Carnauba Wax is a Botanical Product Used in a Large Number of Industries

21
Carnauba wax is a botanical product used in a large number of industries. Sometimes called the “Queen of Wa x,” carnauba wax has a much harder melting point than other waxes, and is also extremely hard. This maes it ideal for creating extremely strong coatings for floors, automobiles, and other things which see hard wear. !n additi on, carnauba wax appears in candies,  polishes, "arnishes, cosmetic products, and in many other places. # lthough carnauba wax has largely been replaced by synthetics, it is still produced and used in many parts of the world. #ds by $oogle Carnauba Wax % &oncepi 'st ( )xclusi"e *rganic Certified C%wax worldwide &laes ( +owder www.foncepi.com Tan iner )xtend the life of your tan with a flexible custom liner. www.&lexi%iner.com # -railian tree formally named Copernicia prunifera and otherwise nown as the fan or carnauba palm is the source for carnauba wax. The palm has broad fan lie lea"es attached to toothed stals. !n hot, d ry weather, the plant secretes wax to protect the lea"es from damage. +eople who want to collect the wax dry the lea"es and then beat them to dislodge the yellowish to brown waxy coating, which u sually flaes off. The wax is refined and bleached  before it is used. Carnauba palms can li"e in extreme en"ironments because of their protecti"e wax coating, maing them an excellent choice of crop for farmers woring with poor soil and weather conditions. # temperatur e of '/0 degrees &ahrenheit 1/2 degrees Celsius3 is re4uired to melt carnauba wax. !t is also not readily soluble. Wa ter cannot brea down a layer of carnauba wax, and only certain sol"ents can, usually in combination with heat. This means that carnauba wax is highly durable. 5sed plain, it can mae something waterproof and wear resistant. Combined with things such as tints and dyes, carnauba wax can be used to create an enduring colored polish. )"entually, hard wear will strip carnauba wax from most surfaces, but a fresh layer ca n be reapplied. !n o lder homes with hardwood floors and fixtures, carnauba wax was probably used as a conditioner at some point. The substance is often used instead of or in combination with other waxes because of how strong it is. 6any surfers, for example, use waxes for their boards which integrate carnauba. !t is also used to coat paper plates, dental floss, and as a "egetarian alternati"e to gelatin. !n the  pharmaceutical industry , carnauba wax fre4uently appears as a tablet coating, and it appears in a number of pacaged foods. 5nlie many other waxes, a carnauba wax finish will not flae off with time, it will merely become dull. This maes it ideal for locations in wh ich a flaing finish would loo unsightly . Carnauba Wax is obtained from the leaves of a palm tree known as Copernica Cerifera, which is also referred to as the " Tree of Life". This slow-growi ng Carnauba palm flourishes in the northeastern regions of Brazil, reaching an average height of 25-35 feet. t proliferates along river banks, streams and damp lowlands. The tree e!udes a wa! through the petioles of its f an-shaped leaves, preventing dehdration from the e#uatorial climate.

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Transcript of Carnauba Wax is a Botanical Product Used in a Large Number of Industries

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    Carnauba wax is a botanical product used in a large number of industries. Sometimes called the

    Queen of Wax, carnauba wax has a much harder melting point than other waxes, and is also

    extremely hard. This maes it ideal for creating extremely strong coatings for floors,automobiles, and other things which see hard wear. !n addition, carnauba wax appears in candies,

    polishes, "arnishes, cosmetic products, and in many other places. #lthough carnauba wax has

    largely been replaced by synthetics, it is still produced and used in many parts of the world.

    #ds by $oogle

    Carnauba Wax % &oncepi'st ( )xclusi"e *rganic Certified C%wax worldwide &laes ( +owder

    www.foncepi.com

    Tan iner

    )xtend the life of your tan with a flexible custom liner.www.&lexi%iner.com

    # -railian tree formally named Copernicia pruniferaand otherwise nown as

    the fan or carnauba palm is the source for carnauba wax. The palm has broad fan lie lea"esattached to toothed stals. !n hot, dry weather, the plant secretes wax to protect the lea"es from

    damage. +eople who want to collect the wax dry the lea"es and then beat them to dislodge the

    yellowish to brown waxy coating, which usually flaes off. The wax is refined and bleachedbefore it is used. Carnauba palms can li"e in extreme en"ironments because of their protecti"e

    wax coating, maing them an excellent choice of crop for farmers woring with poor soil and

    weather conditions.

    # temperature of '/0 degrees &ahrenheit 1/2 degrees Celsius3 is re4uired to melt carnauba wax.!t is also not readily soluble. Water cannot brea down a layer of carnauba wax, and only certain

    sol"ents can, usually in combination with heat. This means that carnauba wax is highly durable.

    5sed plain, it can mae something waterproof and wear resistant. Combined with things such astints and dyes, carnauba wax can be used to create an enduring colored polish. )"entually, hard

    wear will strip carnauba wax from most surfaces, but a fresh layer can be reapplied. !n older

    homes with hardwood floors and fixtures, carnauba wax was probably used as a conditioner atsome point.

