Case 1 1 IntelDRAM

7/27/2019 Case 1 1 IntelDRAM

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TEACHINGNOTE: BP-256TNDATE: 08/31/05

TEACHINGNOTEFORINTELCORPORATION(A)THEDRAM DECISION

INTRODUCTION

This cas !as "h #i$s" %&"c%' %# "h $sa$ch a "achi* c%++a,%$a"i% ,"! A- G$%.

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Teaching Note for Intel Corporation (A): The DRAM Decision BP-25 TN

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DISCUSSION OF MAJOR THEMES AND SUPPORTING ANALYSIS

1. Distinctiv Tc!n"#"$ic%# C"&'tncis %n( t! Lin)%$s *t+n Tc!n"#"$,-

M%n/%ct0in$- M%0)tin$- %n( C"0'"0%t St0%t$is

I" is i'4%$"a" "% $a+i "ha" "h$ a$ ,asica++- "h$ 'a%$ "ch%+%*ica+ c%'4"cisass%cia" !i"h s'ic%&c"%$s: (1) ci$c&i" si* (ca ! si* i") (9) 4$%css "ch%+%*-(ca ! 'a6 i") a (3) +a$* sca+ 4$cisi% 'aac"&$i* (ca ! 'a6 i" i +a$* .%+&'s!i"h hi*h -i+s) I"+>s ii"ia+ is"ic"i. "ch%+%*ica+ c%'4"cis !$ i si* as4cia++- 4$%css "ch%+%*- I"+>s c%$4%$a" s"$a"*- has .%+. sic 1=;9 I "h a$+-a-s I"+>s s"$a"*- !as "% .+%4 'ai"ai a 4+%i" "chica+ +a$shi4 ,- #%c&si* %4$%cssi* +a$shi4 a +ai* * 4$%&c"s I"s ,+ac6 'a*ic s'ic%&c"%$ 4$%csss4$%.i a c+a$ c%'4"i"i. a.a"a* !hich + "% a c%s" a.a"a* %.$ %+$ "ch%+%*is

Th "ch%+%*- s"$a"*- !as "% .+%4 ! s'ic%&c"%$ 4$%csss ,#%$ c%'4"i"%$s "h

'a$6"i* s"$a"*- !as "% &s a c%s" a.a"a* "% %'ia" is"i* "ch%+%*is N%" "ha"G$%. a M%%$ ,%"h c%' #$%' 4$%css "ch%+%*- ,ac6*$%&s M%%$ !as a Ch'is"$- aPh-sics PhD a G$%. !%$6 #%$ hi' a" Fai$chi+

2- "h %# 1=8? "h s"$a"*- has cha* % "!% +.+s: #i$s" "h 4$%css "ch%+%*-ca4a,i+i"- %# c%'4"i"%$s has , +.+ "h$%&*h '%,i+i"- %# *i$s a 4a$"ici4a"i% %#7&i4'" s&44+i$s i "ch%+%*- .+%4'" sc% 'ic$%4$%css%$s a $+a" +%*ic4$%&c"s ha. ,c%' i'4%$"a" (s cas Ehi,i" ;) Mic$%4$%css%$s a DRAMs i##$ #$%'ach %"h$ ,%"h #$%' "ch%+%*- a 'a$6"i* s"$a"*- 4$s4c"i.s

F$%' a 'a$6"i* s"a4%i" DRAMs ha. ,c%' a c%''%i"- 4$%&c" Th DRAM ,&siss

!" "h$%&*h a $a4i .%+&"i% #$%' s4cia+"- "% c%''%i"- 4$%&c" Di##$" 'aac"&$$s>DRAM %##$i*s a$ %! c%'4a"i,+ a ! *$a"i%s a$ $a4i+- a%4" ,- "h'a$6"4+ac

I"+>s DRAM 'a$6"i* s"$a"*- has , "% "$ a i" ach ! *$a"i% a$+- "%'ai'i 'a$*is a a.%i s.$ 4$ic c%'4"i"i% (s cas Ehi,i" 3 #%$ a "i' +i %#DRAM i"$%&c"i%s a cas Ehi,i" ? #%$ I"+>s 'a$6" sha$ .$s&s 4$ic i .a$i%&s*$a"i%s) I"+ 4+acs a hi*h .a+& % ,i* #i$s" !i"h ! 4$%&c" #a"&$s I"s c&$$"

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I"+ has his"%$ica++- &s DRAMs as a "ch%+%*- $i.$ A "ch%+%*- $i.$ +as ac%'4a->s .+%4'" %# 4$%css i'4$%.'"s DRAMs 'a6 a *%% "ch%+%*- $i.$ #%$"h i&s"$- #%$ "!% 'ai $as%s: as a 4$%&c" !i"h a $+a"i.+- s"$ai*h"#%$!a$ a 4$ic"a,+si* 4$%css i" 4$%.is "h a,i+i"- "% si* 4$%&c" a 4$%css si'&+"a%&s+- a "%achi. +i!i"h $&c"i% (s'a++$ *%'"$is h+4 ic$as 'aac"&$i* -i+s a i'4$%.

