK• USA• Venezuela• Yugoslavia

Some Institutional Members• British Library• Cinemedia• Coalition for Networked Information (CNI)• Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC)• Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya• Diplomica.com• Dissertation.com• Dissertationen Online (Germany)• ETDweb, a Division of Answer4.com• Ibero-American Sci. & Tech. Education Consortium (ISTEC)• National Documentation Centre (NDC), Greece• National Library of Portugal (for all universities)• OCLC Online Computer Library Center• OhioLINK• Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS)• Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET)• UNESCO (www.unesco.org/webworld/etd)

UNESCO and ETDs(by Axel Plathe at ETD2003)

• Promoting the use of the Internet as a tool for disseminating scientific knowledge

• Facilitating the transfer of ETD expertise from developed to developing countries

 

• 1998: Member of the NDLTD Steering Committee• 1999: First UNESCO ETD meeting on ETD internationalisation  

• 2002: “UNESCO Guide to Electronic Theses and Dissertations” 

• 2003: Model training programmes and training courses• 2003: Sponsor pilot projects• 2003: Pilot projects (Africa, Europe, Latin-America)

Convene Local Planning Group

ETD

ETD project participants

• Academic administrators

• Faculty

• Students

• Staff

• Graduate school / provost / registrar

• Information technologists

• Librarians

Build Local ETD Site

Digital Library

Policies

Inspection/Approval

Workshop/Training

ETD

ETD

NDLTD

Computer Resources

Research

Literature

Student Prepares Thesis/Dissertation

Student Defends & Finalizes ETD

My Thesis

ETD

Student Gets CommitteeSignatures and Submits ETD

Signed

Grad School

Graduate School Approves ETD, Student is Graduated

Ph.D.

Library Catalogs ETD, Access isOpened to the New Research

WWW

NDLTD

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-2227102539751141/

http://www.ngo.org/

Status of the VT Project

• Approved by university governance Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97

• Submission & access software in place

• Submission workshops for students (and faculty) occur often: beginner/adv.

• Faculty training as part of Faculty Development Initiative

• Over 5000 ETDs in collection – some have audio, video, large images, software, …

Archiving ETDs

• Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not-yet-approved submissions

• Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs

• Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection

• Copies stored on-site and off-site

VT ETD Cataloging

• same as current cataloging policies, except:• author-assigned keywords (not LCSH)• generic (not LC) call no.• fields/subfields as required for computer files• full abstracts

• time savings• cataloger familiar with computer files• equipment, software for word processing• 5 minutes avg. (10-15 minutes for paper TDs)

Library Resources• Hardware: with Apache web server

• Maintenance and security• Started small; now: Sun 2-processor Enterprise 250--Solaris 2.7

• Software• Submission scripts written by DLA

• Includes e-mail notifications to authors, advisors, UMI• Use it too: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/

• Log files analyzed with Analog • Survey scripts written by DLA

• Data from authors and readers• Use it too: http://lumiere.lib.vt.edu/surveys/

• Search Engine• Started small; now: InfoSeek’s ULTRASEEK

Digital Library Benefits:Low margin, high use

• Incorporate ETDs with other digital library activities• Ejournals, online class materials, digital images, etc.• Additional equipment, staff may not be necessary

• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/data/setup.html• Use VT programs, scripts, etc.

• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/• Online accesses vs. circulation of copies

• 1990-1994, average circulation per copy per year:• 2.2 for theses, 3.2 for dissertations

Access to VT’s ETDshttp://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/

-

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

5,000,000

ETD files requested 231,709 483,030 578,152 2,173,420 4,497,199

Abstracts requested 165,710 215,493 260,699 573,149 471,917

1997/98 1997/98 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02

Info Available at VT

• Informationhttp://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses

• Automated submission system ready for customization

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/

• Student guidelines, training materials, FAQ's, multimedia educational materials

http://etd.vt.edu

ETD Union Collection (OAI)

VIRTUA

Merged Metadata Collection

ODL (VT)

Virginia Tech ETD Archive

Brazil ETD

Archive

OCLC ETD

Archive

Future: recommender, …

… OAI Data Provider

OAI Service Provider

OAI Harvesting

LEGEND

Union catalog: OCLC

• OCLC will expand OAI data provider on TDs.

• Is getting data from WorldCat (so, from many sites!).

• Will harvest from all others who contact them.

• Need DC and either ETD-MS or MARC.

• Has a set for ETDs.

OCLC SRU Interface

Union catalog: VTLS, VT

• VTLS will enhance search/browse service for ETDs

• Will harvest from OCLC’s set of ETD records

• Will receive through other mechanisms

• Will work with MARC-21 and ETD-MS

• VT will continue to offer experimental services

ETD Union Search Mirror Site in China (CALIS)(http://ndltd.calis.edu.cn – popular site!)

