Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction Scientific Adviser: Low Carbon Innovation Centre...

Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction

Scientific Adviser: Low Carbon Innovation Centre

School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia

NBSLM03E – Master Class

June 2010

Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal5th October 2007

CRedCarbon

Reduction 1

• Issues of Carbon Emissions and Energy Security

• Low Energy Buildings and their Management• Low Carbon Energy Provision

– Photovoltaics– CHP– Adsorption chilling– Biomass Gasification

• Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings



2

3Per capita Carbon Emissions

UK

How does UK compare with other countries?

Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?

What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem?

France

4

Carbon Emissions and Electricity

UK

France

r

5

Electricity Generation in selected Countries

Actual Nuclear

Projected Nuclear

Actual Coal with FGD

Opted Out Coal

Renewables

New Nuclear?

New Coal ???

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

MW

6

• Opted Out Coal: Stations can only run for 20 000 hours more and must close by 2015• New Nuclear assumes completing 1 new nuclear station each year beyond 2018• New Coal assumes completing 1 new coal station each year beyond 2018

Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy SecurityThere is a

looming capacity shortfall

Even with a full deployment of

renewables.

A 10% reduction in demand per

house will see a rise of 7% in total demand

- Increased population decreased

household size

7

UK Gas Production and Demand

Import Gap

Imports - Bacton BBL

7% Imports - Bacton IC

10%

Imports -Langeled

15%Imports Grain

LNG4%

Imports -Milford Haven

LNG8%

Irish Sea3%

North Sea39%

Storage14%

GAS SUPPLY in UK at 09:00 on 13th January 2010

41% UK Production, 14% UK Storage 44% Imports8






9

10

Original buildings

Teaching wall

Library

Student residences

11

Nelson Court 楼

Constable Terrace 楼

11

12

Low Energy Educational Buildings

Elizabeth Fry Building

ZICER

Nursing and Midwifery

School

Medical School12

Medical School Phase 2

Thomas Paine Study Centre

13

Constable Terrace - 1993

• Four Storey Student Residence

• Divided into “houses” of 10 units each with en-suite facilities• Heat Recovery of body and cooking

heat ~ 50%.

• Insulation standards exceed 2006 standards

• Small 250 W panel heaters in individual rooms.

Electricity Use

21%

18%

17%

18%

14%

12%

Appliances

Lighting

MHVR Fans

MHVR Heating

Panel Heaters

Hot Water

Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Constable Terrace

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

UEA Low Medium

Kg

/m2 /y

r

14

Educational Buildings at UEA in 1990s

Queen’s Building 1993 Elizabeth Fry Building 1994

Elizabeth Fry Building Employs Termodeck principle and uses ~ 25% of Queen’s Building

15

The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994

8

Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.

Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale.

16

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Top

lam

Ene

rji T

üket

imi (

kWh/

m2 /y

ıl)

Heating/Cooling Hot Water Electricity

16

Conservation: management improvements Koruma: yönetimde iyileştirmeler

Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.

Dikkatli İzleme ve Analiz, enerji tüketimini azaltabilir.

.

17

020406080

100120

ElizabethFry

low energy average

CO

2/m

2/yı

l electricity

gas

0

50

100

150

200

250

Elizabeth Fry Low Energy Average

kW

h/m

2 /yıl

gaselectricity

17

Comparison with other buildings Diğer Binalarla Karşılaştırma

Energy Performance

Enerji Performansı

Carbon Dioxide Performance

Karbon Dioksit Performanı

18

Non Technical Evaluation of Elizabeth Fry Building PerformanceElizabeth Fry Bina Performansının Teknik Olmayan Değerlendirmesi

thermal comfort +28%

air quality +36%

lighting +25%

noise +26%

User Satisfaction

A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in.

Isıl rahatlık +%28

Hava kalitesi +%36

aydınlatma +%25

gürültü +%26

Kullanıcı memnuniyeti

Bir Düşük Enerji binası ayrıca içinde çalışmak için de daha iyi bir yerdir.

18

ZICER Building

• Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.

• Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor

Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005

19

The ground floor open plan office

The first floor open plan office

The first floor cellular offices

20

The ZICER Building –

Main part of the building

• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing

21

2222

Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space

Regenerative heat exchangerIncoming

air into the AHU

2323

Air enters the internal occupied space空气进入内部使用空间

Operation of Main Building

Air passes through hollow cores in the

ceiling slabs空气通过空心的板层

Filter过滤器

Heater加热器

2424

Operation of Main Building

Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.

Space for future chilling

将来制冷的空间 Out of the building出建筑物

Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气

The return air passes through the heat

exchanger空气回流进入热交换器

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures

Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room

Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat.

热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量

Winter Day

Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment

Warm air

Warm air

25

Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room

Slabs also radiate heat back into room

热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中

板层也把热散发到房间内

Winter Night

In late afternoon

heating is turned off.

Cold air

Cold air



26

Draws out the heat accumulated during the day

Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day

把白天聚积的热量带走。

冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器

Summer night

night ventilation/ free cooling

Cool air

Cool air



27

Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space

concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning

空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少 / 停止对空调的使用

Summer day

Warm air

Warm air



28

2929

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements

800

350

Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

原始供热方法新供热方法

建造209441GJ

使用空调384967GJ

自然通风221508GJ

Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings

与其他建筑相比 ZICER 楼的能量需求

Materials Production 材料制造 Materials Transport 材料运输On site construction energy 现场建造Workforce Transport 劳动力运输Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy

基本功暖 / 供冷能耗Functional Energy 功能能耗Refurbishment Energy 改造能耗Demolition Energy 拆除能耗

28%54%

34%51%

61%

29%

30






31

• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays

ZICER Building

Photo shows only part of top

Floor

32

33

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

(Jan ) 1 (Mar) 11 (May) 21 (Aug) 31 (Oct) 41 (Dec) 51

Time (week number)

Ele

ctri

city

use

d/ge

nera

ted

(kW

h)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

PV

per

cent

age

of th

e to

tal e

lect

rici

ty u

sage

Electricity from conventional sources PV electricity PV % of total

Performance of PV cells on ZICER

34

Load (Capacity) factors

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

2004 2005

Lo

ad

Fa

cto

r

façade roof average

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

2004 2005

kWh

/ m

2

Façade Roof

Façade (kWh)

Roof (kWh)

Total (kWh)

2004 2650 19401 22051

2005 2840 19809 22649

Output per unit area

Little difference between orientations in winter months

Performance of PV cells on ZICER

Winter Summer

Façade 2% ~8%

Roof 2% 15%

35

02040

6080

100120140

160180200

9 10 11 12 13 14 15Time of Day

Wh

01020

3040506070

8090100

%

Top Row

Middle Row

Bottom Row

radiation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

9 10 11 12 13 14 15Time of day

Wh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

%

Block1

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

Block 6

Block 7

Block 8

Block 9

Block 10

radiation

All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation

The three arrays on the façade respond differently

Performance of PV cells on ZICER - January

Radiation is shown as percentage of mid-day maximum to highlight passage of clouds

36

0

5

10

15

20

25

8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00

Time (hours)

Elev

atio

n in

the s

ky (d

egre

es)

January February November DecemberP1 - bottom PV row P2 - middle PV row P3 - top PV row

373737

Arrangement of Cells on Facade

Individual cells are connected horizontally

As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive

If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.

Cells active

Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow

37

Use of PV generated energy

Sometimes electricity is exported

Inverters are only 91% efficient

• Most use is for computers• DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient

• Need an integrated approach

Peak output is 34 kW 峰值 34 kW

38

EngineGenerator

36% Electricity

50% Heat

Gas

Heat Exchanger

Exhaust Heat

Exchanger

11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses

86%

Localised generation makes use of waste heat.

