Carbon Abutments Methods!!

8/8/2019 Carbon Abutments Methods!!

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!!Carbon Abatements Methods!!


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Carbon Emissions?y These are the emissions of the carbon dioxide gas in

excess released in our atmosphere from varioushuman/non human activities.

y Human activities includes various activities likeburning of fossil fuels, usage of cfc,s , burning offorested area for land acquisition etc.

y Non human activities includes volcanic eruptions,

geothermal energy, forest fires etc.y Due to these emissions the concentration of carbon

increases very abruptly causing very serious problemslike global warming, ozone depletion etc.


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Global Warming?y It is the gradual increase in the earth's average temp.

due to a phenomenon called Green house effect.

y This effect is caused due to excessive emissions ofgreen house gases like methane (CH4), carbon dioxide(CO2), oxides of nitrogen (Nox),water vapours etc.

y These gases allow the radiation from sun to reach the

earths surface but doesn't let them escape from theearths atmosphere leading to global warming.


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Effects OfGlobal Warming?y Melting of polar ice caps & glaciers.

y Rising of sea level leading to submergence of low lying

areas.y Extinction of rare species like arctic fox, polar bear, etc.

y Raising the earths avg. temperature very rapidly.

y Giving rise to numerous skin diseases.

y Uneven precipitation leading to frequent flash floodson one region & severe draughts at another region.


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Remedial Measures for Global Warmingy Conservation And Efficiency: - The chief danger at regarding

global warming, is the excess emission of carbon dioxide due to theburning of fossil fuels and the destruction of the tropical forests.

y Saving And Extending The Forests: - Tragically, at presentgreat areas of tropical forests are being destroyed by fire, bulldozingand chainsaws. Temperate forests are also being damaged, by industrialpollution. Stopping this is an essential priority, for forests are a majorsource of important materials, they perform vital functions, and their

destructionadds to the build up of CO2 in the atmosphere.


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Remedial Measures for Global Warming contd.

y Take Personal Action: - Climate change may be a big problem,but there are many little things we can do to make a difference. If wetry, most of us can do our part to reduce the amount of greenhousegases that we put into the atmosphere.

y A

mechanism suggested for tackling climate change and warming hasbeen the idea of using "Carbon Sinks" to soak up carbon dioxide. Toaid in this, reforestation, or planting of new forests, have beensuggested. This is a popular strategy for the logging industry andnations with large forests interests, such as Canada, the United States,

various Latin American nations, and some Asian countries such as

Indonesia.


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y Flexibility mechanisms were defined in the Kyoto

Protocol (COP3) as different ways to achieve emissionsreduction as part of the effort to address climatechange issues. These have been highly controversial asthey were mainly included on strong US insistence andto keep the US in the treaty. These fall into thefollowing categories discussed in further detail below:

1. Emissions Trading

2. Joint Implementation

3. Clean Development Mechanism


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y Emissions Trading: - This is also known as carbon trading . Itinvolves trading of carbon emission credits b/w nations

y Joint Implementation: - Joint Implementation (also knownas Activities Implemented Jointly) is where developed countries investin emission-reducing activities in other industrialized countries, and

gaining reduction units as a result.

y Clean Development Mechanism: -The Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM) is similar to the joint implementation, but wheredeveloped countries invest in Southern, or developing countries. It isaimed to be a part of a program of sustainable development.


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Carbon Trading?y Emissions Trading, or Carbon Trading as it is alternatively known,

involves trading carbon emission credits within nations.

y Allowances are created, thereby making emissions a commodity that

can be traded between industries.y The Kyoto Protocol says that it is ok to trade in emissions, but that it

should not be the major means to achieve ones commitments.

y Supporters say that this mechanism will bring in private corporationsand with that will come market pressures driving for efficiency,

innovation and the best results.


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Technological solutions for global warming

y Deflecting heat away from the Earths surface with solarshields or satellites with movable reflectors - The idea wasinspired by the cooling effects of large volcanic eruptions such as Mt.Pinatubo in 1991that blast sulphate particles into the stratosphere.These particles reflect part of the suns radiation back into space,

reducing the amount of heat that reaches the atmosphere.y Sequestration - the storage of CO2 either deep underground or deep

in the ocean. Some of the nations largest utilities, which are alsowashing coal to filter out impurities, are working on ways to capturethe CO2 they emit and store it miles below the Earths surface

y

Ocean fertilization - this entails scattering iron powder throughoutthe worlds seas, providing nutrients to boost the amount ofphytoplankton that thrive in the waters upper layers. Throughphotosynthesis, these plants absorb CO2, which in theory stays withthem when they die and fall to the ocean floor.


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y Engineered weathering -This entails replacing some of theoceans carbonic acid with hydrochloric acid. This, the theory goes,

accelerates the underwater storage of CO2 otherwise destined for theatmosphere. According to Harvard Earth and Planetary Science Ph.D.Kurt Zenz House, engineered weathering dramatically accelerates acleaning process that nature herself uses for greenhouse gas

accumulation.


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Carbon Management?


