Carpathian Tumuli Culture

3
Carpathian Tumuli culture From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Carpathian Tumuli culture The Carpathian Tumuli culture (or "Carpathian Kurgan culture") is the name given to an archaeological culture which evolved in the parts of the Carpathian Mountains between the end of the 2nd and end of the 4th century AD. It was less vast than the area occupied by the  Lipiţa culture, encompassing today'sPokuttya, Maramureş, Bucovina and to a lesser extent, Northwest  Moldova. The arrival of  East Germanic tribes in the Upper  Dniester region forced theCostoboci to withdraw or crowd into the Carpathians at the end of the 2nd century AD and the beginning of the 3rd, where a part of them were already living. Other groups migrated to the area of the  Carpi people (Moldova) or remained to live together with the newly arrived peoples of the  Przeworsk culture. Most of the material evidence of the culture suggests it was  Dacian. Tumuli tomb building disappeared from Roman Dacia with the coming of Imperial administration, but it continued to exist in the unconquered north of Dacia, a sign that the local population kept its ancestral traditions. The demarcation line is fairly clear, since the neighbour Przeworsk peoples did not have tumular tombs. As in the Lipiţa culture, the dead were cremated and their ashes were put in urns which were buried in the tumuli. The difference with the Carpathian Tumuli culture is that plane tombs are no longer found, but only (or almost only) tumular tombs.  After  Roman emperor  Theodosius I defeated the neighbouring Carpi people in 381 AD, the people of the Carpathian Tumuli culture lost an important ally and this archaeological culture dissipates soon after, its place being taken by another one, the  Sântana de MureșChernyakhov culture, which also replaces the Poieneşti – Lucaşevca culture in the Northwestern Moldavian Subcarpathians, formed by the Bastarnae between the Costoboci and the Carpi. We can follow the Costoboci even after the beginning of the 5th century, the newly formed  Prague- Korchak culture being linked to the Carpathian Tumuli. There was no chronological break Between the two cultures; the Costoboci remained on their territories, but now start to receive not only Slavic-type material culture elements, but also some Slavic population. References [edit] 

description

tumuli culture

Transcript of Carpathian Tumuli Culture

  • 5/27/2018 Carpathian Tumuli Culture

    1/3

    Carpathian Tumuli culture

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Carpathian Tumuli culture

    The Carpathian Tumuli culture(or "Carpathian Kurgan culture") is the name given to

    anarchaeological culturewhich evolved in the parts of theCarpathian Mountainsbetween the end of

    the 2nd and end of the 4th century AD. It was less vast than the area occupied by theLipia culture,encompassing today'sPokuttya,Maramure,Bucovinaand to a lesser extent, NorthwestMoldova.

    The arrival ofEast Germanic tribesin the UpperDniesterregion forced theCostobocito withdraw or

    crowd into the Carpathians at the end of the 2nd century AD and the beginning of the 3rd, where a

    part of them were already living. Other groups migrated to the area of theCarpi people(Moldova) or

    remained to live together with the newly arrived peoples of thePrzeworsk culture.

    Most of the material evidence of the culture suggests it wasDacian.Tumuli tomb building disappeared

    fromRoman Daciawith the coming of Imperial administration, but it continued to exist in the

    unconquered north of Dacia, a sign that the local population kept its ancestral traditions. The

    demarcation line is fairly clear, since the neighbour Przeworsk peoples did not have tumular tombs. As

    in the Lipia culture, the dead were cremated and their ashes were put in urns which were buried in thetumuli. The difference with the Carpathian Tumuli culture is that plane tombs are no longer found, but

    only (or almost only) tumular tombs.

    AfterRoman emperorTheodosius Idefeated the neighbouring Carpi people in 381 AD, the people of

    the Carpathian Tumuli culture lost an important ally and this archaeological culture dissipates soon

    after, its place being taken by another one, theSntana de MureChernyakhov culture,which alsoreplaces thePoieneti Lucaevca culturein the Northwestern Moldavian Subcarpathians, formed bytheBastarnaebetween the Costoboci and the Carpi.

    We can follow the Costoboci even after the beginning of the 5th century, the newly formedPrague-

    Korchak culturebeing linked to the Carpathian Tumuli. There was no chronological break Between the

    two cultures; the Costoboci remained on their territories, but now start to receive not only Slavic-type

    material culture elements, but also some Slavic population.

    References[edit]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipi%C5%A3a_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipi%C5%A3a_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipi%C5%A3a_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokuttyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokuttyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C5%9Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C5%9Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C5%9Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costobocihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costobocihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpi_(people)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpi_(people)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpi_(people)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przeworsk_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przeworsk_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przeworsk_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Daciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Daciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Daciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernyakhov_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernyakhov_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernyakhov_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernyakhov_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poiene%C5%9Fti_%E2%80%93_Luca%C5%9Fevca_culture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poiene%C5%9Fti_%E2%80%93_Luca%C5%9Fevca_culture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poiene%C5%9Fti_%E2%80%93_Luca%C5%9Fevca_culture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poiene%C5%9Fti_%E2%80%93_Luca%C5%9Fevca_culture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poiene%C5%9Fti_%E2%80%93_Luca%C5%9Fevca_culture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastarnaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastarnaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastarnaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korchak_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korchak_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korchak_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korchak_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpathian_Tumuli_culture&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpathian_Tumuli_culture&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpathian_Tumuli_culture&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origins_200_AD.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origins_200_AD.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origins_200_AD.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origins_200_AD.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpathian_Tumuli_culture&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korchak_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korchak_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastarnaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poiene%C5%9Fti_%E2%80%93_Luca%C5%9Fevca_culture&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernyakhov_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Daciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przeworsk_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpi_(people)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costobocihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C5%9Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokuttyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipi%C5%A3a_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_culture
  • 5/27/2018 Carpathian Tumuli Culture

