CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Submitted To:-Mrs. Jasjeet SohiSubmitted By:-Ankur Singla

INTRODUCTION:-• Carbon is an element with symbol ‘C’,

atomic no. 6 and electronic configuration 2,4.

• Carbon is a non metal.• Carbon compounds form the basis of all

the life forms on the earth.• A large number of things we use are made

up of carbon compounds.• For example:-Grains, pulses, sugar, tea,

coffee, fruits and vegetables all are carbon compounds.

• It is a tetravalent element.• It’s tetravalency allow it to make a large

no. of compounds.• It makes new compounds by sharing of

electrons ,thus it is a covalent compound.• Carbon can make a large number of

compounds due to two reasons:-Catenation:- Self linking propertyTetravalency:-Ability to make covalent

compounds by sharing of electrons.

ALLOTROPES OF CARBON:-• The various physical forms in which an

element can exist are called allotropes of the element.

• Carbon has three allotropes:-Diamond Graphite Buckminsterfullerene

PROPERTIES OF DIAMOND:-• Diamond is a colourless substance with a

brilliant shine.• Diamond is the hardest substance known

on the earth.• Diamond burns on strong heating to form

carbon dioxide(CO2).• Since diamond is made of carbon,

therefore its symbol is ’C’.• Due to its hardness it is used for cutting of

hard substances like metals and glass.

PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE:-• Graphite is a greyish –black opaque

substance.• It is a very good conductor of electricity.• It also burns on heating to form carbon

dioxide(C02).• It is used for making dry cells due to its

good conductivity even in dry form.• It is used for making pencil leads and also

as a lubricant in industries.

PROPERTIES OF BUCKMINSTERFULLERENCE:-

• It is an allotrope of carbon made by joining of sixty carbon atoms.

• It resembles the shape of a football.• It is a dark solid molecule at room

temperature.• It is neither hard nor soft. It is in between

diamond and graphite.• It also burns with oxygen to form carbon

dioxide(CO2).

HYDROCARBONS:-• Compounds made of carbon and hydrogen

only are known as hydrocarbons.• There are a large number of hydrocarbons

present on the earth• Most of hydrocarbons we get are from

petroleum.• Hydrocarbons can be divided into two types:-Saturated hydrocarbonsUnsaturated hydrocarbons

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS:-

• Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are connected only by single bond are saturated hydrocarbons

• Saturated hydrocarbons are also known as alkanes.

• General formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where ‘n’ is the no. of carbon atoms.

• Names of all alkanes end with ‘ane’.• For example:-Methane(CH4), ethane(C2H6).

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS:-

• Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are connected by double bond or triple bond are saturated hydrocarbons.

• Hydrocarbons with double bond are called ‘alkenes’.

• Hydrocarbons with triple bond are called ‘alkynes’.

ALKENES:-• An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the two

carbon atoms are connected by a double bond is called an alkene.

• General formula for alkanes is CnH2n , where ‘n’ is the no. of carbon atoms.

• Names of all alkenes end with ‘ene’.• For example:- Ethene(C2H4), propene(C3H6).

ALKYNES:-• An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which the

two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond is called an alkyne.

• General formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2, where ‘n’ is the no. of carbon atoms.

• Names of all alkynes end with ‘yne’.• For example:-Ethyne(C2H2), propyne(C3H4).

NAMING OF HYDROCARBONS:-

• The official naming of organic compounds is done by ‘International Union For Pure And Applied Chemistry’ (IUPAC).

• Therefore the official names of organic compounds is also known as IUPAC name.

• The prefix of hydrocarbon is always depends on the number of carbon atoms:-

No. of carbon atoms Indicated by

One carbon Meth

Two carbons Eth

Three carbons Prop

Four carbons But

Five carbons Pent

Six carbons Hex

Seven carbons Hept

Eight carbons Oct

Nine carbons Non

Ten carbons Dec

SUFFIXES FOR SATURATED HYDROCARBONS:-

• Suffix for alkanes is ‘ane’ after the word to indicate the no. of carbons.