    The substance is often used instead of or in combination with other waxes because of

    how strong it is. 6any surfers, for example, use waxes for their boards which integrate carnauba.

    !t is also used to coat paper plates, dental floss, and as a "egetarian alternati"e to gelatin. !n thepharmaceutical industry, carnauba wax fre4uently appears as a tablet coating, and it appears in a

    number of pacaged foods. 5nlie many other waxes, a carnauba wax finish will not flae off

    with time, it will merely become dull. This maes it ideal for locations in which a flaing finishwould loo unsightly.

    Carnauba Wax is obtained from the leaves of a palm tree known as Copernica Cerifera, which is alsoreferred to as the "Tree of Life". This slow-growing Carnauba palm flourishes in the northeastern regionsof Brazil, reaching an average height of 25-35 feet. t proliferates along river banks, streams and damplowlands.The tree e!udes a wa! through the petioles of its fan-shaped leaves, preventing dehdration from thee#uatorial climate.

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    The cutting of the leaves and sprouts takes place during the dr months of $eptember through %ebruar.&orkers use knives on long poles to trim the leaves from mature trees. The cut leaves are sun-dried andmechanicall thrashed to remove the crude wa!. This crude wa!, in its powder form, is transported fromthe countrside and sold to shippers for e!port.&ith a ma!imum cutting of twent leaves per ear from a tree, the average ield of wa! for each tree isabout one kilo per cutting. The ma'orit of tree harvesting takes place in the Brazilian $tates of Ceara and

    (iaui. The color and #ualit of the wa! are governed b the age of the leaves and care used in processingof this hard, brittle, lustrous wa!.

    See information about S&P's Certified T-1 Organic Carnauba Wax

    Forms available: %lakes, Lumps, (owder.

    Grades Available: )o.* +ellow, )C Light Tpe /0, )C / 1ark Tpe 2-%iltered0, )C /Centrifuged Tpe 20

    Typical applications forcarnauba wax include:

    Cosmetics, 3lamour (roducts, (harmaceuticals, 4intments, Tablet Coatings,Candles, Confections, nvestment Casting, 5uto, %loor and $hoe (olishes,Carbon (aper, nks, and (aper Coatings, %ruit Coatings.

    Compatibility: Carnauba &a! is compatible with most animal, vegetable and mineral wa!esand a large variet of natural and snthetic resins.

    Carnauba &a! is %15 approved for end use under regulations *C%6 *72.*897 and *9:./; and isCT%5 listed.

    ADDITIONAL SPECIAL CARNAUBA BLENDS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST

    CARNA!A WA"

    S # $Number

    %eltin& $oint'pen Cap( Tube

    S$ Class ))

    Flas* $oint%inimum

    Acid+alue

    Saponification+alue

    $araffinic,ydrocarbons

    +olatile%atter

    )nsoluble)mpurities

    Color

    7 7.: 1eg. C

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    CARNA!A WA"-$'W/.R

    %inimum 0 $assin& t*rou&*

    >;

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    kerusakan. *rang ang ingin mengumpulkan daun kering lilin dan kemudian

    mengalahkan mereka untuk mengusir kuning untuk lapisan lilin cokelat, ang

    biasana serpih o3. ilin halus dan dikelantang sebelum digunakan. alem

    Carnauba dapat hidup di lingkungan ang ekstrem karena lapisan lilin pelindung

    mereka, membuat mereka pilihan ang sangat baik bagi petani tanaman bekerja

    dengan tanah miskin dan kondisi cuaca.

    ebuah suhu dari '45 derajat &ahrenheit 647 derajat Celsius8 diperlukan untuk

    mencairkan lilin carnauba. !al ini juga tidak mudah larut. /ir tidak dapat

    mematahkan lapisan lilin carnauba, dan pelarut tertentu saja bisa, biasana dalam

    kombinasi dengan panas. $ni berarti bahwa lilin carnauba sangat tahan lama.

    2igunakan polos, itu dapat membuat sesuatu ang tahan air dan tahan pakai.

    2ikombinasikan dengan hal-hal seperti tints dan pewarna, lilin carnauba dapat

    digunakan untuk membuat kuku berwarna abadi. /khirna, keras strip akan

    memakai lilin carnauba dari paling permukaan, tetapi lapisan baru dapat diterapkan

    kembali. 2alam rumah-rumah tua dengan lantai kau dan perlengkapan, lilincarnauba mungkin digunakan sebagai kondisioner di beberapa titik.

    9at ini sering digunakan sebagai pengganti atau dalam kombinasi dengan wax lain

    karena betapa kuat itu. 1anak peselancar, misalna, gunakan wax untuk papan

    ang mengintegrasikan carnauba. !al ini juga digunakan untuk melapisi piring

    kertas, benang gigi, dan sebagai alternatif :egetarian gelatin. 2alam industri

    farmasi, lilin carnauba sering muncul sebagai tablet coating, dan itu muncul dalam

    sejumlah kemasan makanan. idak seperti banak lilin, sebuah lilin carnauba

    menelesaikan tidak akan mengelupas dengan waktu, akan hana menjadi

    membosankan. !al ini ideal untuk lokasi di mana mengelupas selesai akan tampaktak sedap dipandang.