chi4 4$#%$'ac) as a hi*h .%+&' c%''%i"- 4$%&c" !i"h $a4i 'a$6" acc4"ac #%$ ach! *$a"i% i" 4$%.is a'4+ a "i'+- %44%$"&i"- #%$ +a$i* "h$%&*h 'aac"&$i*@hi+ I"+>s s"$a"*- %# ,i* #i$s" !i"h ! DRAM 4$%css "ch%+%*- #i"s "h %"i% %#"ch%+%*- $i.$ i"s 4%si"i% as a +%! .%+&' 4+a-$ i 1=85 %s %"

Th$ is a i"$s"i* "!is" "% I"+>s +a$shi4 s"$a"*- i DRAM "ch%+%*- @hi+ "h'a$6"i* s"$a"*- #%$ "h 95 a 1 M2 *$a"i%s is c%sis"" !i"h a si$ "% i##$"ia"("his "i' "h$%&*h "h a44+ica"i% %# CMOS 4$%cssi*) "h "ch%+%*- s"$a"*- is ,c%'i* %%# %4"i'ia"i% $a"h$ "ha ! "ch%+%*- +a$shi4 %.$a++ Ec++c i % 6- as4c" %#4$%cssi* "ch%+%*- ("hi i+c"$ic) has + I"+ "% s"a- !i"h 4$%. 4$%cssi* "chi7&s %"h 1 M2 *$a"i% !hi+ "h a4as "a6 "h +a % "$chs +a$i*)I "his a$$%! ss I"+>s a,i+i"- "% $'ai "h "ch%+%*ica+ +a$ s's ic$asi*+- +i'i". "h%&*h i" is s"i++ #i$s" "% i'4+'" CMOS a c%"i&s "% $+- % i"s 'a$6"i* s"$a"*- %#i##$"ia"i%

This s&,"+ cha* i "ch%+%*- s"$a"*- ca +a "% a isc&ssi% %# "h "ch%+%*- ch%ics "ha"I"+ has 'a &$i* ach s&ccssi. DRAM *$a"i% Th "i'+i i cas Ehi,i" 3 sh%!s"ha" a ! *$a"i% %# DRAMs '$*s $*&+a$+- a" 3s i#$i%$

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Th $is %# "h 'ic$%4$%css%$ a %"h$ +%*ic 4$%&c"s ,&sisss has $a'a"ica++- cha* "h

!a- "ha" I"+ 4$ci.s "h 'a$6"i* #&c"i% Th 'ic$%4$%css%$ si* !i is .$-i##$" #$%' "h ''%$- si* !i ,ca&s 'a- '%$ #ac"%$s '&s" , c%%$ia" "%c&+"i.a" a 'ic$%4$%css%$ c&s"%'$ I 'ic$%4$%css%$s "h c&s"%'$ 'a6s a +%*shis"%$ica+ "$a"'" %# RJD I"+>s 4hi+%s%4h- %# 4h-sica++- i"*$a"i* RJD !i"h'aac"&$i* c%'s #$%' M%%$>s 4$ic a" Fai$chi+ Tha" 4hi+%s%4h- $s&+"s i "hc%'4a->s a,i+i"- "% 'a6 $a4i ic$'"a+ 4$%css cha*s @hi+ "h s-s"' has a.a"a*si #aci+i"a"i* i'4+'"a"i% %# ! 4$%csss i" 'a- a+s% ha. ha s%' $a!,ac6s4a$"ic&+a$+- i "h a$a %# 4$%css 4$%+i#$a"i% M%%$ s&**s"s "ha" 4$%css 4$%+i#$a"i% has "%, chc6 4$i%ica++- A+"h%&*h .i$%'"a+ cha*s ha. #%$c "h c%'4a- "% '%i#- i"s%$i*ia+ ,+&4$i" %# 64i* "ch%+%*- .+%4'" a 'aac"&$i* #aci+i"is c%''% "h"h$ "ch%+%*- *$%&4s s"i++ &s "h sa' 7&i4'" as 'aac"&$i* #aci+i"is

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. P2in('n(nt C!%n$3 T! I&'%ct "/ % C!%n$in$ C"&'titiv Envi0"n&nt %n( %