    2/3

    Gheorghe Bichir, Dacii liberi din nordul Dacieiin Spaiul nord-est carpatic n mileniul ntunecat,

    Historica, Iai,1997

    Mircea Ignat, Spaiul nord-est carpatic n secolele I - III d. Chr.in Spaiul nord-est carpatic n

    mileniul ntunecat, Historica, Iai, 1997

    Constantin C. Petolescu, Carpii n lumina izvoarelor narative i epigraficein Spaiul nord-est

    carpatic n mileniul ntunecat, Historica, Iai, 1997

    Victor Spinei, Bucovina n mileniul ntunecatin Spaiul nord-est carpatic n mileniul ntunecat,

    Historica, Iai, 1997

    Cultura Sntana de Mure-CerneahovDe la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liber

    Cultura Sntana de Mure-Cerneahov (portocaliu).

    Vestigii ale Culturii Sntana de Mure-Cerneahov descoperite n necropola de la Budeti, dinraionul Criuleni(Republica

    Moldova), secoleleal III-leaial IV-lea d.Hr.

    Cultura Sntana de Mure-Cerneahoveste astfel este denumit dup localitile eponime

    dinArdeal(Sntana de Mure)iUcraina(Cerneahov, nu departe deKiev), unde s-au gsit primele vestigii

    care i sunt caracteristice.[1][2][3]

    ntre timp, peste o mie de alte spturiarheologiceau scos la iveal

    artefacte ale acestei civilizaii, care s-a dezvoltat ntre secolele al II-lea i al V-lea ntr-o arie larg din

    Europa de Est, pe un teritoriu astzimprit ntre statele moderneUcraina,Republica Moldova,

    parialRomniai parialBielorusia.

    Surse[modificare|modificare surs]

    Este posibil ca aceast cultur s corespund Regatului gotic al lui Oium, descris de ctre Iordanesn

    lucrarea saGetica,dar oricum se observ n ea un amestec de influene ale goilor,geto-

    dacilor(inclusivcei romanizai),sarmailori aslavilordin zon.[4][5]

    Bibliografie[modificare|modificare surs]

    http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raionul_Criulenihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raionul_Criulenihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raionul_Criulenihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_III-leahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_III-leahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_III-leahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_IV-leahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_IV-leahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_IV-leahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardealhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardealhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardealhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99,_Mure%C8%99http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99,_Mure%C8%99http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99,_Mure%C8%99http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-3http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-3http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologiehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologiehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologiehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2niahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2niahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2niahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordaneshttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordaneshttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordaneshttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getica_(Iordanes)http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getica_(Iordanes)http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getica_(Iordanes)http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C8%9Bihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C8%9Bihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C8%9Bihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto-dacihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto-dacihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto-dacihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto-dacihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traco-romanihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traco-romanihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traco-romanihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma%C8%9Bihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma%C8%9Bihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma%C8%9Bihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma%C8%9Bihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-4http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-4http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-4http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=2http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=2http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=2http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=2http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=2http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=2http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov_01.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov_01.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov.PNGhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov.PNGhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov_01.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov_01.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov.PNGhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov.PNGhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov_01.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov_01.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov.PNGhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov.PNGhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov_01.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov_01.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov.PNGhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Chernyakhov.PNGhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=2http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=2http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-4http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-4http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarma%C8%9Bihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traco-romanihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto-dacihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto-dacihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C8%9Bihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getica_(Iordanes)http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordaneshttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2niahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologiehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-3http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_note-1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99,_Mure%C8%99http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardealhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_IV-leahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_III-leahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Moldovahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raionul_Criuleni
  • 5/27/2018 Carpathian Tumuli Culture

    3/3

    Ion T. Dragomir,2001, - Necropola biritual Sntana de Mure Cerneahov, (sec.III-Iv e.n.) de la

    Lunca, regiunea de sud a Moldovei, Muzeul de istorie Galai, 193 pag

    Referine i note[modificare|modificare surs]

    1. ^Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376568 Guy Halsall

    2. ^Rome's Gothic Wars Michael Kulikowski

    3. ^The Goths in the Fourth CenturyBy Peter J. Heather, John Matthews page 47ISBN 9780853234265

    4. ^In the past, the association of this [ernjachov] culture with the Goths was highly contentious, but

    important methodological advances have made it irresistible. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 13:

    The Late Empire, p. 488 (1998)

    5. ^Peter J. Heather, John Matthews, 1991, The Goths in the Fourth Century, pp. 88-92.

    https://www.google.ro/search?hl=ro&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Ion+T.+Dragomir%22https://www.google.ro/search?hl=ro&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Ion+T.+Dragomir%22http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=3http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=3http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=3http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=3http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=3http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=3http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-2http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-2http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-3http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-3http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780853234265http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780853234265http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780853234265http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-4http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-4http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-5http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-5http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-5http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-4http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780853234265http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-3http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-2http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov#cite_ref-1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&action=edit&section=3http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura_S%C3%A2ntana_de_Mure%C8%99-Cerneahov&veaction=edit&section=3https://www.google.ro/search?hl=ro&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Ion+T.+Dragomir%22