Carbon and its Compounds

What Is Carbon ?

CARBON is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive

hYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS are compounds of carbon and hydrogen only.Hydrocarbons are classified based on the: The type of bond between carbon

atoms:Single covalent bondDouble covalent bondTripple covalent bond

Types of hydrocarbons

SATURATED HYDROCARBON

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON

Saturated hydrocarbonsIn a saturated hydrocarbon, all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds.Alkane is another name for a saturated hydrocarbon.

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

Unsaturated hydrocarbons A h y d r o c a r b o n t h a t c o n t ai n s one o r m o r e d o u b l e o r t r I p l e b o n d s I s a n u n s a tu r a t ed h y d r o c a r b o n .T h e r e a r e t h r e e t y p e s o f u n s a tu rated h y d r o c a r b o n s : a l k e n e s , a l k yn e s & a r o m a t I c h y d r o c a r b o n s .

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS ALKENES AND ALKYNES

NO. OF CARBON ATOMS

NAME MOLECULAR FORMULA

STRUCTURE(DISPLAYED FORMULA)

1 METHANE CH4

2 ETHANE C2H6

3 PROPANE C3H8

4 BUTANE C4H10

5 PENTANE C5H12

6 HEXANE C6H14

STRUCTURE OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

Straight Chains

A hydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in methane or thousands of carbon atoms, as in cellulose.

Branched Chains

Carbon has an ability to form branches with other carbon atoms. Simple branched alkanes often have a common name using a prefix to distinguish them from linear alkanes, for example n-pentane, isopentane, and neopentane.IUPAC naming conventions can be used to produce a systematic name.

The Ring Or CyclicCarbons can be arranged in the form of a ring or cyclic, such as CYCLOHEXANE.

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BENZENE RING

ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

GRAPHITE DIAMOND

Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, known as allotropes of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the element's atoms are bonded together in a different manner. For Example --

FULLERENE

Graphite In g r a p h I t e e a c h c a r bo n a t o m Is b o n d e d t o t h r e e o t h e r Ca rbo n a t om o n t h e s a m e pl a ne I n a h e x a g o n a l A r r a y .

Fullerene This is also a form of carbon allotrope. The first one to be identified was C-60 which has carbon arranged in the shape of a football.As it resembled to the geodesic dome designed by US architect Buckminster Fuller ,So the molecule was named fullerene.

In diamond, each carbon atom is tetra headedly attached to four other carbon atoms forming a rigid three dimensional structure. Thus it is the hardest substance known.

Diamond

Isomers T h e o r g a n ic c o m p o u n d s w h i c h hav e s a m e m o l e c u l a r f o r m u l a b u t d i f f e r e n t s t ru c t u r a l f o r m u l a ,t h e s e a r e c a l l e d I s o m e r s a n d t h e p r o p e r t y I s c a l l e d I s o m e r I s a t i o n : EX: n –b u t a n e & I s o b u t a n e

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.

FUNCTIONAL GOUPS SUFFIX

ALDEHYDE (-CHO) – ‘al’ ALCOHOL ( -OH) – ‘ol’ KETONE ( --CO--) –‘one’

CARBOXYLIC ACID (-COOH)

– ‘oic acid’

HALOGEN ( -X) Pref – chloro , bromo, floro, iodo

SOME FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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