    Carnauba Wax diperoleh dari daun pohon palem ang dikenal sebagai Copernica

    Cerifera, ang juga disebut sebagai "ohon Kehidupan". $ni tumbuh lambat palem

    Carnauba berkembang di daerah timur laut 1rasil, mencapai ketinggian rata-rata

    5;-

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    pengolahan ini keras, rapuh, berkilau lilin.

    ihat informasi tentang ( =s Certi+ed -' *rganic Carnauba Wax

    &ormulir tersedia> erpih, gumpalan, owder.

    ?ilai ersedia> ?o.' Kuning, ?C @ 5 ight 6ipe Kosmetika, ex roduk, &armasi,

    salep, ablet Coatings, ilin, permen, $n:estasi Casting, **#/$, antai dan

    epatu olishes, Carbon aper, inta, dan Kertas Coatings, &ruit Coatings.

    Kompatibilitas> Carnauba Wax kompatibel dengan sebagian besar hewan, tumbuhan

    dan mineral wax dan berbagai besar alami dan sintetis resin.

    Carnauba Wax adalah akhir &2/ telah disetujui untuk digunakan di bawah peraturan

    5'C&B '7A,'47 dan '4;,

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    #ateri larut

    Warna kotoran

    IA 6)xtra ight8 4;-7D 2eg. C 5-A 7-'5 AI-;A ?ihil ?ihil Kuning

    ;-5 '4;-'74 2eg. & 5-7 7-'; 7D-; t 1rown ?ihil ?ihil

    '

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    ipid seperti lilin 6wax8, lemak, minak, dan fosfolipid adalah ester ang jika

    dihidrolisis dapat menghasilkan asam lemak dan senawa lainna termasuk alkohol.

    teroid tidak mengandunga asam lemak dan tidak dapat dihidolisis.

    ipid berpern penting dalam komponen struktur membran sel. emak dan minakdalam bentuk trigliserol sebagai sumber penimpan energi, lapisan pelindung, dan

    insulator organ-organ tubuh beberapa jenis lipid berfungsi sebagai sinal kimia,

    pigmen, juga sebagai :itamin, dan hormon.

    &osfolipida memiliki seperti trigliserida. 1edana, pada fosfolipida satu asam

    lemakna digantikan oleh gugus fosfat ang mengikat gugus alkohol ang

    mengandung nitrogen, contohna aitu fosfatidiletanolamin 6sefalin8, fosfatidilkolin

    6lesitin8, dan fosfatidilserin.

    ebagian besar lemak dan minak di alam terdiri atas 7-H trigliserida.rigliserida adalah suatu ester gliserol. rigliserida terbentuk dari < asam lemak dan

    gliserol. /pabila terdapat satu asam lemak dalam ikatan dengan gliserol maka

    dinamakan monogliserida. &ungsi utama rigliserida adalah sebagai at energi.

    emak disimpan di dalam tubuh dalam bentuk trigliserida. /pabila sel

    membutuhkan energi, enim lipase dalam sel lemak akan memecah trigliserida

    menjadi gliserol dan asam lemak serta melepasna ke dalam pembuluh darah. *leh

    sel-sel ang membutuhkan komponen-komponen tersebut kemudian dibakar dan

    menghasilkan energi, karbondioksida 6C*58, dan air 6!5*8.

    Kolesterol adalah jenis lemak ang paling dikenal oleh masarakat. Kolesterol

    merupakan komponen utama pada struktur selaput sel dan merupakan komponen

    utama sel otak dan saraf. Kolesterol merupakan bahan perantara untuk

    pembentukan sejumlah komponen penting seperti :itamin 2 6untuk membentuk (

    mempertahankan tulang ang sehat8, hormon seks 6contohna )strogen (

    estosteron8 dan asam empedu 6untuk fungsi pencernaan 8.

    ada umumna lemak tidak larut dalam air, ang berarti juga tidak larut dalam

    plasma darah. /gar lemak dapat diangkut ke dalam peredaran darah, maka lemak

    tersebut harus dibuat larut dengan cara mengikatkanna pada protein ang larut

    dalam air. $katan antara lemak 6kolesterol, trigliserida, dan fosfolipid8 dengan

    protein ini disebut ipoprotein 6dari kata ipoLlemak, dan protein8. ipoprotein

    bertugas mengangkut lemak dari tempat pembentukanna menuju tempatpenggunaanna.

