FORM TP 2011176

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TEST CODE 02120010

MAY/JUNE 201

C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L

ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEUNIT I

Paper 01

90 minutes

05 MAY 2011 (;a.m.) J

READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.

1. This test consists of 45 items. You wil l have 90 minutes to answer them.

2. In addition to this test booklet, you should have an answer sheet.*

3. Do not be concerned that the answer sheet provides spaces for more answers than there are itemsin this test.

4. Each item in this test has four suggested answers lettered (A), (B), (C), (D). Read each itemyou are about to answer and decide which choice is best.

5. On your answer sheet, find the number which corresponds to your item and shade the spacehaving the same letter as the answer you have chosen. Look at the sample item below.

Sample Item

The interaction of plants and animals with componentssuch as air and water defines Sample Answer

(A) a biome ® ® 9 ©(B) a biosphere(C) an ecosystem(D) an ecological niche

The best answer to this item is "an ecosystem", so you should shade answer space (C).

6. If you want to change your answer, erase it completely before you fill in your new choice.

7. When you are told to begin, turn the page and work as quickly and as carefully as you can. Ifyou cannot answer an item, omit it and go on to the next one. You may return to the omitteditem later. Your score will be the total number of correct answers.

US 8. The use of silent electronic calculators is allowed.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

Copyright © 2010 Caribbean Examinations CouncilAll ris'hts reserved.

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1. Secondary succession is usually muchquicker than primary succession because

I. the natural community of thehabitat has been disturbed

II. there is already an existing seedbank of suitable plants in the soil

III. the fertility and structure of the soilhas been modified by previousorganisms

IV. root systems, stumps and other plantparts from previously existingplants can rapidly regenerate

(A) I and II only(B) I, II and HI only(C) I, II and IV only(D) I, III and IV only

The biological community formed bylichens and mosses which initially inhabitsan exposed rock surface is described as

(A)(B)(Q(D)

climaxpioneersecondaryecological

3. Which of the following flow charts BESTillustrates the normal flow of energy withinan ecosystem?

(A) R a d i a n t energy —> p r i m a r yconsumer —» secondary consumer

(B) Radiant energy —> primaryproducer —> primary consumer

(C) Radiant energy —> secondaryconsumer —> primary consumer

(D) Radiant energy —> primary producer—> secondary consumer

Items 4 - 5 refer to the following diagram which represents a simple model of the nitrogen cycle.

IV

NH-,, iNH/ soil

Nitrogenous wastesremain in soil

IIII

4. Which bacteria are responsible for the process 5. The process occurring at I isoccuring in II?

(A) nitrification(A) Nitrifying bacteria (B) denitrification(B) Rhizobium bacteria (Q amrnomfication

(C) Denitrifying bacteria(D) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

(C)(D) nitrogen-fixation

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6. Which of the following are defence mechanisms used by organisms against predators?

I. MimicryII. Body armour

II I . ParasitismIV. Chemical production

(A) I and II only(B) I and III only(C) I, II and IV only(D) I, II, III and IV

Item 7 refers to the pyramid below.

According to Lindermann's ten per cent law, about ten per cent of total energy is transmitted duringenergy flow through trophic levels, indicating a gradual decrease in the amount of energy.

Decreasingrate of

energy flow

7. The energy of Level II is 1000 kcal. What would be the energy of Level III?

(A)(B)(C)(D)

10 kcal100 kcal

1 000 kcal10 000 kcal

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Items 8 - 9 refer to the population growth curve below.

Populationsize

Time

8. Which of the following CORRECTLY represents the growth phases in the graph?

PQ QR RS

(A) Exponential growth phase(B) Lag phase(C) Stationary phase(D) Lag phase

Lag phaseStationary phaseExponential growth phaseExponential growth phase

Stationary phaseExponential growth phaseLag phaseStationary phase

9. The shape of the graph at ST indicates that there is

(A) an abundance of food(B) an outbreak of diseases(C) an increase in competition(D) a limited amount of space

10. Which of the following combinationsdescribes a natural ecosystem?

I. It creates fertile soil.II. It requires continual maintenance

by humans.III. It provides wildlife habitat.IV. It consumes energy derived from

fossil fuels.

(A) I and II only(B) I and III only(C) II and IV only(D) I, III and IV only

11. Which of the following BEST illustrates theprocess of evolution?

(A) A lizard's colour becomes brownas it sits on a log.