R%'i(#, M%t0in$ In(st0, "n t! R#%tiv I&'"0t%nc "/ Tc!nic%# C"&'tncis

%n( t! Lin)%$s +it! Ot!0 Fncti"n%# C"&'tncis

Th "$ac %# a4as c%'4"i"%$s i"% "h DRAM 'a$6"4+ac has c+a$+- ha a 4$%#%&i'4ac" % I"+>s +a$shi4 s"$a"*- Th$%&*h c++c i 'aac"&$i* (%4"i'ia"i% %#is"i* 4$%csss .$s&s c$a"i% %# ! 4$%csss) a c%''i"'" "% "h DRAM ,&sissa4as 'aac"&$$s ha. '$* as "ch%+%*- +a$s (s cas Ehi,i" 3 #%$ DRAM4$%&c" i"$%&c"i% "i'+i B a4as c%'4ais %'ia" a#"$ "h 1 *$a"i%)

As 4$ics ha. c+i sha$4+- i "h DRAM 'a$6"4+ac I"+ has $ac" ,- shi#"i* i"sca4i"a+ a++%ca"i% a!a- #$%' DRAMs (s #aci+i"is ,&i+" sic 1=80 i cas Ehi,i" 5 "h-ic+& L%*ic EPROM a 'ic$%c%"$%++$s) Ai"i%a++- i "h '%"h+- a++%ca"i% %#'aac"&$i* $s%&$cs I"+ has a""'4" "% 'ai'i 'a$*iS.$a+ %# "h +i6a*s sc$i, a,%. ha. c%' &$ 4$ss&$ & "% "h $a4i+- cha*i*.i$%'" I 4a$"ic&+a$ "h '&"&a+ 4c ,"! I"+ a i"s c&s"%'$s has *$%!$a'a"ica++- as a $s&+" %# "h 'ic$%4$%css%$ ,&siss Ma$6"i* a44a$s "% , *$%!i* i$+a"i. s"$*"h !i"hi "h %$*aia"i% (#$%' cas Ehi,i" 1: SGJA as a 4$c"a* %# sa+s*$! #$%' 1K i 1=; "% 1=K i 1=8? !hi+ sa+s *$! s. #%+) I ai"i% I"+ a44a$s"% ha. ic$as i"s #%c&s % 4$%"c"i* i"++c"&a+ 4$%4$"- "h$%&*h +a!s&i"s

O "h *a"i. si I"+>s 'aac"&$i* $s%&$c a++%ca"i% $s4%s has $s&+" i a +ac6%# c%''i"'" "% "h DRAM ,&siss @i"h%&" a 'aac"&$i* ,as i DRAMs I"+ ca%"h%4 "% +a DRAM "ch%+%*- .+%4'" i "h #&"&$ Th DRAM>s a,i+i"- "% s$. i"s"ch%+%*- $i.$ $%+ 'a- a+s% , 4a$"+- c%'4$%'is ,- +ac6 %# 'aac"&$i* a++%ca"i% O

"h 4%si"i. si I"+ has +%s" #a$ +ss "ha TI i "h 4as" -a$

A" "h sa' "i' sic "h RJD a++%ca"i% is %" 'a % "h ,asis %# $.&s I"+ s"i++ has as&,s"a"ia+ RJD c%''i"'" i DRAM !hich %s +a "% a.ac 4$%css 6%!+*H%!.$ *i. M%%$>s 7&%" % "h s %# si*$s "h DRAM *$%&4 '&s" $a+i."&a++- "ha" "h- a$ %" *""i* "h 'aac"&$i* ca4i"a+ a++%ca"i% "% s&$.i. i "h+%* $&

A c$i"ica+ cha* i "h +i6a* ,"! "ch%+%*- .+%4'" a 4$%&c" i%.a"i% has$s&+" #$%' "h c%'4a->s *$%!"h a "h ic$asi* c%'4+i"- %# s'ic%&c"%$ 4$%cssi*I I"+>s a$+- a-s s.$a+ 4$%&c"s !i"h %$s 'a$6"s s&cc as a $s&+" %# "h

##%$"s %# ii.i&a+ "$4$&$s "h c+%sss %# RJD "% 'aac"&$i* a "h a,i+i"- %#% ii.i&a+ "% 'a$sha+ a c$i"ica+ 'ass %# $s%&$cs Th cas hi*h+i*h"s "h a'4+s %#EPROM a 'ic$%4$%css%$ .+%4'" a "hi$ &a"ici4a" s&ccss s"%$is T%a- "hsi"&a"i% a" I"+ is i##$" M%%$ 4%i"s %&" "ha" I"+ $7&i$s a s&,s"a"ia+ &s"i#ica"i% "%s"a$" a ! 4$%&c" I ai"i% % 4$s% ca % +%*$ sh4h$ a 4$%&c" "h$%&*h a++ %# i"s.+%4'" s"a*s A 'a%$ ! 4$%&c" 'a- $7&i$ "h c%%$ia"i% %# h&$s %# 4%4+

