Carbon Management and Institutional Issues in …2. Cities, Europeanization, and multi-level...

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Carbon Management and Institutional Issues in European Cities

Kristine Kern

University of Minnesota

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Contents

1. Introduction: Climate change policy in Europe

2. Cities, Europeanization and multi-level governance

3. Governing climate change at the local level

4. Governing capacities of transnational city networks

5. Conclusions

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Climate change policy in Europe

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1. Introduction

Climate change policy in Europe

�EU climate change policy

�National climate change policy

�Regional climate change policy

�Local climate change policy

Climate change policy in the EU

Ireland

Greece

Germany

France

Finland

Denmark

Belgium

Austria

Member State

+22.7%+13.0%

+23.9%+25.0%

-17.5%-21.0%

-0.8%0.0%

+14.5%0.0%

-1.8%-21.0%

+0.7%-7.5%

+15.7%-13.0%

Emission reductions 1990/2004

Emission reduction targets (2008-2012)

EU Burden-Sharing Agreement (EU-15)Emission Reductions 1990/2004



-8.0%

-12.5%

+4.0%

+15.0%

+27.0%

-6.0%

-28.0%

-6.5%

Emission Reduction Targets (2008-2012)

-0.9%EU-15 Total

-14.1%UK

-3.6%Sweden

+47.9%Spain

+41.0%Portugal

+1.6%Netherlands

+0.3%Luxemburg

+12.3%Italy


Member State



-32.0%-6%Hungary

-25.1%-8%Czech Republic

-0.8%-8%Slovenia

-30.3%-8%Slovakia

-31.6%-6%Poland

-60.1%-8%Lithuania

-58.5%-8%Latvia

-50.0%-8%Estonia


Kyoto targetMember State

Sustainable development activity level in the German Länder

highlow2002medium2000high1990high2002Federal Government

lowlow1996––––low1999Rhineland-Palatinate

lowlow1998low1998/2003low2001/2004––Saxony

lowlow2001low1999/2005low1996/2002––Brandenburg

lowlow1997low1999low1998/2003––Saxony Anhalt

low––medium2002low1998low2003Saarland

mediumlow1997/1999––medium1995/2004medium2000/2004Schleswig-Holstein

mediumlow2001––medium(2000)medium1998Lower Saxony

mediummedium1997medium2003medium1994/2001low–Bremen

mediummedium1998medium2000/2005medium(2004)low2002Hesse

mediummedium1999/2000medium2001medium1997/2002medium2006Mecklenburg-

Western

Pommerania

mediummedium(2002)medium2003medium1990/2002medium2001/2003Hamburg

highhigh 1996––high2001/2005medium(2005)North Rhine-

Westphalia

highhigh1999/2000high1999/2004medium2000/2002medium2000Thuringia

highhigh1998/1999high1997medium1994/2000medium2000Baden-Württemberg

highhigh1997medium1998medium1994/2000high2006Berlin

highhigh1997/1998high1995/2000/2

005

medium2000/2003high1997/2002Bavaria

Activity

level

Adoption/

revision in

Activity

level

Adoption/

revision in

Activity

level

Adoption/

revision in

Activity

level

Adoption/

revision in

Overall

activity level*

(4) Support of local

sustainable

development initiatives

(3) Voluntary agreement

(“environmental pact”)

(2) Climate protection

strategy, Climate action

programme

(1) Environmental plan,

sustainable

development strategy

(Landes-Agenda 21)Länder

Sustainable development in the German Länder

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Cities, Europeanization and multi-level

governance

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2. Cities, Europeanization, and multi-level governance

EU multi-level governance

�Competences shifted between different levels

�Authority dispersed between different levels and

different actors

�New forms of governance needed

�Boundaries between policy arenas become

blurred

�Actors pursue multi-level strategies

�Cities adapt to new opportunity structures

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Europeanization

�Complements multi-level governance approach

�Top-down perspective still dominates discussion

�Vertical top-down Europeanization

�Vertical bottom-up Europeanization

�Horizontal Europeanization

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Europeanization

�Cities establish own offices in Brussels

�Cities cooperate and apply for collaborative projects (EU funding)

�Commission depends on expertise of interest groups

�City networks can support implementation

�Supports exchange of experience between cities, transnational learning, development ofown standards

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Governing climate change at the local level

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Multiple modes of governing

�Self-governing

�Governing by authority

�Governing by provision

�Governing through enabling

See handout: modes of governing

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Findings (cities UK, Germany)

�Actions concentrated in the energy

sphere

�Municipalities deploy

- self-governing approaches

- enabling approaches

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Limitations

�EU policy goals contradictory

�Financial crisis of cities (Germany)

�Political challenge of implementing local climate change policy

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Governing capacities of

transnational city networks

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Structure and function of transnational city networks

�Two main goals:

(1) Representation of their members’ interests

(2) Support of the exchange of experiences and

transnational learning

� In the 1990s period of growth, differentiation

and specialization of networks

�Phase of stabilization reached


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4. Transnational City Networks in Europe

Transnational city networks in the area of climate change policy

�Three transnational city networks active in the area of climate change policy (around 1,400 member cities)

�Founded in the early 1990s�General mission and goals almost identical�Reached phase of stabilization: differing

membership structure

�Spatial pattern of membership


Membership in transnational city networks in the area of climate

change policy

Members of the Climate Alliance

Members of the Cities for Climate Protection Campaign

Members of Energie-Cités

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5. Governing Capacities of transnational City Networks

Forms of Governing

�Internal Governing

�External Governing

(1) Influence, (2) Interdependence,

(3) Intermediation


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5. Governing Capacities of Transnational City Networks

Internal governing capacities: Three forms

� Information and Communication

- selection and production of best practice

�Project cooperation and project funding

- intensifies cooperation, concentrated on

pioneers

�Recognition, benchmarking, and certification

- certification still limited to national networks,

concentrated on pioneers


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Internal governing capacities: findings

�Hierarchy (regulation, control, sanction, coercion) not applicable

�Development of alternative governing modes- laissez-faire approaches - interventionist approaches

�Concentration on laissez-faire approaches- certification limited to pioneers

�Few active versus many passive cities


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External governing capacities: Three Forms

� Influence (governmental institutions) - two-directional process (lobbying and consultation versus EU funding)

� Interdependence (non-governmental institutions) - competition and cooperation between networks - determined by EU

� Intermediation (local networks)- local activities depend on policy entrepreneurs- differences between active and passive cities


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Conclusions

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6. Conclusions: General

�Huge differences between local

authorities in Europe; generalizations

difficult

�Actions concentrated on energy policy

�Municipalities prefer self-governing and

enabling approaches

�Few active versus many passive cities

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6. Conclusions (2)

�Cities are part of the European multi-level governance

�Relationship between nation-states and cities in climate change policy

�Vertical top-down Europeanization has a similar impact on all cities and towns

�Vertical bottom-up Europeanization und horizontal Europeanization limited to pioneers

�Transnational city networks are networks of pioneers for pioneers

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