• For example:- CH4 is named as Methane:-Meth(as the no. of carbon is 1) +ane(as it is alkane)

SUFFIXES FOR UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS:-

• Suffix for alkenes is ‘ene’ after the word to indicate the no. of carbons. For example:- C2H4 is named as Ethene – Eth(as the no. of carbon is 2) + ene(as it is alkene).

• Suffix for alkynes is ‘yne’ after the word to indicate the no. of carbons. For example:- C2H2 is named as Ethyne – Eth(as the no. of carbon is 2) + yne(as it is alkyne).

ISOMERISM:-• The organic compounds having same

molecular formula but different structures are known as isomers.

• For example:- Butane has two isomers n-butane and iso butane.

n-Butane iso-Butane

NAMING OF BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS:-

• Certain rules are followed while naming branched hydrocarbons:-

The longest chain of carbon atoms in the structure of he compound is found first.

The compound is then named as a derivative of the alkane hydrocarbon which corresponds to the longest chain. This is called parent hydrocarbon.

The alkyl groups present as side chains are considered as substituents and named separately.

The carbon atoms of the longest carbon chain are numbered in such a way that the alkyl groups get the lowest possible number.

The position of alkyl group is indicated by writing the no. of carbon atom to which it is attached.

The IUPAC name of the compound is obtained by writing the ‘position and name of the alkyl group’ just before the name of the parent hydrocarbon.

• Naming of this compound is done as follows:- There are three carbons in the longest chain in the

above structure. Now the alkane containing 3 carbons is propane. So its parent hydrocarbon is propane.

On the second carbon there is one methyl group. Thus the prefix of this structure is 2-methyl.

On combining these two, we get the name of compound as 2-methyl propane.

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES:-• A homologous series is a group of organic

compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by CH2 group.

• All the compounds of alkanes form a homologous series.

• All the compounds of alkenes also form a homologous series.

• All the compounds of alkynes also form a homologous series.

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS:-• An atom or a group of atoms which makes

a carbon compound reactive and decides its properties is called a functional group.

• Some of important functional groups are:-Halo groupAlcohol groupAldehyde groupKetone groupCarboxylic Acid group

HALO GROUP–X(X can be Cl, Br or I):-• When one hydrogen atom of an alkane is

replaced by a halogen atom, we get a haloalkane.

• The halogen atom can be of chlorine, bromine or of iodine.

• For example:- In methane i.e.,CH4, if one hydrogen is replaced by chlorine atom it become CH3Cl named as chloromethane.

• The name of halogen atom is always taken as prefix .

• Haloalkanes forms homologous series, i.e., any two successive compounds differ by CH2 group and all the compounds have same chemical properties.

• The general formula for haloalkanes is CnH2n+1–X (where X is any halogen atom, i.e., Cl, Br or I and n is the no. of carbon atoms).

ALCOHOL GROUP(–OH):-• Alcohols are organic compounds containing

hydroxyl group (i.e., –OH group). Simplest alcohol is Methanol(CH3OH).

• Alcohols are formed by replacing one hydrogen atom from alkanes with a hydroxyl group.

• For example:- In methane i.e.,CH4, if one hydrogen is replaced by hydroxyl group it become CH3OH named as Methanol.

• The naming of alcohol group is done by replacing last alphabet from alkane(to which hydroxyl group is added) with ‘ol’.

• Alcohols forms homologous series, i.e., any two successive compounds differ by CH2 group and all the compounds have same chemical properties.

• The general formula for alcohols is CnH2n+1–OH(where –OH is a hydroxyl group and ‘n’ is the no. of carbon atoms).

ALDEHYDE GROUP(–CHO):-• Aldehydes are organic compounds containing

aldehyde group (i.e., –CHO group). The simplest aldehyde is Methanal(HCHO).

• Aldehyde group is always attached to the terminal carbon in any carbon compound.

• In naming of aldehyde group the carbon which is in the group itself also has to be counted. For example:- In CH3CHO, we have to count two carbons and not one carbon.

• The naming of aldehyde group is done by taking the parent name of the alkane (depending upon the no. of carbon atoms) and replacing last alphabet from it with ‘al’.

• Aldehydes forms homologous series, i.e., any two successive compounds differ by CH2 group and all the compounds have same chemical properties.