    Abstract

    Carnauba wax is partially composed of cinnamates. The rational combination of cinnamates and

    titanium dioxide has shown a synergistic effect to impro"e the sun protection factor 1S+&3 of

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    cosmetic preparations. 7owe"er, the mechanism of this interaction has not been fully

    understood. !n this study, an ethanolic extract of the carnauba wax and an ethanolic solution of a

    typical cinnamate deri"ati"e, ethylcinnamate, were prepared and their 58 absorption and S+&either alone or in the presence of titanium dioxide were compared. The titanium dioxide crystals

    and the cinnamates solutions were also distributed into a matrix composed of saturated fatty

    acids to emulate the structure of the crystallied carnauba wax. S+&, differential scanningcalorimetry 19SC3 and :%ray studies of these matrices were performed. #dditionally, carnauba

    wax nanosuspensions containing titanium dioxide either in the lipid phase or in the a4ueous

    phase were prepared to e"aluate their S+&s and their physical structure. Strong 58 absorptionwas obser"ed in diluted suspensions of titanium dioxide after the addition of cinnamates. The

    saturated fatty acid matrices probably fa"ored the adsorption of the cinnamates at the surface of

    titanium dioxide crystals, which was reflected by an increase in the S+&. ;o modification of the

    crystal structure of the fatty acid matrices was obser"ed after the addition of cinnamates ortitanium dioxide. The distribution of the titanium dioxide inside the lipid phase of the

    nanosuspensions was more effecti"e to reach higher S+&s than that at the a4ueous phase. The

    close contact between the carnauba wax and the titanium dioxide crystals after the high%pressure

    homogeniation process was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy 1T)63.

    Keywords: Carnauba wax< ;anofine titanium dioxide< Cinnamates< &atty acid matrices

    #. ipid sederhana >

    o lema netral 1monogliserida, digliserida, trigliserida3,

    o ester asam lema dengan alohol berberat moleul tinggi

    -. ipid ma=emu

    o fosfolipid

    o lipoprotein

    C. ipid turunan

    o asam lema

    o sterol 1olesterol, ergosterol,dsb3

    Secara linis, lema yang penting adalah

    '. ?olesterol0. Trigliserida 1lema netral3

    @. &osfolipid

    A. #sam ema

    #$%&L%'E$%DA

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    Sebagian besar lema dan minya di alam terdiri atas B2%BB trigliserida. Trigliserida adalah

    suatu ester gliserol. Trigliserida terbentu dari @ asam lema dan gliserol. #pabila terdapat satu

    asam lema dalam iatan dengan gliserol maa dinamaan monogliserida. &ungsi utamaTrigliserida adalah sebagai at energi. ema disimpan di dalam tubuh dalam bentu trigliserida.

    #pabila sel membutuhan energi, enim lipase dalam sel lema aan memecah trigliserida

    men=adi gliserol dan asam lema serta melepasnya e dalam pembuluh darah. *leh sel%sel yangmembutuhan omponen%omponen tersebut emudian dibaar dan menghasilan energi,

    arbondiosida 1C*03, dan air 170*3.

    K(LE'#E$(L

    ?olesterol adalah =enis lema yang paling dienal oleh masyaraat. ?olesterol merupaanomponen utama pada strutur selaput sel dan merupaan omponen utama sel ota dan saraf.

    ?olesterol merupaan bahan perantara untu pembentuan se=umlah omponen penting seperti

    !itamin D1untu membentu ( mempertahanan tulang yang sehat3, hormon ses1contohnya

    )strogen ( Testosteron3 dan asam empedu1untu fungsi pencernaan 3.

    ?olesterol tubuh berasal dari hasil pembentuan di dalam tubuh 1seitar DEE mgFhari3 dan dari

    maanan yang dimaan. +embentuan olesterol di dalam tubuh terutama ter=adi di hati 1DE

    total sintesis3 dan sisanya di usus, ulit, dan semua =aringan yang mempunyai sel%sel berinti.

    Genis%=enis maanan yang banya mengandung olesterol antara lain daging 1sapi maupununggas3, ian dan produ susu. 6aanan yang berasal dari daging hewan biasanya banya

    mengandung olesterol, tetapi maanan yang berasal dari tumbuh%tumbuhan tida mengandung

    olesterol.

    L%P%D PLA')A

    +ada umumnya lema tida larut dalam air, yang berarti =uga tida larut dalam plasma darah.#gar lema dapat diangut e dalam peredaran darah, maa lema tersebut harus dibuat larut

    dengan cara mengiatannya pada protein yang larut dalam air. !atan antara lema 1olesterol,trigliserida, dan fosfolipid3 dengan protein ini disebutLipoprotein1dari ata ipoHlema, dan

    protein3.

    ipoprotein bertugas mengangut lema dari tempat pembentuannya menu=u tempat

    penggunaannya.

    #da beberapa =enis lipoprotein, antara lain>

    o ?ilomirono 89 18ery ow 9ensity ipoprotein3

    o !9 1!ntermediate 9ensity ipoprotein3

    o 9 1ow 9ensity ipoprotein3

    o 79 17igh 9ensity ipoprotein3

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    Tubuh mengatur adar lipoprotein melalui beberapa cara>

    o 6engurangi pembentuan lipoprotein dan mengurangi =umlah lipoprotein yang masu e

    dalam darah

    o 6eningatan atau menurunan ecepatan pembuangan lipoprotein dari dalam darah

    *ALU$ PEN&AN&KU#AN LE)AK DALA) DA$AH

    ema dalam darah diangut dengan dua cara, yaitu melalui+alur esogendan+alur endogen

    - *alur esogen

    #rigliserida( olesterolyang berasal dari maanan dalam usus diemas dalam bentupartiel besar lipoprotein, yang disebut Kilomiron. ?ilomiron ini aan membawanya

    e dalam aliran darah. ?emudian trigliserid dalam ilomiron tadi mengalami penguraian

    oleh en"im lipoprotein lipase, sehingga terbentu asam lema bebasdan ilomiron

    remnan. #sam lema bebas aan menembus =aringan lema atau sel otot untu diubahmen=adi trigliserida embali sebagai cadangan energi. Sedangan ilomiron remnan

    aan dimetabolisme dalam hati sehingga menghasilan olesterol bebas.

