Calcium Hydroxide | apollo +9191 46 950 950

Calcium Hydroxide | apollo +9191 46 950 950

Calcium Hydroxide

CAS Number : 1305-62-0

Molecular Formula : Ca(OH)2

Molecular Weight : 74.093 g/mol

Systematic (IUPAC) : Slaked lime , Milk of lime , Calcium(II) hydroxide ,

Pickling lime , Hydrated lime

General Descriptions

Hydrated lime, chemically known as calcium hydroxide, calcium hydrate or caustic lime, is produced by reacting water with high calcium quicklime in an atmospheric hydrator. It is a white powder form decomposes on

heating producing calcium oxide.It is soluble in water

and the solution is a medium strong base reacting violently with acids and attacking many metals in

presence of water . Hydrated lime makes it suitable for a wide range of applications including: the treatment of potable water, waste water and municipal sludge, as a chemical process additive; the stabilization of toxic

waste for site remesiation and various construction uses including soil stabilization and anti-stripping in asphalt

mixes.

Mode of action

A calcified barrier may be induced when calcium hydroxide is used as a pulp-capping agent or placed in

the root canal in contact with healthy pulpal or periodontal tissue. Because of the high pH of the

material, up to 12.5, a superficial layer of necrosis occurs in the pulp to a depth of up to 2 mm. Beyond this layer

only a mild inflammatory response is seen, and providing the operating field was kept free of bacteria

when the material was placed, a hard tissue barrier may be formed. However, the calcium ions that form the

barrier are derived entirely from the bloodstream and not from the calcium hydroxide.2 The hydroxyl group is

considered to be the most important component of calcium hydroxide as it provides an alkaline

environment which encourages repair and active calcification. The alkaline pH induced not only neutralises lactic acid from the osteoclasts, thus

preventing a dissolution of the mineral components of dentine, but could also activate alkaline phosphatases which play an important role in hard tissue formation. The calcified material which is produced appears to be the product of both odontoblasts and connective tissue

cells and may be termed osteodentine. The barrier,

which is composed of osteodentine, is not always complete and is porous.

In external resorption, the cementum layer is lost from a portion of the root surface, which allows communication through the dentinal tubules between the root canal and the periodontal tissues. It has been shown that the dis-

association coefficient of calcium hydroxide of 0.17 permits a slow, controlled release of both calcium and

hydroxyl ions which can diffuse through dentinal tubules. Tronstad et al. demonstrated that untreated

teeth with pulpal necrosis had a pH of 6.0 to 7.4 in the pulp dentine and periodontal ligament, whereas, after calcium hydroxide had been placed in the canals, the

teeth showed a pH range in the peripheral dentine of 7.4 to 9.6.3

Tronstad et al. suggest that calcium hydroxide may have other actions; these include, for example, arresting inflammatory root resorption and stimulation of healing.3 It also has a bactericidal effect and will

denature proteins found in the root canal, thereby making them less toxic. Finally, calcium ions are an integral part of the immunological reaction and may

activate the calcium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase reaction associated with hard tissue

formation.

Uses

Dental Antimicrobial Solution

According to the National Institutes of Health, calcium hydroxide is commonly used in dental work as an

antimicrobial, and is the substance of choice for forming a protective layer known as an apical barrier. Apical

barriers are sometimes employed as a means of warding off pulp necrosis in situations when endodontic surgery

would be especially difficult, often the result of an immature permanent tooth. Since calcium hydroxide can help disinfect a tooth where an infection already exists, it may be used as a short-term treatment for

reducing pain and swelling in preparation for endodontic surgery.

Hair Care Products

Absolute Astronomy states that calcium hydroxide is used as the active alkaline ingredient in some hair

relaxer products. Hair relaxers are creams or liquids that are designed to straighten curly hair when applied, and many of these products contain lye, a powerful caustic.

Lye poses a certain risk of hair and skin damage, however, so some hair product manufacturers have

created no-lye versions that use calcium hydroxide in its place. According to the Cornell Center for Materials

Research, calcium hydroxide can straighten curly hair because it breaks down the sidulfide bonds that connect

cysteines, the amino acids that are present in higher concentrations in naturally curly hair. Breaking these bonds and sealing them off with calcium hydroxide

permanently alters the physical structure of the treated hairs.