Reduces conversion losses significantly

Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP

61% Flue Losses

36%

39

UEA’s Combined Heat and Power

3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat 40

41

Conversion efficiency improvements

1997/98 electricity gas oil Total

MWh 19895 35148 33

Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277

Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699

Electricity Heat

1999/2000

Total site

CHP generation

export import boilers CHP oil total

MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission

factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277

CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422

Before installation

After installation

This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

41

4242

Conversion efficiency improvements

Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA

Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer

42

A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit

节流阀Throttle Valve

冷凝器

绝热

Condenser

Heat rejected

蒸发器

为冷却进行热提取

Evaporator

Heat extracted for cooling

高温高压

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

低温低压

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

Compressor

压缩器

43

Absorption Heat Pump

Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated

节流阀Throttle Valve

冷凝器

绝热

Condenser

Heat rejected

蒸发器

为冷却进行热提取

Evaporator

Heat extracted for cooling

高温高压

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

低温低压

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

外部热

Heat from external source

W ~ 0

吸收器

吸收器

热交换器

Absorber

Desorber

Heat Exchanger

44

A 1 MW Adsorption chiller

1 MW 吸附冷却器

• Reduces electricity demand in summer

• Increases electricity generated locally

• Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

• Uses Waste Heat from CHP

• provides most of chilling requirements in summer

45

The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power

• Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands

• Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat• Will have under 7 year payback• Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw

mills• Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing student numbers by 250%

46

4747

Photo-Voltaics

Advanced Biomass CHP using GasificationEfficient CHP Absorption Chilling

Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future

4848

1990 2006 Change since 1990

2010 Change since 1990

Students 5570 14047 +152% 16000 +187%

Floor Area (m2) 138000 207000 +50% 220000 +159%

CO2 (tonnes) 19420 21652 +11% 14000 -28%

CO2 kg/m2 140.7 104.6 -25.7% 63.6 -54.8%

CO2 kg/student 3490 1541 -55.8% 875 -74.9%

Efficient CHP Absorption Chilling

Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future






49

Target Day

Results of the “Big Switch-Off”

With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?

50

51

The Behavioural DimensionElectricity Consumption

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

No of people in household

kW

h i

n p

erio

d

1 person

2 people

3 people

4 people

5 people

6 people

Variation in Electricity Cosumption

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

1

% D

iffe

ren

ce f

rom

Ave

rage

1 person 2 people 3 people4 people 5 people 6 people

Social Attitudes towards energy consumption have a profound effect on actual consumption

Data collected from 114 houses in Norwich between mid November 2006 and mid March 2007

For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER] can vary by as much as 9 times.

When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times

51

05000

100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Degree Days

Mo

nth

ly C

on

su

mp

tio

n (

kW

h)

Relatively large scatter – indicative of poor controlAbnormally high consumption could be indicative of malfunctionUpper and lower bands drawn +/- 1.5 standard deviations would initiate around 2 reporting incidents a year (based on monthly reporting.

CRedcarbon reduction

Managing Heating Requirements in an Office Building

52

Electricity Consumption in an Office Building in East Anglia

CRedcarbon reduction

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct

2003 2004 2005

Co

ns

um

pti

on

(k

Wh

)

• Consumption rose to nearly double level of early 2005.

• Malfunction of Air-conditioning plant.

• Extra fuel cost £12 000 per annum ~£1000 to repair fault

• Additional CO2 emitted ~ 100 tonnes.

Low Energy Lighting Installed

53

54

A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future: A summary

4. Using Renewable Energy

5. Offset Carbon Emissions

3. Using Efficient Equipment

1. Raising Awareness

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

O

2. Good Management

54

55

Conclusions

• Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years.

• Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important.

• Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more.

• Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of cells to get the optimum use of electricity generated.

• Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly• Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum

utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally.

• Awareness raising of occupants of buildings can lead to significant savings

• By the end of 2010, UEA should have reduced its carbon emissions per student by 70% compared to 1990.

5656

World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management

Third cohort started in January 2010

Modular Part Time version to start in 2010 at UEA- London

A partnership between

The Norwich Business School and • The 5** School of Environmental Sciences

Sharing the Expertise of the University

And FinallyLao Tzu (604-531 BC)

Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."See www2.env.uea.ac.uk/cred/creduea.htm for presentation 56

57

• This presentation will be posted on the WEB tomorrow at:

• www.cred-uk.org

• From main page follow Academic Links

[email protected]

Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 )

http://www.cred-uk.org/

mailto:[email protected]

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