• The general formula for aldehydes is CnH2nO (where ‘n’ is the no. of carbon atoms).

KETONE GROUP(–CO–):-• Ketones are organic compounds containing

ketone group (i.e., –CO– group). The simplest ketone is propanone(CH3COCH3)

• Ketone group is always attached on the centre carbon in any carbon compound.

• In naming of ketone group the carbon which is in the group itself also has to be counted. For example:- In CH3COCH3, we have to count three carbons and not two carbon.

• The naming of ketone group is done by taking the parent name of the alkane (depending upon the no. of carbon atoms) and replacing last alphabet from it with ‘one’.

• Ketones forms homologous series, i.e., any two successive compounds differ by CH2 group and all the compounds have same chemical properties.

• The general formula for ketones is CnH2nO (where ‘n’ is the no. of carbon atoms).

CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP(–COOH)• Carboxylic acids are organic compounds

containing carboxylic acid group (i.e., –COOH group). The simplest carboxylic acid is Methanoic acid(HCOOH).

• Carboxylic acid group is always attached to the terminal carbon in any carbon compound.

• In naming of carboxylic acid group the carbon which is in the group itself also has to be counted. For example:- In CH3COOH, we have to count two carbons and not one carbon.

• The naming of carboxylic acid group is done by taking the parent name of the alkane (depending upon the no. of carbon atoms) and replacing last alphabet from it with ‘oic acid’.

• Carboxylic acids forms homologous series, i.e., any two successive compounds differ by CH2 group and all the compounds have same chemical properties.

• The general formula for carboxylic acids is H– COOH (where ‘H’ is any alkyl group).

COAL AND PETROLEUM:-• Coal and petroleum are two most important

fuels. They have stored energy in them which can be used for different purposes.

• Coal was formed by the decomposition of large land plants and trees buried under the earth millions of years ago.

• Petroleum oil was formed by the decomposition of the remains of extremely small plants and animal buried under the sea millions of years ago.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS:-

• The most important carbon compounds i.e., hydrocarbons show some specific properties on which they can be differentiated. The chemical properties of hydrocarbons are:-

Combustion – In all hydrocarbonsSubstitution Reactions – In saturated

hydrocarbonsAddition Reactions – In unsaturated

hydrocarbons

COMBUSTION:-• The process of burning of a carbon compound

in air to give carbon dioxide, water, heat and light, is known as combustion.

• Saturated hydrocarbons burn in air to produce a lot of heat and they burn with a non-sooty flame, which makes them an excellent fuel.

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons burn in air to produce less heat and a sooty flame which make them less efficient fuels.

USES OF COMBUSTION:-• Combustion property of saturated hydrocarbons

is very helpful as it is used very much in everyday life. For example:- Fuel burning in gas stove, in cars, in industries and in many other fields.

• Not only saturated hydrocarbons are used for this purpose but also unsaturated hydrocarbons are very useful in many purposes.

• For example:- Ethyne which is unsaturated hydrocarbon is used for welding when burnt in pure oxygen.

SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS:-• The property of saturated hydrocarbons to

substitute one or more of hydrogen with chlorine in the presence of sunlight is known a substitution reaction.

• For example:- Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight to form CH3Cl (chloromethane).

• This type of reaction is used for making many useful compounds like dichloromethane, chloroform and tetra chloromethane.

ADDITION REACTIONS:-• The reaction in which an unsaturated

hydrocarbon combines with another substance to give a single product is called an addition reaction.

• For example:- Ethene(C2H4) reacts with hydrogen(H2) when heated in the presence of nickel catalyst to form ethane(C2H6).

• This process of addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbon to form saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.

USES OF ADDITION REACTIONS:-

• The process of hydrogenation is widely used in making of vanaspati ghee (which is solid at room temperature and is an alkane) from vegetable oil (which is liquid at room temperature and is an alkene).

• Vegetable oils contain unsaturated fats which are good for health, whereas vegetable ghee contain saturated fats which are very harmful for health.

BROMINE WATER TEST:-• Bromine water test is used to distinguish

between an unsaturated hydrocarbon and a saturated hydrocarbon.