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4. T! T0%("//s 5t+n Sc"' %n( D't! in Tc!n"#"$is %n( t! Di//0nc 5t+n

Fi0&2Lv# %n( In(st0,2Lv# D0iv0s

I"+ is .$- #%c&s i c%'4a$is% "% i"s c%'4"i"%$s (s cas Ehi,i" = #%$ a"a % 'a$6"sha$ i .a$i%&s s'ic%&c"%$ s*'"s #%$ s.$a+ c%'4"i"%$s) I "h 4as" 10 -a$s "h cass&**s"s "ha" I"+ has a""'4" "% a$$%! i"s #%c&s #%$ a'4+ "h EEPROM +i !as$c"+- +i'ia" Th cisi% #aci* 'aa*'" a" "h %# 1=8? ,%i+s %! "% !h"h$%$ %" "% &$"a6 a #&$"h$ $&c"i% i "h sc%4 %# I"+>s is"ic"i. c%'4"cis Sic "hac"&a+ "ch%+%*- $sis !i"hi "h *i$i* "a's a is ',%i i "hi$ c%'4+$+a"i%shi4 !i"h "h #a,$ica"i% 7&i4'" "h cisi% "% i" "h DRAM ,&siss !i++ %" ,asi+- $.$s

I"+>s a$$%!i* #%c&s ca , s as 4a$a+++i* "h 'a"&$a"i% %# "h s'ic%&c"%$ i&s"$-I a #$a'!%$6 %# "ch%+%*ica+ .%+&"i% a ,$%a sc%4 %# c%$ c%'4"cis ,$%as "h#i$'>s #+i,i+i"- i aa4"i* "% a c$a"i* cha* F%$ a'4+ "h c%',ia"i% %# EPROMa +%*ic "ch%+%*is % % chi4 + "% a ! s*'" %# 'ic$%c%"$%++$s Aa4"a,i+i"- is'%s" c$i"ica+ i "h a$+- s"a*s %# a i&s"$->s .%+&"i% !h cha* is '%s" $a4i a +as"4$ic"a,+ I "h a$+- a-s G%$% M%%$ a R%,$" N%-c ch%s "% .+%4 ,%"h a ,i4%+a$a a MOS 4$%css ,ca&s "h- c%&+ %" s !hich i$c"i% "h i&s"$- !%&+ "a6 I 1=8?"h MOS sha$ %# "h i*i"a+ 'a$6" is %.$ 80K !hi+ ,i4%+a$ $4$s"s a,%&" 1K a I"+has a++ ,&" i" "h ,i4%+a$ 'a$6" (s cas Ehi,i" =)

E. "h%&*h sc%4 'a- , '%s" c$i"ica+ i "h a$+- s"a*s a #i$'>s aa4"a,i+i"- $'aisi'4%$"a" . i a 'a"&$ i&s"$- 4a$"ic&+a$+- !h i##$" c%'4"cis ca ha.%$s s-$*is %$ !h a+"$a"i. "ch%+%*is $4$s" 4%""ia+ "h$a"s (#%$ a'4+"h "h$a" %# s'ic%&c"%$ c%'4%"s "% "&, 'aac"&$$s) I"+>s .i! %# c%'4"i"i."ch%+%*is is "ha" "h- 4%s a "h$a" %+- i "h is"a" #&"&$ Th 7&s"i% %# #&"&$ s-$*is

,"! I"+>s c%$ "ch%+%*is is '%$ &c$"ai I"+ 'a- +i'i" s%' 4%""ia+ #&"&$ %4"i%s,- +i'ia"i* i"s DRAM %4$a"i%

F%$ a'4+ "h "$ i 'ic$%4$%css%$ .%+&"i% has , "% ic%$4%$a" '%$ a '%$ %# "h4$i4h$a+ ci$c&i"$- Sh%&+ 4$%cssi* "ch%+%*- a.ac "% a s"a* !h$ i" 'a6s c%%'icss "% i"*$a" DRAM a 'ic$%4$%css%$ "ch%+%*is "h #i$' !i"h 'as"$- i ,%"h4$%csss !%&+ 4$s&'a,+- ha. a a.a"a* Th&s "h i'4ac" %# I"+>s 4%""ia+ i" #$%'"h DRAM ,&siss '&s" , .i! i "$'s %# ##c"s % i"s is"ic"i. "ch%+%*ica+c%'4"cis as !++ as i"s 4$%&c" 'a$6" 4%si"i%