    Sebagian olesterol yang mencapai organ hati diubah men=adi asam empedu, yang aan

    dieluaran e dalam usus, berfungsi seperti detergen ( membantu proses penyerapanlema dari maanan. Sebagian lagi dari olesterol dieluaran melalui saluran empedu

    tanpa dimetabolisme men=adi asam empedu emudian organ hati aan mendistribusian

    olesterol e =aringan tubuh lainnya melalui =alur endogen. +ada ahirnya, ilomironyang tersisa 1yang lemanya telah diambil3, dibuang dari aliran darah oleh hati.

    ?olesterol =uga dapat diprodusi oleh hati dengan bantuan enim yang disebutHMGKoenzim-A Reduktase, emudian diiriman e dalam aliran darah.

    .- *alur endogen

    +embentuan trigliserida dalam hati aan meningat apabila maanan sehari%harimengandung arbohidrat yang berlebihan.

    7ati mengubah arbohidratmen=adi asam lema, emudian membentu trigliserida,

    trigliserida ini dibawa melalui aliran darah dalam bentu /ery Low Density Lipoprotein

    0/LDL1. 89 emudian aan dimetabolisme oleh en"im lipoprotein lipasemen=adi

    %DL 0%ntermediate Density Lipoprotein1. ?emudian !9 melalui serangaian prosesaan berubah men=adi LDL 0Low Density Lipoprotein1yang aya aan olesterol.

    ?ira%ira I dari olesterol total dalam plasma normal manusia mengandung partiel9. 9 ini bertugas menghantaran olesterol e dalam tubuh.

    ?olesterol yang tida diperluan aan dilepasan e dalam darah, dimana pertama%tama

    aan beriatan dengan HDL 0High Density Lipoprotein1. 79 bertugas membuang

    elebihan olesterol dari dalam tubuh.

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    !tulah sebab munculnya istilah 9%?olesterol disebut lema =ahat dan 79%

    ?olesterol disebut lema bai. Sehingga rasio eduanya harus seimbang.

    $ambar '. Transport ema

    ?ilomiron membawa lema dari usus 1berasal dari maanan3 dan mengirim trigliseride sel%sel tubuh. 89 membawa lema dari hati dan mengirim trigliserid e sel%sel

    tubuh. 9 yang berasal dari pemecahan !9 1sebelumnya berbentu 893 merupaan

    pengirim olesterol yang utama e sel%sel tubuh. 79 membawa elebihan olesteroldari dalam sel untu dibuang. (Sumber: Nutrition: Science and Appications! "nd edition! edited b# L$ A$ Smaoin % M$ &$Gros'enor$ Saunders Coee )ubis*in! +,,$.

    KELA%NAN L%P%D

    Diagnosa Kelainan Lipid

    9ilauan pemerisaan darah untu menguur adar olesterol total. 5ntu menguur adar

    olesterol 9, 79 dan trigliserida, sebainya penderita berpuasa dulu minimal selama '0=am.

    Kadar Lema DarahJ@K

    Pemerisaan

    Laboratorium

    Kisaran yang %deal

    0mg2dL darah1

    ?olesterol total '0E%0EE

    ?ilomironnegatif 1setelah berpuasaselama '0 =am3

    89 '%@E

    9 LE%'LE

    79 @D%LD

    +erbandingan 9

    dengan 79M @,D

    Trigliserida 'E%'LE

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    Hiperlipidemia

    Nang dimaud dengan Hiperlipidemiaadalah suatu eadaan yang ditandai oleh peningatan

    adar lipidFlema darah.

    -erdasaran =enisnya, hiperlipidemia dibagi men=adi 0, yaitu>

    o Hiperlipidemia Primer

    -anya disebaban oleh arena elainan geneti. -iasanya elainan ini ditemuan pada

    watu pemerisaan laboratorium secara ebetulan. +ada umumnya tida ada eluhan,

    ecuali pada eadaan yang aga berat tampa adanya 3antoma1penumpuan lema dibawah =aringan ulit3.

    o Hiperlipidemia 'eunder

    +ada =enis ini, peningatan adar lipid darah disebaban oleh suatu penyait tertentu,misalnya > diabetes melitus, gangguan tiroid, penyait hepar ( penyait gin=al.7iperlipidemia seunder bersifat re!ersibel1berulang3.

    #da =uga obat%obatan yang menyebaban gangguan metabolisme lema, seperti > -eta%

    blocer, diureti, ontrasepsi oral 1)strogen, $estagen3.

    KLA'%4%KA'% KL%N%' H%PE$L%P%DE)%A

    1dalam hubungannya dengan +enyait Gantung ?oroner3

    Hiperolesterolemiayaitu > adar olesterol meningat dalam darah .