• If the given compound decolourises the bromine water(which is brown in colour), then the given compound is unsaturated hydrocarbon.

• If the given compound do not decolourises bromine water than it is a saturated hydrocarbon.

SOME IMPORTANT CARBON COMPOUNDS:-

• There are large number of carbon compounds on earth and most of them are very useful to us. But the two compounds are extremely useful and are commercially very useful. These two compounds are:-

Ethanol (or Ethyl Alcohol)Ethanoic acid (or Acetic Acid)

ETHANOL (ETHYL ALCOHOL):-

• Ethanol is the second member of the homologous series of alcohols.

• The formula of ethanol is C2H5OH.• The common name of ‘Ethanol’ is ‘Ethyl

Alcohol’.• Ethanol is widely used in industries for

many purposes.• It is also used in many medicines due to

its solvent property.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL:-

• Ethanol is a colourless liquid having a pleasant smell and a burning taste.

• It is a volatile and has low boiling point of 78°C.

• It is easily soluble in water due to presence of hydroxyl group in it.

• It is a covalent compound.• It is neutral in nature and do not effect

litmus paper.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL:-

• Ethanol show the following chemical properties:-

Combustion ReactionOxidation ReactionReaction with sodium metalDehydrationReaction with Ethanoic Acid

COMBUSTION REACTION:-• Ethanol is a highly inflammable liquid. It

catches fire easily and starts burning.• Ethanol burns in air to form carbon dioxide

and water vapour, and releasing a lot of heat and light.

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H20 +Heat + Light Ethanol Oxygen Carbon Water Dioxide Vapour

• Due to this property it is sometimes mixed with petrol to be used as fuel.

OXIDATION REACTION:-• Oxidation is kind of a controlled combustion.• When ethanol is heated with alkaline

potassium permanganate solution or with acidified potassium dichromate solution, it gets oxidised to ethanoic acid:-

CH3CH2OH + 2[0] CH3COOH + H2O Ethanol Nascent Oxygen Ethanoic Acid Water

• In the above reaction alkaline KMnO4 or Acidified K2Cr2O7 act as a catalyst. They themselves do not take part in the reaction.

REACTION WITH SODIUM METAL:-

• Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas:-

• 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5O-Na+ + H2 Ethanol Sodium Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen

• This reaction is used as a test for ethanol.• When a piece of sodium metal is dipped in

ethanol, rapid effervescence are observed due to evolution of gas. When this gas is tested with burning match stick, it burns with a pop-up sound.

DEHYDRATION REACTION:-• Dehydration of ethanol means removal of

water molecule from it .• When ethanol is heated with excess of

concentrated sulphuric acid at 170°C.

CH3–CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H20 Ethanol Ethene Water

• In this reaction concentrated sulphuric acid act as an dehydrating agent.

• Alcohols on dehydration form alkenes.

REACTION WITH ETHANOIC ACID:-

• Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid on warming in the presence of few drops of sulphuric acid and form sweet smelling ester. This process is known as esterification.

CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Ethanoic Acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate Water (Sweet smelling ester)

• The formation of ester on reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid is used as a test for ethanol as well as for ethanoic acid.

TESTS FOR ETHANOL:-• Sodium Metal Test:- When a small piece of

sodium metal is added to ethanol, the bubbles of hydrogen gas are formed which can be tested by taking a glowing candle near it. It burns with a pop-up sound.

• Ester Test:- When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in presence of heat, a sweet smell is observed which is of ester. This shows the presence of ethanol in the reaction.

USES OF ETHANOL:-• It is used in manufacturing of paints, varnishes,

lacquers, medicines, perfumes, etc.• It is used in many cough syrups and medicines.• It is also used as a fuel my mixing with petrol.• It is used in alcoholic drinks like whisky, wine

beer and other liquors.• It is also used as antiseptic to sterilize wounds

in hospitals and dispensaries.• It is used for making iodine tincture used as an

antiseptic.

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF DRINKING ALCOHOL:-

• Alcohol slows down the activity of the nervous system and the brain.

• Alcohol drinking lowers mental restrains due to which drunken man become quarrelsome.

• Heavy drinking of alcohol can lead to blurred vision, dizziness and vomiting.