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Constraints ofcarbon managementy Lack of consumer awareness.

y Higher initial costs for implementation of newer technologies.

y Lack of industry incentives.

y

Lack of effective policy.y Legislationi. provide convenient and cheap transportation infrastructure to encourage citizens

to use public transportation.

ii. Reforestation and conservation programs.

iii. Increased awareness of public.

iv. Allow tax incentives for environment-friendly choices.v. Allow industry incentives to encourage adoption of environment-friendly

technologies.

vi. Lower capital costs for adoption of new technologies.

vii. Provide incentive and encouragement for Research & Development funds.

viii. Ratification of international policy: Such as Kyoto Protocol


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y Technologyy

Policy and Education are tools to overcome the constraints. However, there is acontinuous demand for new, cheaper and more efficient technologies to deal withgreenhouse emissions. Technological advances, be it in areas of science or engineering,areultimatelyenabled by education, awareness and, policy.

y Technological solutions for climate changey The basic concepts are promotion of energy conservation, introduction of cleaner energy

sources, technology transfer, and innovative technological breakthroughs with a view tocoping with population growth and increasing CO2 emissions. Energy conservation andthe introduction of cleaner energy sources will certainly help to improve living standardswhile maintaining a balance among the "three Es." At the same time, major technologicalbreakthroughs are indispensable in thesearch for truly effectivesolutions.

y A strategy for mitigating "three Es" issues, that is, a strategy for environmentallysustainable economic development. Herman Daly's well-known three conditions for

sustainabilityare as follows1) The consumption rateof renewable resources is not higher than its recovery rate.

2) The consumption rate of non-renewable resources is not higher than the rate of increasein renewable resource supply.

3) The emission of pollutants is within the absorption capacity of the environment. (Daly,1990: l-6)


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SOLUTION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

y Try to employ alternatives when possible i.e. plant-derivedplastics, biodiesel, wind power, etc.

y Encouraging Energy-efficient buildings and improved cement-making processes .

y Improved agricultural practices along with paper recycling andforest management.

y While purchasing wood products, such as furniture or flooring,buy used goods or, failing that, using sustainably harvested

wood.

y

Unplugging or switching off those appliances which consumemore energy like televisions, stereo equipment, computers,battery chargers etc.

y Purchasing energy-efficient gadgets can also save both energyand moneyand thus prevent more greenhouse gas emissions


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Solution for energy crisis!y Cheap ways to convert solar energy directly into

electricity, which can be used to convert water into

fuel, like hydrogen, that can be turned back intoelectricity on demand.

y What we need is something as basic as paint that isengineered to capture electrons from the sun and

make the electrons march into our utility lines.


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Ways to Protect the Ozone Layera) Minimize high altitude aircraft f lights (oxygen reduction

and water vapor deposition)b) Minimize rocket flights (water vapor deposition)

c) Encourage growth of plants that produce oxygen,discourage deforestation

d) Decrease / control releases of high temperature steam /moisture to the atmosphere

e) Eliminate production and release of known ozone

depleting chemicals (such as CFCs and HCFCs) whereremotely possible. Subsidize production of saferalternatives where possible.

f) Establish controls to assure that new compounds to beused in high volume, are surveyed for effect on ozone.


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!!!Personal Actions!!!y Using "Ozone-Friendly" products.y Ensure technicians repairing your refrigerator or air conditioner

recover and recycle the old CFCs so they are not released into theatmosphere.

y Vehicle air conditioning units should regularly be checked forleaks.

y Ask about converting your car to a substitute refrigerant if the a/csystem needs major repair .

y Help start a refrigerant recovery and recycling program in your

area if none already exists.y Replace halon fire extinguishers with alternatives (e.g. carbon

dioxide or foam).y Suggest school activities to increase awareness of the problem

and to initiate local action.


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Personal Actions contd. Save more: - save transportation fuel by moving closer to work, use

mass transit, or switch to walking, cycling or some other mode oftransport that does not require anything other than human energy

Consume less: -The easiest way to cut back on greenhouse gas

emissions is simply to buy less stuff. Whether by employing a reusablegrocery sack, cutting back on consumption results in fewer fossil fuelsbeing consumed around the globe.

Think green when making purchases. Be efficient: - Good driving & good car maintenance, such as making sure tires are properly inflated

can limit the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle. Choosing food items that balance nutrition, taste and ecological impact IS ANOTHER

WAY. Improved agricultural practices along with paper recycling and forest management

balancing the amount of wood taken out with the amount of new trees growing couldquickly eliminate this significant chunk of emissions.


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Ozone depletion!!y Ozone layer : - it is a layer surrounding the earths atmosphere that

restricts suns harmful radiation & protects the earth from its harmfuleffects.

y Ozone layer is getting depleted mostly from carbon compounds likechloro flouro carbons i.e. cfcs.


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!!Solutions for ozone protection!!y Destroying the CFC's molecules when they are in the

troposphere with high-powered infrared lasers located

on mountainsides.y Another possible plan developed was to chemically

stop substances from developing into ozone depletingsubstances. This would be done by dumping about

50,000 tons of ethane or propane into theA

ntarcticstratosphere each spring. These chemicals wouldtransform active ozone-depleting chlorine into non-ozone depleting HCL.

Carbon Abutments Methods!!

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