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Transcript of Cardiovascular System
![Page 1: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
![Page 2: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Two divisions
![Page 3: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Two divisions: pulmonary
![Page 4: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Two divisions: pulmonary & systemic
![Page 5: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Pulmonary Division
–Blood flows from heart
![Page 6: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Pulmonary Division
–Blood flows from heart to alveolar capillaries
![Page 7: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Pulmonary Division
–Blood flows from heart to alveolar capillaries and back to heart
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Cardiovascular System
• Systemic Division
![Page 10: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Systemic Division
– Blood flows from heart
![Page 11: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Systemic Division
– Blood flows from heart to all tissue capillaries
![Page 12: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Systemic Division
– Blood flows from heart to all tissue capillaries (except alveolar capillaries)
![Page 13: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cardiovascular System
• Systemic Division
– Blood flows from heart to all tissue capillaries (except alveolar capillaries) and back to heart
![Page 14: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
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• Pulmonary arteries carry blood:
![Page 16: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Pulmonary arteries carry blood:
High in O2, low in CO2
![Page 17: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Pulmonary arteries carry blood:
High in O2
Low in O2 Low in O2 high in CO2
High in O2, low in CO2
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• Heart
![Page 20: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Heart
– Location
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• Heart
– Location: mediastinum
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• Heart
– Location: mediastinum
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• Heart
– Location: mediastinum
– Size?
![Page 26: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Pericardium
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• Pericardium: protective sac surrounding the heart
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• Pericardium: protective sac surrounding the heart
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• Pericardium: protective sac surrounding the heart
–Visceral pericardium
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• Pericardium: protective sac surrounding the heart
–Visceral pericardium
– Parietal pericardium
![Page 31: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Pericardium: protective sac surrounding the heart
–Visceral pericardium
– Parietal pericardium
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• Layers of the heart wall
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• Layers of the heart wall
– endocardium
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• Layers of the heart wall
– endocardium
– myocardium
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• Layers of the heart wall
– endocardium
– myocardium
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• Layers of the heart wall
– endocardium
– myocardium
– epicardium
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• Layers of the heart wall
– endocardium
– myocardium
– epicardium (same as the visceral pericardium)
![Page 40: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
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• Chambers of the heart
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• Chambers of the heart
– Receiving chambers:
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• Chambers of the heart
– Receiving chambers: atria
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• Chambers of the heart
– Receiving chambers: atria (singular:
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• Chambers of the heart
– Receiving chambers: atria (singular: atrium)
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• Chambers of the heart
– Receiving chambers: atria (singular: atrium)
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• Chambers of the heart
– Receiving chambers: atria (singular: atrium)
–Pumping chambers: ventricles
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• Right ventricle
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• Right ventricle: pump for the pulmonary circulation
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• Right ventricle: pump for the pulmonary circulation
• Left ventricle
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• Right ventricle: pump for the pulmonary circulation
• Left ventricle: pump for the systemic circulation
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• “Great Vessels” of the Heart
– Aorta
– Pulmonary Trunk
![Page 55: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava Pulmonary
trunk
Pulmonary veinsAorta
RPALPA
![Page 56: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
• Heart valves
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• Heart valves
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• Heart valves: ensure one-way flow of blood through heart
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– Semilunar valves
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– Semilunar valves
• pulmonary semilunar
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– Semilunar valves
• pulmonary semilunar
• aortic semilunar
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• Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
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• Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
• tricuspid
![Page 64: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
• tricuspid
• bicuspid
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• Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
• tricuspid
• bicuspid (mitral)
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• Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
• tricuspid
• bicuspid (mitral) Associated with papillary
muscles
![Page 67: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
• Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves
• tricuspid
• bicuspid (mitral) Associated with papillary
muscles and chordae tendinae
![Page 68: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
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• Skeleton of the heart
– set of 4 fibrous rings near base of heart
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• Skeleton of the heart, con’t.
– provides rigidity to prevent the dilation of valves
– provides a point of attachment for valves
![Page 75: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
• Skeleton of the heart, con’t.
– electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles.
•The A-V bundle (“bundle of His”) is the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles
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• Path of Blood Flow Through the Heart
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http://www.innerbody.com/anim/heart.html
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• Heart Sounds
–1st sound (“lub”)
• closing of the AV valves
– 2nd sound (“dup”)
• closing of the semilunar valves
![Page 80: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
• Heart Sounds
–1st sound (“lub”)
• closing of the AV valves
– 2nd sound (“dup”)
• closing of the semilunar valves
![Page 81: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Conduction System of the Heart
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
AV bundle
Purkinje fibers
Bundle branches
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• Blood Vessels
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins
![Page 108: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
• All blood vessels are lined with endothelium
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1. Arteries
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Subject to the highest blood pressure
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1. Arteries
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Subject to the highest blood pressure
![Page 113: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
1. Arteries
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Subject to the highest blood pressure
• Located deep
![Page 114: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
– Structure of Arteries
•Tunica interna
•Tunica media
•Tunica externa
![Page 115: Cardiovascular System](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060108/5550eb7eb4c90513798b50fb/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
• Types of arteries
– Elastic arteries
• Contain elastic fibers in the tunica media and interna
•Largest arteries
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• Types of arteries
– Muscular arteries• Little elasticity• Abundant smooth muscle in tunica media
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2. Arterioles
• < 1mm in diameter
• Endothelium and smooth muscle
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2. Arterioles
• < 1mm in diameter
• Endothelium and smooth muscle
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2. Arterioles
• < 1mm in diameter
• Endothelium and smooth muscle
• Metarterioles regulate flow of blood into capillaries
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2. Arterioles• < 1mm in diameter• Endothelium and smooth
muscle • Metarterioles regulate flow
of blood into capillaries • Help regulate blood
pressure
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3. Capillaries• Sites of exchange
exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic caps
exchange between blood and air in pulmonary caps
• Very permeable
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4. Veins
• Return blood back towards heart
• Smallest veins: venules
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• Veins have 3 layers like arteries
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• Differences between arteries and veins
– thinner
– larger diameter
– located both deep and superficial
– veins have valves
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Distribution of Blood
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• Coronary Circulation
– Blood flow to and from the myocardial capillaries
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• Some vessels of the coronary circuit– Right coronary artery– Left coronary artery
• circumflex• anterior interventricular (also: LAD)
– Coronary sinus
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• Hepatic Portal Circulation
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• Features of fetal heart
– Foramen ovale
– Ductus arteriosus
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• Other features of fetal circulation
– Umbilical arteries and veins
– Ductus venosus
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• Changes in fetal circulation after birth
– foramen ovale closes
– ductus arteriosus closes
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Coronary Artery Disease
• Degenerative changes in coronary arteries
• Often associated with arterial plaques
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