CAPT Science Review: A review of Studies in Science A review of Biology.
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Transcript of CAPT Science Review: A review of Studies in Science A review of Biology.
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CAPT Science Review:A review of Studies in ScienceA review of Biology
Parts of an atom
Periodic Table
Laws of Conservation of Matter and EnergyMatter is never created or destroyed, it is only changed from one state to another
Energy is never created or destroyed, it is only changed from one type to anotherStates of matter
Changes of state
Physical ChangesA physical change does not change the molecular formula
Examples include cutting hair, mowing grass, breaking glass, freezing, melting, boiling
Chemical Changes A chemical change changes the molecular formula of a substance.
Examples include burning, rusting, cooking, bleaching
Bonding of atomsAtoms attach to one another based on the number and position of their electrons to form new compounds.
Two main types of bonding include: Ionic Metal to nonmetal one atom gives up electrons to another atom
Covalent Nonmetal to nonmetal two atoms share electrons Ionic bonds
Stay awake or else
Covalent bonds
Reading chemical equations
Factoring chemical equations
Chemical reactionsMany different types of chemical reactions can occur when various materials come in contact with one another.
Three main types of chemical reactions are: Synthesis Decomposition Combustion
Synthesis
Two or more substance combine to form one substanceDecomposition
One substance breaks down into two or more substancesCombustion
A hydrocarbon and oxygen form water and a carbon product.Burning wood is a form of combustion.PolymersLarge chains of molecules covalently bondedPlastics are a well-known manmade polymer
Acids Bases
Acids sour and conduct electricity
pH 1 - 6Bases bitter, slippery, used as cleaners
pH 8 - 14Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a materials molecules.
The more energy the higher the temperatureCuteness break
Heat moves 3 ways from areas of high energy to low energy
Electromagnetism
We can make magnets using electricity and we make electricity using spinning magnets.Magnetism
Magnets always have 2 poles. Magnetic force gets stronger as one gets closer to the magnet.Electricity
Electricity is the movement of electrons along a conductive material such as wire covered with an insulating material. Ohms Law Voltage Current = Resistance
Voltage =strength of electrical currentCurrent =speed of electric chargeResistance=opposition to the flow of electricityTypes of circuits: Series circuit
Electricity travels along one path and a break in the wire cuts power to all devices on the circuit.Types of circuits: Parallel circuit
Electricity travels along several different paths and a break in the wire may only limit power to a single device on the circuit.Nonrenewable energyFossil fuels (oil, natural gas)
Nuclear fission (splitting atoms)
Nuclear fusion (joining atoms)
Renewable energyWind power Biomass fuelsWater power Hydrogen fuel cellsGeothermal
They can smell your brains
Air pollutionSmogExcessive Greenhouse gases
Global climate changeThe greenhouse effect, which has always been a benefit, is now increasing to dangerous levels.
Water pollutionAcid rainEutrophication (from agricultural waste)
Soil pollution Unbalanced pH (from agriculture: pesticides, and fertilizer)Landfills (from human garbage)Brownfields (toxic substances from industry)
Biology: The study of life
Scientific method
Light microscope functions
Cell theory & Robert Hooke
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells give form and function to living things.
Cells come from other living cells Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
No nucleus NucleusAnd what might this be?
Plant vs. Animal Cells
Cell organelles
Levels of cell organizations
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer with carrier proteins embedded in it. Passive and active transport
Passive transport requires no energy (high to low)
Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP Osmosis in different solutions
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Cell energyAll living things need to make ATP, the molecule containing cell energy for life functions.
All living things make ATP in their mitochondria (36 ATP) or their cytoplasm (only 2 ATP).
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
Plants are autotrophs (or producers).Animals are heterotrophs (or consumers).Photosynthesis (chloroplast)
A grown up version of the mystery slide
Cellular respiration (mitochondria)
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Animals perform lactic acid fermentation (2 ATP only)
Plants perform alcoholic fermentation (2 ATP only) Cell growthNormal cell growth is for growth of the organism, to heal an injury or to replace old cells.
Cell cycle (interphase & mitosis)
DNA replication (during interphase)
Adenine & Thymine (A&T) Cytosine & Guanine (C&G)Stages of mitosis (PMAT)
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and TelophaseCancerCancer occurs when previously healthy cells no longer control their rate of mitosis.
Virus (non-living particle)
Bacteria (oldest living organism)
Dont get lazy now
Immunity
Vaccines work against virus and antibiotics work against bacteria.Biotechnology (genetically modified organisms)
Virus and bacteria are both used in genetic engineering.Protein synthesis
Transcription = DNA gives the code for a protein to mRNA in the nucleus Translation = mRNA goes to the ribosome and instructs tRNA how to assemble the new protein using amino acidsMendel & Genetics
Gregor Mendel founded the science of genetics after many years of studying the traits of pea plants.Punnett square
Pedigree
Karyotype
Meiosis (for reproduction)
Gametes (egg and sperm)
Sex cells are haploid, having half of the normal number of chromosomes.Population science
Charles Darwin & Evolution
Darwin began creating his theory of evolution while aboard the HMS Beagle on its 5 year mission of global exploration.Natural selection
Nature selects the organisms that have the most suitable traits for their changing environment. Less suitable organisms go extinct.Tree of Life
All living organisms are related through a common ancient organism.Fossils
Environmental Science
A discussion on natural resources, renewable and non-renewable energy, forms of pollution and global climate change.