Th a.a"a*s %# #%c&s a$ c+a$ Th #i$' "ha" #%c&ss "$as #+i,i+i"- #%$ ##icic- Th cas

s&**s"s "ha" a4as s&ccss i ''%$is has $s&+" #$%' a s"$a"*- %# #%c&s @hi+ I"+.%"s "$'%&s $s%&$cs "% 'ic$%4$%css%$ si* a4as 'aac"&$$s ha. (a" +as"&"i+ $c"+-) +ics "hi$ 'ic$%4$%css%$ si*s a #%c&s % 'aac"&$i* Sh%&+ I"+ci "% $%4 "h DRAM +i i" !i++ #$ c%$4%$a" $s%&$cs "% s"$*"h "h 'ic$%4$%css%$a EPROM +is S%' .ic i "h cas s&**s"s "ha" #&$"h$ #%c&si* !%&+ a++%! a $a+i*'" %# .+%4'" $s%&$cs

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R% S'i"h>s *$%&4 is i cha$* %# ,%"h "h SRAM a "h 'ic$%4$%css%$ 4$%css "ch%+%*-.+%4'" I "$'s %# $.& "h 'ic$%4$%css%$ ,&siss is I"+>s '%s" i'4%$"a" i 1=8?(s cas Ehi,i" ; #%$ sha$ %# $.&) S'i"h 'a "h s"$a"*ic cisi% "% isc%"i& !%$6% "h ?s#&"&$ I c%"$as" Ch%&>s *$%&4 is "h ,s" c%$4%$a" $s%&$c #%$ "ch%+%*- .+%4'"(N%" a+s% "ha" Ch%&>s *$%&4 + "% "h #ai+&$ i "h ? DRAM *$a"i% h%!.$ "his#ai+&$ ca , ,""$ s as "h $s&+" %# %"h$ !a6sss) DRAMs a$ "h +as" i'4%$"a"s*'" i "$'s %# $.& a -" c%''a "h '%s" ##c"i. .+%4'" "a'E+i'ia"i% %# DRAM .+%4'" !%&+ a++%! a $4+%-'" s% "ha" "h '%s" i'4%$"a"s*'" c%&+ ha. "h ,s" "a' H%!.$ a 4$'a"&$ a""'4" a" $4+%-'" 'i*h"4%""ia++- +a "% Ch%& a his "a' "% +a. I"+ !i"h a""a" +%ss %# "h c%'4a->s '%s"a.ac 4$%css "ch%+%*- ca4a,i+i"-

A i"$s"i* 7&s"i% $ais ,- "h cas c%c$s "h i##$c ,"! i&s"$- a #i$'s %&"4&" %# i"*$a" ci$c&i"s i 1=8?

p! %


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6. T! I&'#ic%ti"ns /"0 C"0'"0%t St0%t$, "/ Tnsi"ns 5t+n C"&&"(it, %n(

S'ci%#t, 5sinsss

As sc$i, a,%. "h $7&i$'"s #%$ "h DRAM (a EPROM) s*'" a "h L%*ic

s*'" a$ i##$" #$%' 'aac"&$i* 'a$6"i* a "ch%+%*- s"$a"*- 4$s4c"i.s Th6- 7&s"i%s #%$ I"+ a$: ca % c%'4a- c+ i ,%"h a$as a ca a c%'4a- s&$.i. i"h +%* "$' !i"h%&" DRAMs "h hi*hs DRAM as a ich 4$%&c" a" "!ic "h c&$$" 'a$6"4$ic Th a"a %# "h cas h%!.$ iica" "ha" "h$ is % .ia,+ ich i DRAM: I"+ %s%" *" "h 4c" 9 4$ic 4$'i&' a "h c%$$+a"i% ,"! "h 4$ic i "h hi*h


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Th DRAM 'a$6" s*'" has &$*% a si*i#ica" s"$&c"&$a+ cha* !i"h "h "$ac %#a4as c%'4"i"%$s Sic "hi$ "$ac i 1=80 "h #i. +a$*s" a4as 'aac"&$$s ha.ca4"&$ ?;K %# "h c%',i !%$+ DRAM a SRAM 'a$6"s %# a$+- 5 ,i++i% i 1=8?(s cas Ehi,i" =) a4as 'aac"&$$s ha. '%s"$a" "ha" 'aac"&$i* +a$shi4a c%''i"'" "% "h ,&siss ca +a "% %'iac

Th iss& %# s"$&c"&$a+ cha* ca +a "% a $ich isc&ssi% %# "h i'4+ica"i%s %# c%'4"i* !i"ha *$%&4 "ha" has a i##$" '%+ #%$ c%'4"i"i. ,ha.i%$ @hi+ "h cas %s %" 4$%.i a*$a" a+ %# a"a % a4as #i$'s s.$a+ #ac"%$s +a "% a i##$" a4as '%+ #%$c%'4"i"i. ,ha.i%$: a c%h$" a"i%a+ i&s"$ia+ 4%+ic- a +%! c%s" %# ca4i"a+ a a +%*s "$ai"i%a+ s"$a"*- %# s"a-i* aha %# "h 4$ic c&$. &si* 4$%css "ch%+%*-'&s" , $assss i +i*h" %# "h cha* i 7&i4'" s&44+i$ $%+ Th ! s"$&c"&$ +as "% a'%$ $a4i "$as#$ %# 4$%cssi* 6%!+* ,"! c%'4"i"%$s a ,"! c%&"$is I %ss I"+ has a+$a- $ac" "% "his s"$&c"&$a+ cha* ,- .+%4i* a ! s" %# is"ic"i."chica+ c%'4"cs $+a" "% chi4 si* Th si* ca4a,i+i"is $4$s" a c%'4"i"i.a.a"a* !hich is +ss +i6+- "% i##&s "h$%&*h s&44+i$ $+a"i%shi4s

O"h$ #ac"%$s s&**s"i* a s"$&c"&$a+ i&s"$- cha* a$ "h '$*c %# a %'ia" si*#%$ DRAMs as %# "h ?


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s.$a+ a4as #i$'s ha. a s"$%* 4%si"i% i DRAMs ,&" a$ %" 6%! #%$ "hi$'ic$%4$%css%$ "ch%+%*- (si* as %44%s "% 'aac"&$) I"+ a M%"%$%+a ha. s"$%*'ic$%4$%css%$s ,&" $+a"i.+- !a6 ''%$- 4$%&c"s (M%"%$%+a is !a6 i EPROMs a I"+is !a6 i DRAMs) Hi"achi has a s"$%* DRAM 4$%&c" +i (s cas Ehi,i" =) ,&" has -" "%.+%4 a 4$%4$i"a$- 'ic$%4$%css%$ @hi+ "his .ic is ac%"a+ i" s&**s"s "h 4%ssi,i+i"-

"ha" "h i&s"$- 'a- .+%4 i"% s.$a+ s*'"s ach % %'ia" ,- i##$" c%'4ais

8. T! Div0$nc 5t+n St%t( St0%t$, %n( St0%t$ic Acti"n %n( t! I&'#ic%ti"ns

/"0 T"' M%n%$&nt

A- G$%. sai "ha" i# -%& !a" "% 6%! a %$*aia"i%>s s"$a"*- %>" as6 %,s$. Thisa44a$s "% , "h si"&a"i% a" I"+ i 1=85 Th %.$a++ cas "" #$a's "h DRAM cisi% !i"h"h %$*aia"i%>s c%."i%a+ !is%' "ha" DRAMs 4$%.i a 6- "ch%+%*- a'aac"&$i* $i.$ as !++ as a c$i"ica+ +'" %# I"+>s 4$%&c" 'i O "h %"h$ ha "h.ic i "h hi,i"s sh%! "ha" I"+ has , ##c"i.+- %&" %# "h DRAM ,&siss sic1=80 (s cas Ehi,i" 5 B %+- % %# 8 4+a"s a$ 'a6i* DRAMs s a+s% cas Ehi,i"s 9

a ? B DRAMs $4$s" ,"! 3K a K %# sa+s i 1=80 "h$%&*h 1=8?)

@hi+ I"+ .i!s i"s+# as "h ''%$- c%'4a- i" has *$a&a++- .%+. i"% "h'ic$%4$%css%$ c%'4a- Th .%+&"i% a44a$s "% ha. , "h $s&+" %# %$*aia"i%a+ #%$csB "h i"$a+ s+c"i% .i$%'" B a "h i"$ac"i% %# "h%s #%$cs !i"h "h "$a+.i$%'" Th $%+ %# "%4 'aa*'" i "h cha* 4$%css '&s" , $a'i i +i*h" %#"h %$*aic 4$%css !hich a44a$s "% ha. + "% I"+>s aa4"i. ,ha.i%$

Acc%$i* "% G$%. "%4 'aa*'" '&s" c%"i&a++- $assss "h %$*aia"i%>s c%."i%a+!is%' a a""'4" "% 7&s"i% s+#


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A.a"a*s Disa.a"a*sLics Tch%+%*- Mai"ai "ch%+%*ica+ c%'4"c P$%.i c%'4"i"%$s accss "% is"$i,&"i% cha+s

Mai"ai #&"&$ %4"i%s a #&++ %$as ha. % 4$ic

4$%&c" +i O44%$"&i"- c%s"s

S"i++ #i$s" "% 'a$6" Ma- %" , 4%ssi,+ !i"h%&" 'aac"&$i*

< S"i++ %" #%c&s

Nich P+a-$ Mai"ai "ch%+%*ica+ c%'4"c N%" c+a$ "h$ is a #si,+ ich

a acc4"a,+ ROI() Has %" !%$6 s% #a$

S"i++ #i$s" "% 'a$6"

R*ai +a$shi4 A++ a.a"a*s %# +icsi* H&* i.s"'"