    Hipertrigliseridemiayaitu > adar trigliserida meningat dalam darah.

    Hiperlipidemia campuranyaitu > adar olesterol dan trigliserida meningat dalam

    darah.

    Penyebab hiperlipidemia

    o Penyebab primer, yaitu fator eturunan 1geneti3

    o Penyebab seunder, seperti>

    '. 5sia

    ?adar lipoprotein, terutama olesterol ldl, meningat se=alan dengan

    bertambahnya usia.

    0. Genis elamin

    9alam eadaan normal, pria memilii adar yang lebih tinggi, tetapi setelahmenopause adarnya pada wanita mulai meningat.

    @. Oiwayat eluarga dengan hiperlipidemia

    A. /besitasF egemuan

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    D. 6enu maanan yang mengandung asam lema =enuh seperti mentega, margarin,

    whole mil, es rim, e=u, daging berlema.

    L. ?urang melauan olah raga

    /. +enggunaan alohol

    2. 6eroo

    B. 0iabetesyang tida terontrol dengan bai

    'E. $agal gin=al

    ''.Keen1ar tiroidyang urang atif.

    '0. *bat%obatan tertentu yang dapat mengganggu metabolisme lema sepertiestrogen, pil b, ortiosteroid, diureti tiaid 1pada eadaan tertentu3

    Sebagian besar asus peningatan adar trigliserida dan olesterol total bersifat sementara dantida berat, dan terutama merupaan aibat dari maan lema. +embuangan lema dari darah

    pada setiap orang memilii ecepatan yang berbeda. Seseorang bisa maan se=umlah besarlema hewani dan tida pernah memilii adar olesterol total lebih dari 0EE mgFdl, sedangan

    yang lainnya men=alani diet rendah lema yang etat dan tida pernah memilii adar olesterol

    total dibawah 0LE mgFdl. +erbedaan ini tampanya bersifat geneti dan secara luas berhubungandengan perbedaan ecepatan masu dan eluarnya lipoprotein dari aliran darah.

    &e+ala

    -iasanya adar lema yang tinggi tida menimbulan ge=ala. ?adang%adang, =ia adarnya

    sangat tinggi, endapan lema aan membentu suatu penumpuan lema yang disebut xantomadi dalam tendo 1urat daging3 dan di dalam ulit.

    ?adar trigliserida yang sangat tinggi 1sampai 2EE mgFdl atau lebih3 bisa menyebaban

    pembesaran hati dan limpa dan ge=ala%ge=ala dari panreatitis 1misalnya nyeri perut yang hebat3.

    $esio

    7iperlipidemia dapat meningatan resio terena ateroskerosis! pen#akit 1antun koroner!pankreatitis1peradangan pada organ panreas3, diabetes melitus, gangguan tiroid, penyait hepar

    ( penyait gin=al. Nang paling sering adalah resio terena penyait =antung.

    Tida semua olesterol meningatan resio ter=adinya penyait =antung. ?olesterol yang

    dibawa oleh 9 1disebut =uga koestero 1a*at3 menyebaban meningatnya resio< olesterolyang dibawa oleh 79 1disebut =uga koestero baik3 menyebaban menurunnya resio dan

    menguntungan. alu, apaah adar trigliserida yang tinggi meningatan resio ter=adinya

    penyait =antung atau stroe, masih belum =elas. ?adar trigliserida darah diatas 0DE mgFdldianggap abnormal, tetapi adar yang tinggi ini tida selalu meningatan resio ter=adinya

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    ateroslerosis maupun penyait =antung oroner. ?adar trigliserid yang sangat tinggi 1sampai

    lebih dari 2EE mgFdl3 bisa menyebabanpankreatitis1gangguan pada organ panreas3.

    Pato5isiologi #er+adinya Penyait *antung Koroner

    Tubuh sendiri memprodusi olesterol sesuai ebutuhan melalui hati. -ila terlalu banyamengonsumsi maanan yang mengandung olesterol, maa adar olesterol dalam darah bisa

    berlebih 1disebut hiperolesterolemia3. ?elebihan adar olesterol dalam darah aan disimpan di

    dalam lapisan dinding pembuluh darah arteri, yang disebut sebagai plaatau ateroma1sumberutama pla berasal dari 9%?olesterol. Sedangan 79 membawa embali elebihan

    olesterol e dalam hati, sehingga mengurangi penumpuan olesterol di dalam dinding

    pembuluh darah3. #teroma berisi bahan lembut seperti e=u, mengandung se=umlah bahan lema,terutama koestero, sel%sel otot polos dan sel%sel =aringan iat.

    #pabila main lama pla yang terbentu main banya, aan ter=adi suatu penebalan pada

    dinding pembuluh darah arteri, sehingga ter=adi penyempitan pembuluh darah arteri. ?e=adian ini

    disebut sebagai ateroslerosis1terdapatnya aterom pada dinding arteri, berisi olesterol dan atlema lainnya3. 7al ini menyebaban ter=adinya arterioslerosis1penebalan pada dinding arteri

    ( hilangnya elenturan dinding arteri3. -ila ateroma yang terbentu semain tebal, dapat

    merobe lapisan dinding arteri dan ter=adi beuan darah 1trombus3 yang dapat menyumbat aliran

    darah dalam arteri tersebut.

