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Carbon Sequestration

Sana Ehsan 12182

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What is carbon dioxide captureand sequestration?

• can greatl* reduce CO2 emissions from new and

existing coal- and gas-fired power plants and

large industrial sources!

• Three-step process

Capture of CO2 from power plants or industrial

processes

+ransport of the captured and compressedCO2 $usuall* in pipelines'!

,nderground inection and geologic se.uestration

set of

technologies

/

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Why is it important?

• in reducing greenhouse gas emissions• enabling low-carbon electricit* generation

from power plants• more than 401 of CO2 emissions in the ,nited

tates are from electric power generation• CC technologies are currentl* available and

can dramaticall* reduce $b* 0-01'CO2 emissions from power plants that burn

fossil fuels!• !

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Sequestration methods

• enhancing the storage of carbon in soil

(soil sequestration)

• enhancing the storage in forests and other vegetation

(plant sequestration)• storing carbon in underground geological formations

(geo sequestration)

• storing carbon in the ocean

(ocean sequestration)• chemical reactions to form inorganic carbonates

$mineral carbonation)

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anagement practicesincrease C content (soil)

• low-tillage or no tillage

• use of manures and compost

• conversion of monoculture s*stems to

diverse s*stems• crop rotations

• winter cover crops

• perennial vegetation on steep slopes•  :n alternative and promising approach

biochar 

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Plant Sequestration

• ;lants use sunlight energ* - convert CO2 from the atm! to carboh*drates

• for their growth and maintenance#photos*nthesis!

• one third of CO2 emissions from fossil fuelcombustion alread* se.uester b*

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• uptae of CO2 decreases as plants grow to their

full capacit*

• the capacit* is limited and longevit* of storage

depends on the final fate of the timber or plant

material

93

Biological storage could be enhanced through

agricultural

forestr*

practice

s

re-

vegetation

significant shorter-term

contribution to c!c

mitigation!

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Geosequestration

• ,nderground inection and storage of

5"5s

• 3 component scheme of CC

9!capture of CO2 either before or after

combustion of the fuel

2!transport of the captured CO2 to the site ofstorage# and

3!inection and storage of the CO2!

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• predominantl* aimed at mitigating emissions

of CO2# but geo-se.uestration ma* also

prove to be applicable to other greenhouse

gases!• long-term storage options

• most promising due to higher confidence in

the longevit* of storage= large capacit* ofpotential storage sites= and generall* greater

understanding of the mechanisms of storage!

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Ocean sequestration

• the largest carbon store on earth

• inect CO2  directl* into the deep ocean to

utilise its enormous storage capacit*

• 8odels suggest that CO2  inected into the

deep ocean would remain isolated from the

atmosphere for several centuries#

• enhance the ocean carbon involves large

scale ocean fertilisation with iron to stimulate

ph*toplanton growth and photos*nthesis

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Mineral sequestration

• nown as mineral carbonation

• reaction of CO2 with metal oxides that arepresent in common# naturall* occurring

silicate rocs!• results in natural carbonate products that

are stable on a geological time scale

• natural reaction is slow• accelerated through energ*-intensive

preparation of the reactants

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Why action is needed now

• CO2 emissions e.uivalent to more than the totalamount of carbon stored in ,!! forests

• trends continue double b* 20(0 and increase b* afactor of three to four b* 2900!

•  :ccording to the >;CC Report 200/# se.uestration

and reduction of emissions over the next two tothree decades will potentiall* have a substantialimpact on long-term opportunities to stabili?e levelsof atmospheric CO2 and mitigate impacts ofclimate change!

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Carbon Ofsets

• Reduction in emissions of CO2 or 5"5s

made in order to compensate an emission

made elsewhere!

• @g! planting trees to offset oneAs gas

emissions from driving a car to wor ever*da*!

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Reerences 

• Roger# ! and Brent# ! $2092'! Carbon e.uestration inorests and oils! :nnual Review of Resource @conomics! 4#92/944!

• httpDEEunfccc!intEessentialFbacgroundEglossar*EitemsE3)))!phpGC

• httpDEEen!wiipedia!orgEwiiECarbonFse.uestrationGciteFnote-)• Chris# "! $200'! .uaring the Circle on Coal - Carbon

Capture and torage $CC' Claverton 5roup conference#Bath 24-2) October!

• ;acala# ! and ocolow# R! $2004' tabili?ation wedges-

solving the climate problem for the next (0 *ears with currenttechnologies! cience! 30(# )-/2!

• httpDEEpubs!usgs!govEfsE200E30/EpdfECarbon!pdf • httpDEEwww!epa!govEclimatechangeEccsE• httpDEEwww!epa!govEamlErevitalEcse.fact!pdf 

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