VTLS Union CatalogContent Languages

The VTLS NDLTD Union Catalog has data in 6 different languages. These are: English German Greek Korean Portuguese Spanish

Examples follow

Language = German; hits = 137

Full record display

Relationship with publishers

• Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times

• Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL

• Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access• AAP, AAUP• AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...

Summary: ETDs and Publishing

• Early controversies waning• Faculty: prior publication?

• Protective of future academics• Surveys of publishers

• No specific policies largely• Consider submissions individually

• VT ETD Alumni• None had problems getting published

• Authors• Retain some rights, e.g., link to curriculum vitae,

online course materials

ETDs and Copyright

• Author’s rights• Retain copyright!• Rights include reproduction, modification,

distribution, public performance, public display

• Share non-exclusive rights:• Permit library to store / provide access

• Author’s obligations: fair use• Balance factors or get permission

ETDs and Long-term Preservation

• Concerns: Access without paper• Long term preservation• Standard multimedia formats• Adobe support (www.adobe.com/education/etd)

• Free (and compatible) PDF Reader, work on PDF/A• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/archive.html

• Addressed Concerns

• Cooperatives, e.g., OhioLink • Commercial options

• ProQuest: traditional microfilming, CDs, …• Frequent, regular back-ups available on-, off-site

ETD-MS

• ETD Metadata Standard• XML-encoded metadata standard

(content and encoding) for Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs)

• in part conforming to Dublin Core (DC)

• using RDF

• using UNICODE

• Will specify relationship with MARC

Complex to Simple

MARC ($50) Dublin Core (DC)

+thesis

Added Support by NDLTD

• Links from NDLTD site• ETD individuals support – submit ETD

• ETD discussion (e-prints) – community activities

• Conference papers and presentations – community activities

• Automated support to “join NDLTD”• Marcel Dekker book now available

• Edward A. Fox, Shahrooz Feizbadi, Joseph M. Moxley, and Christian R. Weisser, eds., The ETD Sourcebook: Theses and Dissertations in the Electronic Age, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004

Spirit of NDLTD• Help make a better (smaller) world• Win-win-win (everyone can benefit)• Have fun helping others• Helpers/teachers learn more than those they work with• Build on standards• ETDs are preservable, popular, expressive, “better”

• Doable, feasible, learnable, affordable, sharable

• Please join and participate in NDLTD!

Part 4

Conclusion

Digital Libraries in Education

• Analytical Survey, ed. Leonid Kalinichenko

• © 2003, www.iite-unesco.org, info@iite.ru

• Transforming the Way to Learn

• DLs of Educational Resources & Services

• Integrated/Virtual Learning Environment

• Educational Metadata

• Current DLEs: US (NSDL, DLESE, CITIDEL, NDLTD), Europe (Scholnet, Cyclades), UK (Distributed National Electronic Resource)

Case Studies to Future DLs

• All are invited to join NDLTD!

• All are invited to connect with NSDL, in general, and CITIDEL in particular, toward:

• DLEs in every country,

• Institutional repositories at every site.

• Case studies also help us generalize and advance the field, as through

• 5S (see next slides)

5S Model: Examples, Objectives

Models Examples ObjectivesStream Text; video; audio; image Describes properties of the DL

content such as encoding and language for textual material or particular forms of multimedia data

Structures Collection; catalog; hypertext; document; metadata; organization tools

Specifies organizational aspects of the DL content

Spatial Measure; measurable, topological, vector, probabilistic

Defines logical and presentational views of several DL components

Scenarios Searching, browsing, recommending,

Details the behavior of DL services

Societies Service managers, learners, Teachers, etc.

Defines managers, responsible for running DL services; actors, that use those services; and relationships among them

DL Services/Activities Taxonomy (Gonçalves)

BrowsingCollaboratingCustomizingFilteringProviding accessRecommendingRequestingSearchingVisualizing

AnnotatingClassifyingClusteringEvaluatingExtractingIndexing

MeasuringPublicizing

RatingReviewing (peer)

SurveyingTranslating (language)

ConservingConverting

Copying/ReplicatingEmulatingRenewing

Translating (format)

AcquiringCataloging

Crawling (focused)DescribingDigitizingFederatingHarvestingPurchasingSubmitting

PreservationalCreational

AddValue

Repository-Building

Information SatisfactionServices

Infrastructure Services

AuthoringModifying

OrganizingIndexing

Storing

Archiving

NetworkingAccessing

Filtering

Creation

DistributionUtilization

Reputation

Similarity

Desirability

AccuracyCompletenessConformance

Discovery

SearchingBrowsingRecommending

Relevance

Timeliness

Accessibility

Usage

Inactive

Active

Discard

RetentionMining

Semi-Active

Preservability

Timeliness

For More Information

• http://fox.cs.vt.edu

• www.dlib.vt.edu

• www.citidel.org

• www.nsdl.org

• www.ndltd.org

• 5S: see Gonçalves et al. in ACM Trans. Info. Systems April 2004

Questions/Discussion?