    $ambar 0a. +otongan melintang #rteri

    $ambar 0b. +otongan melintang #rteri yang diperbesar

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    $ambar @. *tot =antung yang mati aibatpenyumbatan arteri oronaria 1!nfar 6ioard3

    7al ini yang dapat menyebaban berurangnya aliran darah serta suplai at%at penting seperti

    osigen e daerah atau organ tertentu seperti =antung. -ila mengenai arteri oronariayang

    berfungsi mensuplai darah e otot +antung1istilah medisnya miokardium3, maa suplai darah=adi berurang dan menyebaban ematian di daerah tersebut 1disebut sebagai in5ar mioard3.

    ?onseuensinya adalah ter=adinya serangan =antung dan menyebaban timbulnya ge=ala berupa

    nyeri dada yang hebat 1dienal sebagai angina pectoris3. ?eadaan ini yang disebut sebagai

    Penyait *antung Koroner 0P*K1.

    Lilin lebahalami adalah lilinyang dihasilan dalam sarang lebahdari lebah madudari genusApis$Worer bees 1the females3 ha"e eight wax%producing mirror glands on the inner sides of the

    sternites1the "entralshield or plate of each segment of the body3 on abdominal segments A to /.ebah peer=a 1betina3 memilii delapan lilin cermin yang memprodusi elen=ar pada sisi batin

    sternites1yang "entrallempeng perisai atau setiap segmen tubuh3 pada segmen abdomen A%/.

    The sie of these wax glands depends on the age of the worer and after daily flights begin theseglands gradually atrophy. 5uran elen=ar lilin ini tergantung pada usia peer=a dan setelah

    penerbangan harian secara bertahap mulai atrofi elen=ar ini. The new wax scales are initially

    glass%clear and colorless 1see illustration3, becoming opa4ue after mastication by the worer bee.Sala lilin baru awalnya aca%=elas dan ta berwarna 1lihat gambar3, men=adi buram setelah

    pengunyahan oleh lebah peer=a. The wax of honeycomb is nearly white, but becomes

    progressi"ely more yellow or brown by incorporation ofpollenoils andpropolis. ilin darisarang madu hampir putih, tetapi men=adi semain lebih uning atau coelat oleh penggabungan

    serbu sariminya danpropolis.The wax scales are about @ millimetres 1E.'0 in3 across and

    E.' millimetres 1E.EE@B in3 thic, and about ''EE are re4uired to mae a gram of wax.J ' K

    Typically, for a honey bee eeper, 'E pounds of honey yields ' pound of wax J 0 K. ilin salaadalah seitar @ milimeter 1E,'0 in3 di seluruh dan E,' milimeter 1E,EE@B in3 tebal, dan seitar

    '.'EE yang dibutuhan untu membuat lilin gram. J'K-iasanya, untu pen=aga lebah madu, 'E

    pon menghasilan madu ' pon lilin J0K.

    http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhobFiPrX_Ipo9981rj_Y39Qo5oRwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjQhdiQxy53by2ig7KkbsX4xMHztghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjQhdiQxy53by2ig7KkbsX4xMHztghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjb5D4EHwNGD4HNNAlt2H4bR0qgUwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternites&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjnnt2cH9KTCOMLiurRyJV0NT_p7Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhQGxntvjN8tfhtwHZ9HyB_cPeaWwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternites&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjnnt2cH9KTCOMLiurRyJV0NT_p7Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhQGxntvjN8tfhtwHZ9HyB_cPeaWwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjXzqk7mX899nzkrhTJfoTGps2JAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjXzqk7mX899nzkrhTJfoTGps2JAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjUiFLAm5slkKWJp8duon6F3RL5UAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjUiFLAm5slkKWJp8duon6F3RL5UAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjXzqk7mX899nzkrhTJfoTGps2JAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhjXzqk7mX899nzkrhTJfoTGps2JAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjUiFLAm5slkKWJp8duon6F3RL5UAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhjUiFLAm5slkKWJp8duon6F3RL5UAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhieAlMoo5pS8U2j5ubZ3_kZn67Xwg#cite_note-0http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhieAlMoo5pS8U2j5ubZ3_kZn67Xwg#cite_note-0http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhieAlMoo5pS8U2j5ubZ3_kZn67Xwg#cite_note-1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhieAlMoo5pS8U2j5ubZ3_kZn67Xwg#cite_note-0http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhieAlMoo5pS8U2j5ubZ3_kZn67Xwg#cite_note-1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522bee%2Bwax%2522%26hl%3Did&rurl=translate.google.co.id&usg=ALkJrhhobFiPrX_Ipo9981rj_Y39Qo5oRwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehiv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  • 5/23/2018 Carnauba Wax is a Botanical Product Used in a Large Number of Industries

    17/21

    Western honey beesuse the beeswax to buildhoneycombcells in which their young are raised

    and honeyandpollenare stored. ebah madu -aratmenggunaan lilin lebah untu membangun

    sarang madusel%sel di mana ana%ana merea dibesaran dan madudan tepung sariyangdisimpan. &or the wax%maing bees to secrete wax, the ambient temperature in the hi"e has to be