(B) A plant loses its leaves in a drought.(C) A population of frogs increases as

more prey become available.(D) A popula t ion of mosquitoes

develops resistance to a pesticide.

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12.

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fterns 12-13 refer to the graph below, which shows how an ecosystem changes over time.

u 400-NV5

g 300-

1 200-0

OH

100-

\^

/ ^ __ f/i.x'

Time (months)

The carrying capacity of the ecosystem is 13. The rate of population growth is HIGHESTLIKELY to occur when the population size is during the period

(A) 100(B) 250(C) 330(D) 400

(A)(B)(C)(D)

Items 14 - 15 refer to the following results, which were obtained

0-PP - QQ - RR - S

by students investigating the densityand distribution of three species of plants, A, B and C, in a grassy field using a 1m2 quadrat.

Quadrat ThrowSpecies

ABC

1964

2054

3103

4304

5405

6203

7174

8094

9114

10504

14. The mean density, in plants/m2, of SpeciesA in the field is

(A)(B)(C)(D)

2.603.003.253.30

N(N -1)15. Using the equation D ~ — the species

Ln(n-l)

diversity for species C is

(A)(B)(C)(D)

2.382.445.625.77

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16. Which of the following is the index of povertythat is based on longevity, education andincome for both men and women?

(A) Gross National Product (GNP)(B) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)(C) Human Development Index (HDI)(D) Gender Development Index (GDI)

20. The total annual production of goods andservices within an economy is referred to asthe

(A) per capita product(B) gross national product(C) gross production index(D) annual productivity index

17.

18.

Which of the following countries implementeda 'one-child' policy to control its population?

21.

(A)(B)(Q(D)

ChinaIndiaNigeriaGermany

Which of the following are factors that affectpopulation growth rate?

I. CultureII. Level of affluence

III. Social and economic status ofwomen

IV. Availability of pension schemes

(A) I, II and IV only(B) I, III and IV only(C) II, III and IV only(D) I, II, III and IV

22.

If the annual growth rate of Country X is2 per cent then the doubling time, in years,for Country X is

(A)(B)(C)(D)

35 years70 years

105 years140 years

Urbanization is the process which results inan increase in

(A) the number of cities in a country(B) the number of people living in cities

in a country(C) migration from rural areas in a

country(D) industrialization in urban areas in

a country

19. The number of children a woman is expectedto have during her reproductive lifetime iscalled the

(A) birth rate(B) fertility rate(C) replacement rate(D) total fertility rate

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Itcin 23 refers to the diagram below.

Aquifer

Depletedfreshwater lens _

'—— it

Sea waterseeps upwards

23. The diagram above illustrates the processof

(A) desalination(B) salt water intrusion(C) salt water extrusion(D) freshwater intrusion

24. The meaning of 'per capita freshwaterconsumption' is the average amount offreshwater consumed by

(A) the population(B) the population annually(C) each member of the population(D) each member of the population

annually

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Items 25 - 27 refer to the graph below which shows the projected world population total up to 2100.

10

£ /e

I 5a.oa,

1950

/El

2000

Developed countries

/oriH's'tiWorlH's total

Developing countries

•H"Ti

2050

Time (years)

2100

25. In 2025, the population in developingcountries is projected to surpass that ofthe developed countries by a factor ofapproximately

(A)(B)(C)(D)

1.83.66.48.0

27. The projected increase in the population ofdeveloped countries, in billions, between theyears 2000 and 2075 is

(A)(B)(C)(D)

0.41.62.43.6

26. The world's total population, in billions, forthe year 2000 was

(A)(B)(C)(D)

1.65.06.68.2

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Itcm 28 refers to the table below which presents data on the population and per capita CO, emissionsin two countries, A and B.

28.

29.

Country

A

B

PopulationSize (millions)

6.5

38.2

Per CapitaCO, emissions (kg)

8150

1540

Which of the following statements based on the data in the table above is correct?

I. The total emissions of CO., is greater in Country A.II. The total emissions of CO, is greater in Country B.

III. The environmental impact of CO, emissions is greater in Country A.IV The environmental impact of CO, emissions is greater in Country B.

(A) I and III only(13) I and IV only(C) II and III only(D) II and IV only

Item 29 refers to the diagrams, I, II, III and IV, which illustrate the age structures of different populations.The diagrams have the same horizontal scale.

Male

\/ ///////

Female Male

////////./\0

Female

Mule Female Male 1 Female

0 - 14 yrs

15-44yrs

45 - 85 yrs

(HI) (IV)

In which diagram is the percentage of males and females likely to be the same in children under 15vears old?