La$ "% c%'4" i c%''%i"- T%% +a"

F%c&s % 'aac"&$i* O44%$"&i"- c%s" "%% hi*hc%'4"i"i.ss Ca%" , ,%"h s4cia+"- a

A##c" a4as cash #+%! c%''%i"- 4$%&c$

Ei" I''ia" ic$as i 'a$*is L%s "ch%+%*- $i.$ Ic$as ca4aci"- a.ai+a,+ N% #&++ 4$%&c" +i R&c c%#&si% R4&"a"i%: 7&i" Ic$as s"$a"*ic #%c&s (i38) Gi. &4 +*ac- a ,i**s" 'a$6"

L%s S&+i Ch%& D%>" +a$ "% c%'4" a4as ic$as i cash #+%! EEPROM

N%": Th is"$&c"%$ sh%&+ as6 "h c+ass "% .%" a*ai % "h %4"i%s Is "h .%"i* i##$"#$%' "h % a" "h %&"s" %# "h c+ass As6 % %$ "!% 4%4+ !h% cha* "hi$ .%" "% 4+ai!h-

. At t! n( "/ 1 W!,> 9Mi((# *"%0( 2 17 &ints:

N%": &s"i%s 1 a 9 %.$+a4 s%'!ha" I" 'a- , h+4#&+ "% 64 "$ac6 %# "h a$*&'"s "ha"$#+c" ,+i#s a #ac"s !hi+ isc&ssi* "h %4"i%s This $7&i$s &si* "h #i$s" si,%a$ a"h #i$s" 'i+ ,%a$ si'&+"a%&s+-

2+i#s Fac"s

Tch%+%*- D$i.$ B O+- 3K SOM .$s&s 15K #%$ Hi"achi ,&" DRAM 4$%css "ch%+%*-

*$%&4 s"i++ +as i +i!i"h $&c"i%

F&++ P$%&c" Li B La" i ?: 1;K SOM

B La" i 95: 01K SOM

B N% #&++ +i sic 1=;=

Maac"&$i* E4$ic B D%! "% 1 #a, %&" %# 8E'%"i%a+ a""ach'":DRAM Q I"+ B O+- 100 'i++i% %&" %# 1 ,i++i% %# sa+s I"+ is a+$a- a +%*ic

4$%&c" c%'4a- ,- 1=85

C%c+&si%: Fac"s % %" s&44%$" ,+i#s H%! % -%& 4+ai "h%s ,+i#s I$"ia+ #%$cs ic%$4%$a" s"$a"*-: (1) ,%& $a"i%a+i"- a (9) '%"i%a+ a""ach'"

p! '2


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S% a$ DRAMs "%"a++- &i'4%$"a" i 1=8? N% ,ca&s S&+i Ch%& a "h DRAM 4$%css"ch%+%*- *$%&4 is a 6- 4a$" %# I"+>s is"ic"i. "ch%+%*ica+ c%'4"cis !hich a$"$as#$a,+ "% 'ic$%4$%css%$s S% +*i"i'a" &c$"ai"- a,%&" s"$a"*ic i'4%$"ac %# "hDRAM ,&siss is a+s% a s%&$c %# i$"ia i c%$4%$a" s"$a"*- ('&s" is"i*&ish "h 4$%&c"'a$6" a is"ic"i. c%'4"c as4c"s)

4. W!, (i( Int# #"s its #%(0s!i' '"siti"n in DRAMs> W!%t !%s Int#@s tc!n"#"$,

st0%t$, *n +it! 0s'ct t" DRAMs> H"+ !%s t! "0$%ni%ti"n 0%ct( t" t! v"#ti"n "/

t! DRAM *sinss> W!%t ("s t!is s%, %*"t Int#@s $n0ic st0%t$, %n( t! i&%$ it !%s

"/ its#/ %s % c"&'%n,> W!, c"#( t! "0$%ni%ti"n (" s"> W!%t c"#( Int# !%v ("n

(i//0nt#,> W!%t +"#( * t! i&'#ic%ti"ns i/ it !%( ("n s"> 9Sc"n( &i((# *"%0( 2 6;

&ints:

I"+ *%" i"% a 4$ca$i%&s s"$a"*ic 4%si"i% i "h DRAM ,&siss ,ca&s (i) i&s"$- .%+&"i%ca&s DRAM "% ,c%' a c%''%i"- ,&siss a (ii) ,ca&s %# i"s s"$a"*- i "h DRAM,&siss !hich c%"i& "% , ,as % i"s is"ic"i. "ch%+%*ica+ c%'4"c (IC si* a4$%css "ch%+%*- i !ha" I"+ ha *%") !hi+ "h ,asis %# c%'4"i"i% i "h DRAMi&s"$- (!ha" i" "a6s "% !i) ha cha* "%!a$ +a$* sca+ 4$cisi% 'aac"&$i**i$i* a (iii) ,ca&s %# i"s i"$a+ s+c"i% .i$%'" !hich ha a+$a- i.$"c$i"ica+ 'aac"&$i* $s%&$cs a!a- #$%' DRAM "%!a$ ! s4cia+"- 4$%&c"s This cas%##$s c+a$ .ic %# i$"ia i "ch%+%*ica+ c%'4"c 4+%-'" i "h #ac %# cha*i*,asis %# c%'4"i"i%