    @@ to @L PC 1B' to B/ P&3. 5ntu pembuatan lilin lebah untu mengeluaran lilin, temperatur di

    dalam sarang harus @@%@L P C 1B'%B/ P &3. To produce their wax, bees must consume about eighttimes as much honey by mass. 5ntu memprodusi lilin, lebah harus mengonsumsi seitar

    delapan ali lebih banya madu oleh massa. !t is estimated that bees fly 'DE,EEE miles, roughly

    six times around the earth, to yield one pound of beeswax 1D@E,EEE mFg3. 9iperiraan bahwalebah terbang 'DE.EEE ilometer, ira%ira enam ali mengelilingi bumi, untu menghasilan

    satu pon lilin lebah [email protected] m F g3. Whenbeeeepersextract the honey, they cut off the wax

    caps from each honeycomb cell with an uncapping nife or machine. ?etiabeeeepersestra

    madu, merea memotong topi lilin dari masing%masing sel sarang madu dengan pisau atauuncapping mesin. !ts color "aries from nearly white to brownish, but most often a shade of

    yellow, depending on purity and the type of flowers gathered by the bees. Warnanya ber"ariasi

    dari hampir putih men=adi ecolatan, tetapi paling sering warna uning, tergantung pada

    emurnian dan =enis bunga yang diumpulan oleh lebah. Wax from thebrood combof thehoney bee hi"etends to be darer than wax from the honeycomb. ilin dari sisir merenunglebah

    madu dari sarangcenderung lebih gelap daripada lilin dari sarang lebah. !mpurities accumulatemore 4uicly in the brood comb. ?otoran mengaumulasi lebih cepat di sisir melamun. 9ue to

    the impurities, the wax has to be rendered before further use. ?arena otoran, lilin harus

    diberian sebelum digunaan lebih lan=ut. The lefto"ers are calledslumgum. Sisa%sisa maanandisebut slumgum.

    The wax may further be clarified by heating in water and may then be used for candlesor as a

    lubricant for drawers and windows or as a wood polish. ilin mungin lebih lan=ut di=elasan

    oleh pemanasan dalam air dan emudian dapat digunaan untu lilinatau sebagai pelumas untu

    laci dan =endela atau sebagai polish ayu. #s with petroleum waxes, it may be softened bydilution with "egetable oil to mae it more worable at room temperature. Seperti minya lilin,

    hal itu mungin aan dilunaan oleh pengenceran dengan minya sayur untu membuatnya

    lebih bisa diterapan pada suhu amar.

    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    Contents Isi

    OhideP

    ' hsical characteristics

    ' Ciri-ciri +sik 5 Eses as a product5

    #enggunakan sebagaiproduk

    < !istorical use< Biwaatmenggunakan

    A ee alsoA ihat juga

    ; Beferences; Beferensi

    I BeferencesI Beferensi

    [ edit] Physical

    characteristics

    [Sunting]Geograf

    -eeswax is a tough waxformed froma mixture of se"eral compounds.

    ilin lebah adalah sulit lilinterbentu

    dari campuran dari beberapa senyawa.

    The empirical formulafor beeswax isC 'D7 @'C**C @E7 L'

    J @ K. +ara

    rumus empirisuntu lilin lebah

    adalah C 'D7 @'C**C @E7 L'J@K.!ts

    main components arepalmitate,

    palmitoleate, hydroxypalmitateJ A K

    and oleate estersof long%chain 1@E%@0carbons3 aliphatic alcohols, with the

    ratio of triacontanylpalmitateC7 @1C7 03 0B*%C*%1C7 03 'AC7 @to cerotic acid

    J D KC7 @1C7 03 0AC**7, the two principal

    components, being L>'. ?omponen utamanyapalmitate,palmitoleate,hydroxypalmitateJAKdanoleate esterdari rantai pan=ang 1@E%@0 arbon3alifati alohol,dengan rasio

    triacontanylpalmitateC7 @1C7 03 0B*%C*%1C7 03 'AC7 @untu cerotic asamJDKC7 @1C7 03 0A

    C**7, dua omponen utama, men=adi L>'.

    -eeswax has a high melting pointrange, of L0 to LA PC 1'AA to 'A/ P&3. ilin lebah memilii

    tinggi titi lebur=angauan, dari L0%LA P C 1'AA%'A/ P &3. !f beeswax is heated abo"e 2D PC 1'2D

    P&3 discoloration occurs. Gia lilin dipanasan di atas 2D P C 1'2D P &3 perubahan warna ter=adi.

    The flash pointof beeswax is 0EA.A PC 1AEE P&3< there is no reportedautoignition temperature. J L

    Wax Content TypeWax

    Content Type

    ercent ersen

    hydrocarbonshidrokarbon 'AH 'AH

    monoestersmonoesters

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    K9ensityat 'D PC is E.BD2 to E.B/E gFcm. +aratiti nyalalilin lebah adalah 0EA,A P C 1AEE P &3