Leather Production

Calcium hydroxide makes an effective solution for separating hair from animal hides in preparation for the

production of leather, according to Van Dyke's Taxidermy. A mixture of calcium hydroxide and warm

water creates a bath in which freshly fleshed hides should be soaked for up to four days, and stirred

frequently. This process loosens the hair and fur to the point that it can usually be removed by hand. After all of the hair has been removed with hands or fleshing tools,

the hides must be rinsed thoroughly and steeped in an ammonium sulfate bath to halt the calcium hydroxide's

caustic lime action and balance the pH.

Food Production

Absolute Astronomy states that calcium hydroxide is used in the processing of some soft drinks and alcohol

beverages. It is also commonly used in the processing of Lutefisk, a traditional Swedish dish. Lutefisk, according

to the Nordic Recipe Archive, is a stockfish that is soaked in cold water for several days, then soaked in a

combination of water and lye or another harshly caustic substance like calcium hydroxide. This soaking cycle breaks down the proteins, resulting in a delicate fish with a jelly-like consistency. It also makes the fish

caustic, so several additional days of soaking in water, changed daily, is required before the fish can be eaten.

Calcium Hydroxide as a Flocculant

Calcium hydroxide is used mainly in its suspended form as lime. In this form, it can act as a flocculant.

Flocculation is a process in which colloids, such as the calcium-hydroxide particles suspended in water, come out of suspension in the form of floc, or flakes. This is

different from precipitation because the colloidal particles are suspended in the solution, not actually

dissolved in it. Calcium-hydroxide suspensions neutralize excess acids found in sewage, and they

regulate soil acidity. Calcium hydroxide also is used as a flocculant to neutralize excess acid formed during the

industrial tanning process.

Calcium Hydroxide as an Ingredient in Industrial Compounds

Calcium hydroxide is an ingredient in whitewash, also known as calcimine, kalsomine or salsomine. It is a

cheap paint made from calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. Calcium hydroxide also is an ingredient in

mortar. Mortar originally was made of mud or clay, but today it is made of a mixture of sand; a binder such as

cement, or lime, which is a mixture of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide; and water. Calcium hydroxide also is

used in plaster, such as lime plaster.

Calcium Hydroxide in Household Applications

Calcium hydroxide is an alkali, or a base, and can be used as a lye substitute. It is particularly useful in no-lye hair relaxer, making naturally curly hair less curly. It can

be used as a chemical depilatory--a hair-removal chemical. It can even be used as a calcium supplement in

baby formula.

Calcium Hydroxide as a Chemical Reagent

Calcium hydroxide is an additive in fungicides and in anti-mildew and anti-microbial formulas; it is designed

to neutralize the acids in those solutions, forming a long-lasting fungicide. It can be added to aquariums to increase the bio-available calcium in solution for

calcium-using organisms, such as algae and snails.

Calcium Hydroxide in Industrial Processes

Lime water, a saturated solution of calcium-hydroxide solution, is used in the neutralization of a variety of

acids that form in an industrial process. In the petroleum-refining industry, it is used for the

manufacture of additives to oils. It can be used in the manufacture of calcium stearate. In foods, it helps

process water for alcoholic beverages and soft drinks. It is used in the separation of sugar from sugar cane, and in the processing of certain types of Norwegian fish. In the petrochemical industry, calcium hydroxide is used

for manufacturing solid oils in the manufacture of brake

pads and also is used in the manufacture of ebonite, a very hard rubber, and in the preparation of dry mixes for

paint.

Food Uses of Calcium Hydroxide

In Native American and Latin American cooking, calcium hydroxide in the form of lime water is mixed with corn to make a food called nixtamal. Betel nut or

coca leaves are chewed with calcium hydroxide to increase the bio-availability of the alkaloid stimulants they contain. Native Americans also chewed tobacco

leaves with calcium hydroxide derived from burnt shells. Calcium hydroxide also can used as a preservative in

vegetables.

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