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Winding up of companies
MEANING OF WINDING UP
Winding up or liquidation of a company represents the last stage in its life. It means a proceeding by which
a company is dissolved. The assets of the company are disposed of, the debts are paid off out of therealised assets (or from contributions from its members), and the surplus, if any, is then distributed among
the members in proportion to their holdings in the company. The two terms ‘winding up’ and ‘liquidation’
are used interchangeably. According to Prof. Gower, winding up of a company is a process whereby its
life is ended and its property administered for the benefit of its creditors and members. An administrator,
called liquidator, is appointed and he takes control of the company collects its assets, pays its debts and
finally distributes any surplus among the members in accordance with their rights.
MODES OF WINDING UP
There are three modes of winding up of a company, viz.,
1. Winding up by the Court (Section 433 to 483).
2. Voluntary winding up (Section 484 to 521). This may be -
(1) members’ voluntary winding up, or
(2) creditors’ voluntary winding up.
3. Winding up subject to supervision of Court.
WINDING UP BY THE COURT (Sections 433 to 483)
Winding up of a company under the order of a Court is also known as compulsory winding up.
GROUNDS FOR COMPULSORY WINDING UP (Section 433)
A company may be wound up by the Court in the following cases:
1. Special resolution of the company [Sec. 433 (a)]. Winding up order under this head is not common
because normally the members of a company prefer to wind up the company voluntarily for in such a case
they shall have a voice in its winding up. Moreover, a voluntary winding up is far cheaper and speedier
than a winding up by the Court.
2. Default in delivering the statutory report to the Registrar or in holding statutory meeting [Sec.
433 (b)]. A petition on this ground can be made either by the Registrar or by a contributory. In the latter
case the petition for winding up can filled only after the expiry of 14 days from the day on which the
statutory meeting ought to have been held [Section 439 (7)].
The Court may, instead of making a winding up order, direct that the statutory report be delivered or that a
statutory meeting be held. The Court may order the costs to be paid by any persons who are responsible
for the default [section 443 (3)].
3. Failure to commence, or suspension of, business [Section 433 (c)]. The Court exercises power in this
case only if the company has no intention of carrying on its business or if it is not possible for it to carryon its business.
If a company has not begun to carry on business within a year from its incorporation or suspend its
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business for a whole year, the Court will not wind It up if—
(a) there are reasonable prospects of the company starting business within a reasonable time, and
(b) there are good reasons for the delay, i.e., the suspension of business is satisfactorily accounted for and
appears to be due to temporary causes.
4. Reduction in membership [section 433 (d)]: If, at any time, the number of members of a company is
reduced in the case a public company, below 7 or in the case of a private company, below 2, the companymay be ordered to be wound up by the Court. If the company carries on business for more than 6 months
while the number is so reduced every member who is cognizant of the fact that it is carrying on business
with members fewer than the statutory minimum, will be severally liable for the payment of the whole of
the debts of the company contracted after those 6 months (section 45).
5. Inability to pay its debts [Section 433 (e)]: A company may be wound up by the Court if it is unable
to pay its debts. The test is whether the company has reached a stage where it is commercially insolvent—
that is to say, that its existing and probable assets would be insufficient to meet the existing liabilities.
“Commercially insolvent” means that the company is unable to pay debts or liabilities as they arise in the
ordinary course of business.
When is a company unable to pay its debts? According to section 434, a company shall be deemed to be
unable to pay its debts in the following cases:
(1) Demand for payment neglected: If a creditor to whom the company is indebted for a sum exceeding
Rs. 500 has served on the company at its registered office, a demand for payment and the company has
for 3 weeks thereafter neglected to pay or otherwise satisfy him, the company is unable to pay its debts.
The demand may be signed by any agent or legal adviser duly authorised or in the case of a firm, by such
agent or legal adviser or by any member of the firm.
(2) Decreed debt unsatisfied: If execution or other process issued on a decree or order of any Court in
favour of a creditor of the company is returned unsatisfied in whole or in part the company is deemed to
be unable to pay its debt.
