Cancer Medicine Chapter 19 Oncology. Cancer Abnormal and excessive growth of cells in the...
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Cancer MedicineCancer MedicineChapter 19Chapter 19
OncologyOncology
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CancerCancer
• Abnormal and excessive growth of cells Abnormal and excessive growth of cells in the body.in the body.
• Cells accumulate as growths called Cells accumulate as growths called malignant tumors which compress, malignant tumors which compress, invade and ultimately destroy normal invade and ultimately destroy normal tissue.tissue.
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Tumors/NeoplasmsTumors/Neoplasms
• Masses or growths that arise from Masses or growths that arise from normal tissue.normal tissue.
• May be malignant or benignMay be malignant or benign
• Malignant tumors multiply rapidly and Malignant tumors multiply rapidly and are invasive.are invasive.
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Malignant TumorsMalignant Tumors
• Cells can detach themselves from the Cells can detach themselves from the primary tumor site and penetrate a primary tumor site and penetrate a blood vessel or lymphatic vessel and blood vessel or lymphatic vessel and travel to establish a new tumor at a travel to establish a new tumor at a distant site.distant site.
• Secondary growth is called a Secondary growth is called a metastasis.metastasis.
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What causes cancer?What causes cancer?
• Carcinogenesis:Carcinogenesis: transformation of transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous onea normal cell to a cancerous one
• Damage to genetic materialDamage to genetic material
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Carcinogenesis- page Carcinogenesis- page 773-774773-774
• Environmental AgentsEnvironmental Agents• Chemical carcinogens (cigarette Chemical carcinogens (cigarette
smoke)smoke)• RadiationRadiation• Viruses (RNA and DNA)Viruses (RNA and DNA)• Oncogenes – cause normal cells to Oncogenes – cause normal cells to
become malignant if they are become malignant if they are activated by mutationsactivated by mutations
• Heredity Heredity
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Classification of Classification of Cancerous Tumors – Cancerous Tumors –
page 799page 799CarcinomasCarcinomas
epithelial cell origin, 90% of all epithelial cell origin, 90% of all malignancies are carcinomasmalignancies are carcinomas
largest group of solid tumorslargest group of solid tumors
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Carcinomas and the Carcinomas and the epithelial tissues from epithelial tissues from
which they derivewhich they derive
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Carcinomas and the Carcinomas and the epithelial tissues from epithelial tissues from which they derive which they derive (cont.)(cont.)
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Classification of Classification of Cancerous TumorsCancerous Tumors
Sarcomas:Sarcomas: connective tissue origin, 5% connective tissue origin, 5% of all malignanciesof all malignancies
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Sarcomas and the Sarcomas and the connective tissues from connective tissues from
which they derivewhich they derive
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Sarcomas and the Sarcomas and the connective tissues from connective tissues from which they derive which they derive (cont.)(cont.)
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Classification of Classification of Cancerous TumorsCancerous Tumors
Mixed Tissue Tumors:Mixed Tissue Tumors: tissues capable tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and of differentiating into epithelial and connective tissue.connective tissue.
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Grading and Staging of Grading and Staging of Tumors – page 805Tumors – page 805
Grade:Grade: Degree of maturity or Degree of maturity or differentiation under the differentiation under the microscopemicroscope
Stage:Stage: Extent of spread in the Extent of spread in the bodybody
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International TNM International TNM Staging System for Staging System for
Lung CancerLung Cancer
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International TNM International TNM Staging System for Lung Staging System for Lung
Cancer Cancer (cont.)(cont.)
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Cancer Treatment – Cancer Treatment – page 806page 806
• 4 major approaches4 major approaches
• SurgerySurgery• Radiation TherapyRadiation Therapy• ChemotherapyChemotherapy• Biological Therapy – using body’s own Biological Therapy – using body’s own
defensedefense
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Brachytherapy – Radiation Brachytherapy – Radiation SeedsSeeds
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Combining Forms – page Combining Forms – page 818 818
• alveol/o – small sac (alveolar)• cac/o – bad (cachexia)• carcin/o – cancer (carcinoma)• cauter/o – burn, heat (cauterization)• chem/o – chemical drug (chemotherapy)• cry/o – cold (cryosurgery)• cyst/o – sac of fluid (cystic tumor)• fibr/o – fibers (fibrosarcoma)
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CryosurgeryCryosurgery
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Combining Forms – Combining Forms – page 819page 819
• follicul/o – small glandular sacs
• fung/I – fungus, mushroom
• medull/o – soft , inner part (medullary tumor)
• mucos/o – mucous membrane
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Combining Forms – Combining Forms – page 819page 819
• mut/a – genetic change (mutation)
• mutagen/o – causing genetic change
• onc/o – tumor (oncology)
• papill/o – nipple like (papillary)
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Combining Forms – Combining Forms – page 819page 819
• pharmac/o – chemical drug (pharmacy)
• plas/o – formation (dysplastic)
• ple/o – many, more (pleomorphic)
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Combining FormsCombining Forms
• polyp/o - polyp
• radi/o – rays, x-ray (radiotherapy)
• sarc/o – flesh, connective tissue (sarcoma)
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Suffixes – page 820Suffixes – page 820
--blastoma- blastoma- immature tumorimmature tumor
-genesis - -genesis - formationformation
-oma – -oma – mass, tumormass, tumor
--
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Suffixes – page 820Suffixes – page 820
plasia – plasia – formation, growth formation, growth (hyperplasia)(hyperplasia)
-plasm – -plasm – formation, growth formation, growth (neoplasm)(neoplasm)
-suppression – -suppression – to stopto stop
therapy - treatmenttherapy - treatment
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Prefixes – page 820Prefixes – page 820
ana- ana- backward (anaplasia)backward (anaplasia)
brachy- brachy- short (brachytherapy)short (brachytherapy)
epi- epi- uponupon
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Prefixes – page 820Prefixes – page 820
meta- meta- beyond, change beyond, change (metastasis)(metastasis)
tele- tele- far far (teletherapy)(teletherapy)
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Protein Markers – page Protein Markers – page 821821
• Measure the levels of proteins in the Measure the levels of proteins in the blood or on a surface of a tumor.blood or on a surface of a tumor.
• Presence of these markers tells they Presence of these markers tells they type of cancer.type of cancer.
• See text for specific markersSee text for specific markers
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Clinical Procedures to Clinical Procedures to Detect or Treat Detect or Treat
Malignancies – page Malignancies – page 821-822821-822• Bone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsy
• Bone marrow or Bone marrow or stem cell transplantstem cell transplant
• CT scansCT scans• Fiberoptic Fiberoptic
colonoscopycolonoscopy• Exfoliative cytologyExfoliative cytology
• LaparoscopyLaparoscopy• MammographyMammography• MRIMRI• Needle biopsyNeedle biopsy• Radionuclide scansRadionuclide scans• UltrasoundUltrasound• X-raysX-rays
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