(i) I&s"$- E.%+&"i% (s Ehi,i" 1: Th E" I&s"$- Aa+-sis F$a'!%$6)

C%'4"i"%$s a ! "$a"s:< M%s"6 (? 1): I"$%&c '%$ &s$


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C%c+&si%: DRAM has ,c%' a c%''%i"- ,&siss !i"h a""a" shi#"i* ,asis %#c%'4"i"i% This is a c+assic a'4+ %#Ps DRAM S"$a"*- (s Ehi,i" 9: F%$cs D$i.i* C%'4a- E.%+&"i%)

1: I"+ Q "ch%+%*- +a$ ,as % 4$%css "ch%+%*- c%'4"c (#ai$+- +%! -i+s ,&"hi*h %&*h "% ,a" c%$ ''%$- s"aa$ 4$%&c" i "h c%'4&"$ 'a$6" s*'")

?: I"+ s"i++ "ch%+%*- +a$ ,&" M%s"6 "$s !i"h &s$s i"$a+ s+c"i% .i$%'"4+a- a 6- $%+ i '%"i.a"i* 'i+

N%" "ha" "h 'ai'i 'a$*is

p! '#


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c&+"&$ T%4 'aa*'" i %" a"ici4a" "ha" "his $&+ !%&+ *" "h c%'4a- %&" %# i"s c%$''%$- ,&siss " !h i" i "%4 'aa*'" #%& i" i %" !a" "% cha* i" Th-4$%,a,+- $a+i "ha" %i* s% !%&+ 4$%,a,+- ha. c$a" "$'%&s c%#&si% !i"hi "hc%'4a- a +a "% c%''i"'"s "ha" "h- !$ %" $a- "% 'a6 O# c%&$s ach %# "h'a$*ia+ a++%ca"i% cisi%s !$ %" .i! as s"$a"*ic ,&" "h s&' %# a++ "hs ic$'"a+

cisi%s s&$+- !as

RJD $s%&$c a++%ca"i%: A" "h sa' "i' "%4 'aa*'" c%"i& "% s4 %


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ha. .+%4 s&ch c%'4"c s#ici"+- 7&ic6+- (a s"$%* ass&'4"i%) "h c%'4a- !%&+

p! '


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4$%,a,+- ha. , a a+s% $a i a hi*h+- c-c+ica+ c%''%i"- ,&siss This !%&+ a+s% ha.i.%+. a 'a%$ c&+"&$a+ cha* !i"h ha$ "% 4$ic" c%s7&cs

6. H"+ (i( Int# $t int" t! &ic0"'0"css"0 *sinss> H"+ i&'"0t%nt is t!is *sinss /"0

Int# %t t! n( "/ 1 9Sc"n( si(*"%0( 2 17 &ints:

Th isc&ssi% sh%&+ ,$i* %&" "ha" 'ic$%4$%css%$s (+i6 EPROMs) !$ %" a s"$a"*ica++-4+a 4$%&c" ,&" ca' a,%&" as "h $s&+" %# "h ##%$"s %# a 6- "ch%+%*is" (T H%##) i$s4%s "% a c&s"%'$ $7&s" #%$ a s4cia+i chi4 s" (a a4as c%'4a- "ha" !a" "%,$i* %&" a +c"$%ic s6"%4 ca+c&+a"%$ a i"*$a" ci$c&i"$-) H$ Ehi,i" 3: AF$a'!%$6 %# "h S"$a"*-s c%$ ,&siss is a+$a- +%*ic ('ic$%4$%css%$) 4$%&c"s (cas hi,i" ;) This"$&c"%$ ca "$as+a" "his hi,i" i a *$a4h sh%! i Ehi,i" ?: "ha" sh%!s "h c+ii*''%$- ,&siss a "h ic$asi* +%*ic ,&siss %.$ "i' !i"h "h c&$.s c$%ssi* a$%&1=81s si* c%'4"cis ,#%$ "h 'a$6" si*a+s % "hi'4%$"ac %# "h ! .ic !$ .$- c+a$ a i $a"i#-i* "h cisi%s 'a ,- 'i+

Case 1 1 IntelDRAM

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Transcript of Case 1 1 IntelDRAM