FLOW CHART OF REACTIONS BETWEEN ALKANE, ALKENE, ALCOHOL, CARBOXYLIC ACID AND ESTER

Naming of Carbon compound (Prefix)

No. of carbon

Prefix Example Formula

1C Meth Methane CH4

2C Eth Ethanol C2H5OH

3C Prop Propene C3H6

4C But Butanoic acid C3H7COOH

5C Pent Pentane C5H12

6C Hex Hexene C6H12

7C Hept Heptanol C7H15OH

8C Oct Octanoic acid C7H15COOH

9C Non Nonane C9H20

10C Dec Decene C10H20

6 characteristics of Homologous series

(1) Members can be represented by a same general formula.

(2) Members can be prepared using similar methods.

(3) Members show a gradual change in their physical properties.

(4) Members have similar chemical properties.

(5) Members have same functional group.

(6) Successive member differ by – CH2 group and RMM of 14.

Definition 1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain the elements

carbon and hydrogen only. 2. Saturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon that have only single

covalent bonds between all the carbon atoms in the molecules. 3. Unsaturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon that have at least one

carbon-carbon multiple bond in the molecule. 4. The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the

actual numbers of atoms of each element present in one molecule of the substance.

5. The structural formula of an organic compound is the chemical formula that shows the arrangement of atoms and covalent bonds between atoms in a molecule of the compound.

6. A homologous is a family of organic compounds with the same

functional group and with similar chemical properties.

7. A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that determines the characteristic properties of an organic compound.

8. Isomerism is the existence of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

9. Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Each isomer has a different

arrangement of atoms in space.

ETHANE C2H6

Chloroethane

CH3CH2Cl + HCl

Cl2

Sunlight /uv

Substitution

reaction

ETHENE C2H4

H2 Nickel / platinum

200oC

Hydrogenation reaction

HCl gas

r.t.p

ETHANOL C2H5OH

Steam, Phosphoric acid, H3PO4

300oC / 60 atm

Hydration reaction

Br2 in

tetrachloromethane

1, 2-dibromoethane

CH2BrCH2Br

Halogenation reaction

200oC,

1500 atm

Addition polymerisatio

i) Aluminium oxide/hot porcelain ii) Concentrated H2SO4, 180oC

iii) Concentrated H3PO4, 80oC

Ethane-1,2-diol

CH2OHCH2OH

Acidified

KMnO4

Dehydration reaction

Oxidation reaction

i) Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7

ii) Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4

Ethanoic acid CH3COOH

Ethyl ethanoate CH3COOC2H5

Concentrated

H2SO4 reflux

Esterification reaction

Starch/glucose

Yeast

Fermentation

PETROLEUM

Hot

Alumina

Cracking Reaction

ALKANE

CnH2n + 2

ALKENE

CnH2n

ALCOHOL

CnH2n + 1

ESTER

CnH2n + 1COOCmH2m + 1

1. Neutralisation reaction salt and water

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

2. With active metals (Mg, Zn, Al) salt + H2 gas 2 CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2

3. With metallic carbonate salt + CO2 + H2O 2 CH3COOH + CaCO3

(CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O

Addition reaction

poly(ethene)

( CH2CH2 )n

Number of Isomer Isomers have different physical properties because they have different molecular structural. However, isomers have the same chemical properties

because they belong to the same homologous series.

Homologous Series

No. of carbon

No. of isomer

Structural formula

4 Butane

2

;

Alkane

5 Pentane

3

; ;

4 Butene

3

; ;

Alkene

5 Pentene

5 ; ;

3 Propanol

2 ;

Alcohol

4 Butanol

4 ; ; ;

C-C-C-C

C-C-C-C-C

C=C-C-C C-C=C-C

C=C-C-C-C

C-C=C-C-C

C-C-C

C

C-C-C-C

C

C

C-C-C C

C=C-C C

C=C-C-C

C

C=C-C-C C

C-C-C OH

C-C-C OH

C-C-C-C OH

C-C-C-C OH

C

C-C-C

OH

C

C-C-C

OH

All carbon compound combust in excess

oxygen to CO2 and H2O

Alkene burns with more sooty flame

than corresponding alkane due to higher

% of carbon by mass.

To differentiate alkane and alkene:

Method Observation

Add bromine water, Br2

Alkene

decolourise the brown colour of bromine water.

Alkane no visible change.

Add acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4

Alkene

decolourise the purple colour of KMnO4.

Alkane no visible change.

position of alkyl parent position of suffix of

alkyl group group chain functional group homologous series Name of carbon

compounds

C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH

C2H5OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O

C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl

C2H4 + H2O + [O] CH2OHCH2OH

C2H4 + Cl2 CH2ClCH2Cl C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O

C2H4 + H2 C2H6

C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2

C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5+ H2O

n C2H4 (CH2CH2)n