California Pistachio Rootstock Trials: 1989 - 2002 · 2011. 9. 8. · Pistachio Rootstock Salinity...
Transcript of California Pistachio Rootstock Trials: 1989 - 2002 · 2011. 9. 8. · Pistachio Rootstock Salinity...
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California Pistachio Rootstock Trials:
1989 - 2002
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California Pistachio Rootstock Trials:
1989 - 2002
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Cold Tolerance: Dec. 1990
• 11 nights @ 4-12 C
UC Berkeley I: UCBI No death
Pioneer Gold I: PGI 41% died
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Pistachio Rootstock Salinity Tolerance Trials
1989 - 2002
Louise Ferguson, Blake Sanden, Steve Grattanand Heraclio Reyes
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Conclusions: Greenhouse Trial:
• soil salinity limits:
• 4 – 8 dS/m• 12 dS/m = 50% growth decrease
• limiting factor(s)
• not specific ion damage• osmotic pressure
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CONCLUSIONS: FIELD TRIAL:
• soil salinity limits: 8 dS/m
• mature producing trees• on commercial rootstocks
• limiting factor:
• not specific ion damage• osmotic pressure
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Production Recommendation:
• Irrigation:
• Limiting factors:
• saline water = 8dS/m can be used to irrigate established pistachios
• soil saturation• osmotic pressure• Cl and Na uptake with Integerrima
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100
50
Average Rootzone Salinity (ECe)
Tree salt tolerance
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pistachios
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San Joaquin Valley Pistachio Rootstocks 1989 - 2002
2 12UCB1
2 33PGII
141P. atlantica
3 24P. integerrima
Salinity Vert.YieldFrostRootstock
Limiting Factor
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Rootstock Effects onPistachio Trees Grown in
Verticillium dahliae-Infested Soil
L. Epstein, B. Beede, S. Kaur and L. Ferguson
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P. Atlantica Rootstock
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P. Atlantica Scion
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Introduction: Pathogen
Verticillium dahliae : Verticillium wiltAlternate hosts:
- cotton- solanaceous weeds- tomato
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Control:
Fumigation: reduce microsclerotia- methyl bromide preplant- solarization preplant or in-season
Resistant rootstock: 1982- P. integerrima : Pioneer Gold 1
(PGI)
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Rootstock breeding: 1980’s
• P. atlantica X P. integerrima
UC Berkeley I: UCBI moderate resistance
Pioneer Gold II: PGII susceptible
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Objective:
Evaluate Verticillium’s effects on growth and yield in a field production trial
- Four rootstocks• P. integerrima: resistant control• P. atlantica: susceptible control• UCBI: moderate resistance• PGII: susceptible
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Plot:
• WSFS: 1990/1992
• Uniformly infested soil
• 18 rows X 18 trees @ 5m X 6m
• 64 completely randomized blocks
• I U A II
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Annual:• Vigor rating: 0 -> 5
0=dead, poor, fair, good, excellent
• Pathogen ID• Trunk circumference• 1998 - 2002 yields• Destructive sampling
• Pathogen recovery• Symptom severity
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Bud union
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Uninfected UCBI Rootstock No discoloration in
No xylem discoloration
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Uninfected Scion on UCBI Rootstock
No irregular discoloration
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fected PGII Rootstock
Xylem discoloration
<5: mild infection
>5: moderate infection
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Infected Scion on PGII Rootstock
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Results: Verticillium effectsHorticultural factors:
• scion vigor • symptoms• mortality• growth• yield
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0102030405060708090
100
DeadPoorFairGoodExcellent
UCB1PGIIP. atlanticaP. integerrima
Tree Vigor Evaluation and Mortality2002
% of Trees
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0102030405060708090
100
UCB1PGIIP. atlanticaP. integerrima
Vigor and Verticillium Symptoms: Surviving Trees • 2002
% Trees with Symptoms Average Vigor
0
1
2
3
4
5
bb
aa
a
bb
a
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0
10
20
30
40
50
UCB1PGIIP. atlanticaP. integerrima
Trunk Circumference and Yield/Tree 2002
Circumference (Cm)
bc c
ab
bc
ab
c
0
10
20
30
40
50
Yield/tree (Kg)
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Tree Vigor vs Marketable Yield per tree, kg + SE
922+628+129+1UCB1
9+115+124+228+4PGII
9+216+129+123+3P. atlantica
----27+122+1P. integerrima
PoorFairGoodExcellent
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Conclusions: Compared to PGI and P. atlantica:
• PGII appears susceptible• UCBI appear resistant
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Results: Verticillium incidence and severity:
• scion vigor • yield
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PGI Rootstock
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PGI Scion
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P. atlantica Rootstock
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P. atlantica Scion
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PGII Rootstock
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PGII Scion
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UCBI Scion
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325Fair or poor13770Good or excellentUCB1 hybrid
5826Fair or poor2384Good or excellentPGII hybrid
3800Fair or poor231227Good or excellentP. atlantica
000Fair or poor481735Good or excellentP.
integerrima
Percentage of trees of each rootstockVigorRootstock
Moderately or more infected
Mildly infected
Not infected
Level of infection
Scion Vigor : Infection Level
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Moderately or more infectedMildly infectedNot infected
0
10
20
30
UCB1PGIIP. atlanticaP. integerrima
Association of Infection and Yield
Yield ( Kg ± SE)
±1 ±1 ±1 ±2 ±2 ±2 ±3 ±3 ±1 ±1 ±4 ±3
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Conclusions:Rootstock affects:
pistachio scion yield • scion vigor• extent of infection• inverse association
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Conclusions:Rootstock Verticillium tolerance
• PGI >/= UCBI• P. atlantica• PGII
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California Pistachio Rootstock Trials:
1989 - 2002
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San Joaquin Valley Pistachio Rootstocks 1989 - 2002
2 212UCB1
2 4 33PGII
1 341P. atlantica
3 124P. integerrima
Salinity Vert.YieldFrostRootstock
Limiting Factor
Alternate Bearing: 0 -1 = 0.67