(A)(B)(Q(D)

III

IIIIV

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Item 30 refers to the graph below, whichshows different stages related to the birth anddeath rates for a typical human populationover time.

I-3 3

'5 §

•33

3

a

31.

10

30.

Stage I

-

Stage II

\h rate1

Stage III

Birth rate•\Stage IV

Time —*-

At which stage does the rate of populationgrowth begin to slow down?

(A) End of Stage I(B) Middle of Stage II(C) Beginning of Stage III(D) End of Stage IV

An example of a non-renewable naturalresource is

(A)(B)(C)(D)

fishforestrynatural gassolar energy

32. An example of consumptive use of forest is

(A) logging(B) ecotourism(C) agroforestry(D) bioprospecting

33. An Environmental Impact Assessment wouldNOT consider a description of

(A) the proposed project(B) the project area of influence(C) measures to reduce negative impact(D) all international environment

agreements

34. The removal of trees in a rainforest mayresult in

(A) decreased flow of water into riversystems

(B) increased availability of potablewater

(C) more water being trapped in soil(D) sediments and other contaminants

washing into reef areas

35. Natural resource is BEST defined as

(A) material that man produces for hisown use

(B) material and energy that are foundin the environment

(C) solid materials used for buildingstructures such as roads

(D) the earth's processes that sustainlife

36. A National Environmental Policy Act wouldMOST likely require all agencies responsiblefor a major project that could significantlyaffect the quality of the environment tosubmit

(A) a cost-benefit analysis(B) an environmental impact statement(C) a geographic information system

report(D) a mitigated negative declaration

37. Human populations historically have settledin floodplains because

I. the soil in floodplains is usuallyfertile

II. the terrain in floodplains tendsto be flat

III. floodplains are close to rivers fortransportation

(A)(B)(C)(D)

I onlyI and III onlyII and III onlyI, II and III

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38. Which of the following is MOST likely tooccur in a forested region that has recentlybeen cleared by cutting?

(A) The concentration of nutrients instreams running through theregion will increase.

(B) The average depth of topsoil willincrease.

(C) The water temperature in streamsrunning through the region willdecrease.

(D) The volume of runoff after rainswill decrease.

39. Two MAJOR natural resources found inGuyana are

(A) tar and forest(B) bauxite and forest(C) oil and natural gas(D) bauxite and beaches

Item 40 refers to the pie chart below which shows the estimated world arableland loss together with the causes for the period 1985 - 2000.

Estimated world arable land loss between 1985 and 2000

Road building,urban development,

industry(150 million ha)

Desertification (25 million ha)

Salinisation (60 million ha)

Erosion (50 million ha)

40. Based on the information shown on the pie chart above, the loss ofarable land would be MOST effectively slowed by

(A) reducing urban development(B) using more extensive irrigation systems(C) increasing the efficiency of erosion control(D) increasing the efficiency of desalination processes

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41.

43.

44.

Measures used in the conservation of natural 42. Introducing exotic species into the ecosystenresources include

[.[I.

III.

IV.

(A)(B)(C)(D)

Items 43

sustainable yield managementuse of appropriate technologyreduct ion and min imi sa t i on ofwastes

physical conversion of vegetationand land

I and III only11 and IV onlyIII and IV onlyI, II and III only

-45 refer to the graph below which shows

of a country may result in

I.II.

I I I .

(A)(B)(C)(D)

displacement of native speciesdeath of native specieschange in the diversity of

I onlyIII onlyI and II onlyI, II and III

the production of marine fish in a Caribbean

species

countryover the period 1950 to 2000.

1940 1950 1960 1970 .1980Year

1990 2000 2010

The MOST significant change in fish 45. Which of the following statements isproduction occurred over the period CORRECT?

(A)(B)(C)(D)

1950- 19601970- 19801980- 19901990-2000

The first decline in fish production wasobserved over the period

(A)(B)(C)(D)

1960- 19701960- 19801964- 19701964- 1976

(A) The annual marine fish productionfor the period 1950 to 2000 was atits maximum in 1964.

(B) The annual marine fish productionin 1990 was 50 per cent of themaximum production.

(C) In 2000, the annual marine fishproduction was 500 tonnes belowthe annual production in 1950.

(D) For the period 1980 to 2000, themarine fish production declinedat an average rate of 200 tonnesannually.

IF YOU FLNISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST.