New rootstocks for table grapes Colture/Vite da...California rootstock evaluation efforts •Raisin...
Transcript of New rootstocks for table grapes Colture/Vite da...California rootstock evaluation efforts •Raisin...
New rootstocks for table grapes
Matthew Fidelibus UC Davis
and Jennifer Hashim-Maquire
Formerly UCCE Viticulture Advisor
Outline
• Potential rootstock benefits
• General characteristics of common rootstock parent species and hybrid groups
• Site factors that influence selection
• Value of testing programs; university or on-farm trials
• Review of California selection programs and some sample data
Potential rootstock benefits
• Resistance to phylloxera and nematodes
• Influence vine mineral nutrition and salt tolerance
• Influence scion capacity and vigor
• Influence vine yield, fruit quality, and maturation rate
• Tolerance to water deficit
Plant parasitic nematodes in CA
• Root knot (Meloidogyne spp.)
– Adults females are sedentary, feeding & developing within roots
– Penetration and development causes large galls
– May reduce yield by 25%
Plant parasitic nematodes in CA
• Dagger (Xiphinema index & X. americanum)
– Live outside the root & uses its long stylet to penetrate & feed on roots
– Feeding by X. index may cause direct damage to root tips, including galls and hooks
– X. americanum vectors tomato ringspot (yellow vein) virus and X. index vectors grapevine fanleaf
Plant parasitic nematodes in CA
• Citrus (Tylenchulus semipenetrans)
• Ring (Mesocriconema xenoplax)
• Lesion (Pratylenchus vulnus)
Characteristics of some rootstock species and hybrids
• Original purpose of rootstocks was to overcome phylloxera
• Vitis riparia & Vitis rupestris resistant to phylloxera, root well from dormant cuttings, & graft well with V. vinifera scions
• Vitis berlandieri does better on calcareous soils, but roots poorly, so it was crossed with V. riparia and V. rupestris
Vitis riparia
• High phylloxera resistance
• Easy to propagate and grafts well
• Riparian origin and low drought resistance, moderate salt tolerance
• Shallow roots, low vigor, early fruit maturity
• Low root knot nematode resistance; moderate resistance to dagger nematode
• Riparia Gloire a selection of V. riparia
Vitis rupestris
• Deep roots can help protect against drought, but not on shallow soils
• High phylloxera resistance but low nematode resistance
• Easy to propagate and grafts well
• St. George is a selection of V. rupestris
Vitis berlandieri
• Variable phylloxera resistance
• Good lime tolerance
• Deep rooting provides some drought tolerance
• Very difficult to root from hardwood cuttings, so no V. berlandieri selections are used as rootstocks, but V. berlandieri is important as a rootstock parent
V. riparia x V. rupestris hybrids
• Easy to root and graft
• High phylloxera resistance
• Low to moderate vigor
• Early fruit maturity
• Low drought tolerance (better than V. riparia)
• Not adapted to calcareous or high pH soils
• Includes 101-14, Schwarzmann, 3309 C, 3306C
V. berlandieri x V. riparia hybrids
• High phylloxera resistance
• Moderate vigor
• Moderately sensitive to drought
• Includes Teleki 5C, Kober 5BB, SO4, 420A
V. berlandieri x V. rupestris
• High phylloxera resistance
• Moderate to high scion vigor
• Adapted to deep, well-drained soils
• Good drought and salt tolerance
• Moderate to high nematode tolerance
• Includes 1103 P, 140 Ruggeri, 110 Richter, 99 Richter
Vitis candicans / mustangensis
• Resistant to phylloxera and nematodes
• Difficult to propagate
Vitis x. champinii
• Natural hybrid of V. candicans x V. rupestris
• Moderate phylloxera & dagger nematode resistance, high root knot nematode resist.
• Deep roots, high vigor, high drought & salt tolerance
• Dog Ridge & Ramsey are V. champinii selections; Freedom, Harmony, RS3, RS9, & RSD-34 are complex hybrids with V. champinii parentage
Vitis rufotomentosa
• Part of V. aestivalis species complex
• Broadly distributed in eastern US
• Used to introduce another source of nematode resistance
• Parent in GRN 2, 3, and 4
Site factors that influence selection
• Presence of absence of particular pests
• Soil depth, texture, and chemistry
• Availability of water and water quality
• Potential scion vigor
• Difficult to make perfect choice; avoid making the worst choice
• Try to use local observations or data to guide decisions
California rootstock evaluation efforts
• Raisin grape trial in Fresno
• Wine grape trials throughout the state
• Table grape trials in Ducor, Goshen, and Traver
• Hundreds of yet untested rootstock selections from USDA and UC Davis breeding programs
Which rootstocks are being tested?
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, California Rootstock Origin Parentage
‘Autumn King’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
Freedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
Harmony USDA, Fresno V. champinii x 1613C
Teleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. riparia
Salt Creek (Ramsey) Texas V. candicans x. V. rupestris
1103-P Sicily, Italy V. berlandieri x V. rupestris
‘Crimson Seedless’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
USDA 10-17 A USDA, Fresno V. simpsoni x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x V.
vinifera)
RS-3 UC KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)
RSD-34 UC KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V. rupestris)) x
V. doaniana
GRN1 UC Davis V. rupestris x M. rotundifolia hybrid
GRN2 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia
Gloire)) x Riparia Gloire
GRN3 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia
Gloire)) x V. champinii c9038 (probably V. candicans x V.
monticola)
GRN4 UC Davis (V. rufotomentosa x (V. champinii Dog Ridge x Riparia
Gloire)) x V. champinii c9038 (probably V. candicans x V.
monticola)
GRN-5 UC Davis (V. champinii Ramsey x Riparia Gloire) x V. champinii
c9021 (probably V. candicans x V. berlandieri)
‘Autumn King’, Traver, California
Rootstock Origin Parentage
‘Autumn King’ USDA, Fresno V. vinifera
Freedom USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
Harmony USDA, Fresno V champinii x 1613C
Salt Creek
(Ramsey)
Texas V. candicans x. V. rupestris
Teleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. riparia
RS-3 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)
RS-9 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)
USDA 10-17A USDA, Fresno V. simpsonii x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V.
rupestris) x V. vinifera))
RSD-34 KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)) x V. doaniana
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, California
Rootstock Origin Parentage
‘Scarlet Royal’ USDA,
Fresno
V. vinifera
Freedom USDA,
Fresno
V champinii x 1613C
1103-P Sicily, Italy V. berlandieri x V. rupestris
Kober 5BB Austria V. berlandieri x V. riparia
Teleki 5C Hungary V. berlandieri x V. riparia
RS-3 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris)x(V. riparia x V.
rupestris)
RS-9 KAC, Parlier (V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)
USDA 10-23B USDA,
Fresno
V. doaniana
10-17A USDA,
Fresno
V. simpsoni x Edna ((V. lincecumii x V. rupestris) x
V. vinifera))
RSD-34 KAC, Parlier ((V. candicans x V. rupestris) x (V. riparia x V.
rupestris)) x V. doaniana
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, 2013
P K Ca Mg NO3-N
(total) (total) (total) (total)
Rootstock (%) (%) (%) (%) (ppm)
10-17A 0.106 cd 2.25 bc 2.13 ab 0.456 cde 987 cbd
1103 P 0.114 bcd 1.83 cd 1.73 ef 0.569 b 921 bcd
‘Crimson’ 0.122 bcd 2.12 bcd 1.81 de 0.51 bcd 738 cd
Freedom 0.124 bcd 2.83 a 1.89 cde 0.694 a 1724 a
GRN1 0.176 a 2.09 bcd 1.95 bcd 0.55 b 1644 a
GRN2 0.128 bcd 2.48 ab 2.19 a 0.41 e 1196 b
GRN3 0.152 ab 2.69 a 2.06 abc 0.52 bc 913 bcd
GRN4 0.110 bcd 2.71 a 2.07 abc 0.44 cde 1051 bc
Harmony 0.104 c 2.12 bcd 1.59 f 0.42 de 603 d
Own-rooted 0.138 abc 1.89 cd 1.82 de 0.53 bc 767 cd
RS3 0.138 abc 2.69 a 2.06 abc 0.564 b 850 bcd
RSD34 0.0875 d 2.10 bcd 2.07 abc 0.512 bc 617 d
Salt Creek 0.124 bcd 2.02 cd 1.78 de 0.41 e 1055 bc
Teleki 5C 0.116 bcd 1.83 cd 1.92 cde 0.45 cde 596 d
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, 2013
B Zn Mn Fe Cu Na Cl
(total) (total) (total) (total) (total) (total) (IC)
Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%)
10-17A 86.4 ab 25.6 cde 96 bc 89 8.2 a 0.02 f 0.30 a
1103 P 80.0 b 24.2 cdef 136 ab 86 5.6 defg 0.02 f 0.10 d
‘Crimson’ 79.8 b 35.2 a 157 a 84 6.8 bc 0.11 a 0.35 a
Freedom 87.2 ab 23.8 cdef 123 abc 75 4.4 hi 0.08 b 0.20 b
GRN1 78.6 b 30.6 abcd 159 a 57 5.8 def 0.04 d 0.10 d
GRN2 92.0 ab 19.2 ef 125 abc 85 5.4 defg 0.03 de 0.20 b
GRN3 83.4 ab 26.0 bcde 104 bc 80 5.6 defg 0.02 ef 0.12 cd
GRN4 90.8 ab 16.6 f 130 abc 63 4.2 i 0.02 ef 0.12 cd
Harmony 86.8 ab 31.0 abc 100 bc 92 4.8 ghi 0.05 c 0.12 cd
Own-rooted 98.2 a 33.4 ab 166 a 80 7.0 b 0.08 b 0.30 a
RS3 89.4 ab 24.4 cdef 123 abc 61 6.0 cde 0.06 c 0.10 d
RSD34 80.0 b 22.7 def 104 bc 76 5.2 defgh 0.08 b 0.18 bc
Salt Creek 89.6 ab 31.2 abc 84 c 81 6.2 bcd 0.02 ef 0.10 d
Teleki 5C 99.2 a 23.2 cdef 128 abc 89 5.0 fgh 0.03 def 0.10 d
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, 2013
Berry weight Brix pH TA
Cultivar (g) (%) (%) (g/100 ml)
10-17A 6.0 abcd 15.3 e 3.90 cd 0.293 bcd
1103 P 6.6 ab 16.9 bcd 3.94 c 0.307 abc
‘Crimson’ 5.6 cde 16.4 d 3.91 cd 0.290 bcd
Freedom 5.6 cde 16.7 bcd 4.01 ab 0.296 bcd
GRN1 5.4 de 16.4 d 3.93 c 0.308 abc
GRN2 5.9 abcde 16.5 cd 3.96 abc 0.330 a
GRN3 6.3 abc 16.7 bcd 3.96 abc 0.290 bcd
GRN4 6.1 abcd 16.9 bcd 3.95 bc 0.299 bcd
Harmony 5.8 bcde 17.5 abc 4.02 a 0.274 d
Own-rooted 5.1 e 16.6 cd 3.84 d 0.289 bcd
RS3 5.9 abcde 16.9 bcd 3.96 abc 0.308 abc
RSD34 5.4 de 18.1 a 3.93 c 0.283 cd
Salt Creek 6.8 a 16.4 d 3.95 bc 0.283 cd
Teleki 5C 5.5 cde 17.6 ab 3.95 bc 0.311 ab
‘Autumn King’, Ducor, 2013
First
harvest
Packed
wt/vine
Cull
wt/vine
Second
harvest
Packed
wt/vine
Cull
wt/vine
Total harvest Cull
wt/vine
Cultivar (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
10-17A 23.06 abc 7.85 ab 9.5 3.8 32.6 abcde 11.7
1103 P 31.24 a 4.2 b 16.1 6.6 47.3 a 10.8
‘Crimson’ 27.47 ab 5.5 b 8.0 2.6 35.4 abcd 8.1
Freedom 24.18 abc 7.1 b 7.0 2.4 31.2 bcde 9.5
GRN1 12.19 bc 5.9 b 8.8 3.9 21.0 de 9.8
GRN2 14.99 bc 4.6 b 7.5 3.4 22.5 cde 7.9
GRN3 31.58 a 7.8 ab 12.9 4.5 44.1 ab 11.5
GRN4 23.88 abc 6.2 b 7.4 3.6 31.3 bcde 9.8
Harmony 23.72 abc 7.5 ab 6.3 3.2 30.0 bcde 10.8
Own-rooted 9.71 c 2.6 b 8.0 2.9 17.7 e 5.5
RS3 18.95 abc 5.3 b 16.4 6.6 37.5 abc 12.5
RSD34 14.17 bc 7.5 ab 2.6 0.9 16.8 e 12.5
Salt Creek 34.27 a 12.5 a 8.9 2.9 43.1 ab 8.3
Teleki 5C 19.72 abc 4.6 b 12.3 3.4 30.9 bcde 8.2
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen
N
(total) P (total)
K
(total)
S
(total)
Ca
(total)
Mg
(total)
NO3-N
(total)
Cultivar (%) (%) (%) (ppm) (%) (%) (ppm)
RS-3 0.86 bc 0.293 bcd 3.24 bc 1393 c 1.62 e 0.605 a 228 cd
RS-9 0.85 bc 0.291 bcd 2.81 d 2144 a 1.77 d 0.584 a 186 cd
Freedom 0.90 b 0.282 bcd 3.70 a 1249 c 2.09 c 0.584 a 503 a
Own Root 0.85 bc 0.289 bcd 3.51 ab 1356 c 1.87 d 0.418 b 226 cd
Teleki 5C 0.77 c 0.347 b 3.16 bcd 1339 c 2.30 b 0.387 b 96 d
Kober 5BB 0.89 b 0.407 a 3.43 ab 1356 c 2.36 b 0.436 b 312 bc
10-17A 0.80 bc 0.244 d 3.01 cd 2077 a 2.65 a 0.431 b 125 d
1103-P 0.81 bc 0.435 a 3.27 bc 1311 c 2.28 b 0.611 a 229 cd
10-23B 0.88 b 0.251 cd 3.31 bc 1668 b 2.24 b 0.319 c 295 c
RSD-34 1.11 a 0.313 bc 3.18 bcd 1727 b 1.49 e 0.409 b 447 ab
Significance <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen
B
(total)
Zn
(total)
Mn
(total)
Fe
(total)
Cu
(total)
Na
(total)
Cl
(IC)
Pruning
weight/vine
Cultivar (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%) (kg)
RS-3 36.7 d 33.7 b 39.0 c 31.9 7.9 c 288 b 0.26 c 2.93 c
RS-9 45.2 a 33.5 b 25.9 d 32.6 7.6 c 133 c 0.12 d 3.53 bc
Freedom 46.3 a 24.8 de 49.2 bc 30.2 6.0 g 137 c 0.30 c 4.84 a
Own Root 38.0 cd 38.3 a 45.2 bc 31.2 8.7 b 1245 a 0.80 a 4.00 abc
Teleki 5C 41.8 b 26.4 d 38.3 c 31.1 6.2 fg 109 c 0.07 d 3.65 bc
Kober 5BB 39.5 bc 33.5 b 62.8 a 32.4 6.8 def 113 c 0.08 d 4.16 ab
10-17A 40.8 b 27.6 cd 23.3 d 29.3 9.4 a 120 c 0.48 b 3.42 bc
1103-P 47.0 a 30.7 bc 65.0 a 33.1 7.5 cd 135 c 0.07 d 3.68 bc
10-23B 39.8 bc 14.4 f 46.4 bc 32.0 6.7ef 166 c 0.03 d 3.21 bc
RSD-34 37.6 cd 22.5 e 52.5 b 31.2 7.4 cde 128 c 0.09 d 3.45 bc
Significance <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.12 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen, 2012
First harvest
cull wt/vine
First harvest
packed wt/vine
Second harvest
cull wt/vine
Second harvest
packed wt/vine Total cull wt
Total packed
wt
Cultivar (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
RS-3 1.41 13.04 ab 10.87 ab 15.73 12.28 54.86
RS-9 1.59 12.99 ab 6.12 b 13.25 7.71 52.21
Freedom 1.77 21.01 a 5.16 b 12.19 6.93 75.23
Own Root 2.57 17.65 ab 5.14 b 14.78 7.71 67.74
Teleki 5C 2.15 23.70 a 5.91 b 10.30 8.06 81.40
Kober 5BB 2.26 16.25 ab 8.94 ab 9.66 11.20 58.41
10-17A 1.61 14.87 ab 5.92 b 12.81 7.53 57.43
1103-P 2.48 23.82 a 4.75 b 10.29 7.23 81.76
10-23B 2.40 22.29 a 7.21 b 16.44 9.61 83.30
RSD-34 1.37 9.82 b 13.19 a 20.33 14.56 49.79
Significance 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.50 0.08 0.07
‘Scarlet Royal’, Goshen
Berry weight Brix Berry length Berry width pH TA
Cultivar (g) (%) (%) (g/100 ml) (cm) (cm)
Teleki 5C 9.2 abc 16.3 abc 3.34 bc 0.974 abc 3.1 2.2
Kober 5BB 9.6 a 15.6 c 3.34 bc 1.01 ab 3.2 2.3
1103-P 9.7 a 16.2 abc 3.35 abc 0.970 abc 3.1 2.3
Freedom 9.4 ab 16.6 a 3.36 ab 0.960 abcd 3.1 2.3
RS-3 9.6 a 15.7 bc 3.33 bc 0.943 abcd 3.1 2.3
RS-9 9.5 a 15.9 abc 3.34 bc 0.911 bcd 3.1 2.3
RSD-34 8.3 d 15.5 c 3.31 c 1.03 a 3.1 2.3
10-23B 8.7 cd 16.4 ab 3.39 a 0.866 d 3 2.2
10-17A 8.9 bcd 16.0 abc 3.39 a 0.870 cd 3.1 2.2
Own Root 9.5 a 15.8 abc 3.36 ab 0.981 ab 3.1 2.3
Significance <0.01 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 0.4 0.5
General Preliminary Test Results
• Rootstocks strongly influence petiole mineral nutrient content
• Freedom usually increases N
• RS-3, Freedom, GRN-4 increase K
• Own-rooted vines increase Zn
• Most stocks except 10-17A (which has V. vinifera parentage) decrease Cl & Na compared to own-root
General Preliminary Test Results
• Low pest pressure so far
• Inconsistent effects on yield and fruit quality; effects might increase as pest pressure increases
Still looking for better stocks
Acknowledgements
• California Table Grape Commission
• Grower Cooperators
• Don Luvisi, Peter Cousins, M. Andrew Walker, Allison Ferry-Abee, Ashraf El Kereamy