• Heavy drinking of alcohol over a long period of time can damage the stomach, liver, heart, and even brain. It can even lead to death of the person.

DENATURED ETHANOL:-• A large amount of ethanol is required for

various industrial purposes. For this the alcohol is supplied duty free(without production tax).

• To prevent the misuse of this fact methanol (which is poisonous in nature) is added to ethanol (produced for various industries). Being blue in colour it can be identified easily and distinguished from ethanol. This type of ethanol is called denatured ethanol.

ETHANOIC ACID:-• Ethanoic acid is the second member of

homologous series of carboxylic acids.• Formula of ethanoic acid is CH3COOH.• Common name of ‘Ethanoic Acid’ is ‘Acetic

Acid’.• Ethanoic acid is widely used in many

household industries.• It is mainly used in it’s dilute form or in the

form of vinegar.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID:-

• Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid having a sour taste and a smell of vinegar.

• The boiling point of ethanoic acid is 118°C.• When pure ethanoic acid is cooled, it freezes

to form a colourless, ice-like solid. Due to this, pure ethanoic acid is called glacial ethanoic acid.

• Ethanoic acid is miscible with water in all proportions.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID:-

• Ethanoic acid shows the following chemical properties:-

Action on litmus.Reaction with Carbonates and Hydrogen

carbonates.Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide.Reaction with Ethanol.Hydrolysis of Esters.

ACTION ON LITMUS:-• Ethanoic acid is acidic in nature.• Due to acidic nature of ethanoic acid, it

turns blue litmus red.• Ethanoic acid do not effect red litmus

paper.• Ethanoic acid turns universal indicator and

pH paper to orange.• This shows that pH of Ethanoic acid is

about 4.

REACTION WITH CARBONATES AND HYDROGEN CARBONATES:-

• Reaction with Sodium Carbonate:- Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form Sodium Ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide:-

2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

• Reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate:- Ethanoic acid reacts with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate to form Sodium Ethanoate, water and carbon dioxide:-

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

REACTION WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE:-

• Ethanoic acid reacts with bases to form salts and water.

• For example:- Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium ethanoate salt and water.

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O Ethanoic Acid Sodium Sodium Ethanoate Water

Ethanoate • The reaction of ethanoic acid with a base,

i.e., sodium hydroxide to form salt and water shows that ethanoic acid is acidic in nature.

REACTION WITH ETHANOL:-• Ethanoic acid reacts with Ethanol on warming

in the presence of few drops of sulphuric acid and form sweet smelling ester. This process is known as esterification.

CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Ethanoic Acid Ethanol Ethyl Ethanoate Water (Sweet smelling ester)

• The formation of ester on reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid is used as a test for ethanoic acid as well as for ethanol.

HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS:-• When an ester is heated with sodium hydroxide

solution then the ester gets hydrolysed to form the parent alcohol and sodium salt of the carboxylic acid.

• For example:- When ethyl ethanoate ester is boiled with sodium hydroxide solution, then sodium ethanoate and ethanol are produced:-

CH3COOC2H5 +NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH Ethyl Ethanoate Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Ethanoate Ethanol

TESTS FOR ETHANOIC ACID:-• Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate test:- If the

given compound reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate and brisk effervescence came out, it show that the compound is carboxylic acid.

• Litmus test:- If the given compound turns blue litmus red, then the given compound is carboxylic acid.

• Ester test:- If the given compound form sweet smelling ester when heated with ethanol, it means that the compound is carboxylic acid.

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS:-• Any substance that has a cleansing action

in water is known as detergent.• The soapy detergents are called ‘soaps’.• The non-soapy detergents are called

‘synthetic detergents’ or just ‘detergents’.• Soaps and detergents are used for washing

clothes, cleaning our hands, shaving soaps, hair shampoos, cleaning utensils, and in textile industries.

SOAPS:-• A soap is the sodium salt or a potassium

salt of a long chain carboxylic acid which has cleansing properties in water.

• Soap has large non-ionic group and an ionic group, COO-Na+.

• For example:- Two sodium salts are:-Sodium Stearate:-C17H35COO-Na+

Sodium Palmitate:-C15H31COO-Na+