(3) Commercial insolvency: A company is deemed to be unable to pay its debts, if it is proved to the
satisfaction of the Court that the company is unable to pay its debts. In determining whether a company is
unable to pay its debts, the Court shall take into account the contingent and prospective liabilities of the
company also.
6. Just and equitable [Section 433 (f)]. The words ‘just and equitable’ are of the widest significance and
do not limit the jurisdiction of the Court to any particular case.
The principle of just and equitable clause baffles a precise definition. It must rest with the judicial
discretion of the Court depending upon the facts and circumstances of each case [Hind Overseas (Pvt.)
Ltd. v. R.P. Jhunjhunwalla, (1976) 46 Comp. Cas. 91 (S.C.)].
What is ‘just and equitable’ clause? It depends upon the facts of each case. The Court may order
winding up under the ‘just and equitable’ clause in the following cases:
(1) When the substratum of a company is gone: The substratum of a company can be said to havedisappeared only when the object for which it was incorporated has substantially failed, or when it is
impossible to carry on the business of the company except at a loss, or the existing and possible assets are
insufficient to meet the existing liabilities.
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The substratum of a company disappears:
(i) When the very basis for the survival of the company is gone:
Pirie v. Stewart. (1904) 6 F. 847. A shipping company lost its only ship, the remaining asset being a
paltry[1] sum of £363. A majority in number and value of shareholders petitioned for its compulsory
winding up but a minority shareholder opposed this and desired to carry on the business as charterer.
Held , it was ‘just and equitable’ that the company should be wound up.
(ii) When the main object of the company has substantially failed or become Impracticable: Where a
company’s main object fails, its substratum is gone and it may be wound up even though it is carrying on
its business in pursuit of a subsidiary object.
German Date Coffee Co., Re (1882) 20 Ch. D. 169. In this case, the objects clause of the German Date
Coffee Co. stated that it was formed for the working of a German patent which would be granted for
making a partial substitute for coffee from dates and for the acquisition of inventions incidental thereto
and also other inventions for similar purposes. The German patent was never granted but the company did
acquire and work a Swedish patent and carried on business at Hamburg where a substitute coffee was
made from dates, but not under the protection of a patent. Held, on a petition by 2 shareholders, that the
main object could not be achieved and, therefore, it was ‘just and equitable’ that the company should bewound up.
(iii) When the company is carrying on its business at a loss and there is no reasonable hope that the
object of trading at a profit can be attained. However, where the majority shareholders are against it,
the Court will not order a company to be wound up merely because it is making a loss.
(iv) When the existing and probable assets of the company are insufficient to meet its existing
liabilities. Where a company is totally unable to pay off creditors and there is ever-increasing burden of
interest and deteriorating state of management and control of business owing to sharp differences between
shareholders, the Court will order winding up.
(2) When the management is carried on in such a way that the minority is disregarded or oppressed.
Oppression of minority shareholders will be a ‘just and equitable’ ground where those who control the
company abuse their power to such an extent as to seriously prejudice the interest of minority
shareholders.
(3) Where there is a deadlock in the management of the company: When shareholding is more or less
equal and there is a case of complete deadlock in the company on account of lack of probity[2] in the
management of the company and there is no hope or possibility of smooth and efficient continuance of the
company as a commercial concern, there may arise a case for winding up on the just and equitable ground.
Yenidje Tobacco Co. Ltd., Re (1916) 2 Ch. 426. A and B were the only shareholders and directors of a
company with equal rights of management and voting power. After a time they became bitterly hostile to
each other and disagreed about the appointment of important servants of the company. All
communications between them were made through the secretary as they were not on speaking terms with
each other. The company made large profits in spite of the disagreement. Held, there was a complete
deadlock in the management and the company was ordered to be wound up.
(4) Where public interest is likely to be prejudiced. Having regard to the provisions of section 397 and
398 (dealing with prevention of oppression and mismanagement) where the concept of prejudice to public
interest is introduced, would appear that the Court winding up a company will have to take into
consideration not only the interest of shareholders and creditors but also public interest in the shape of need of the community, interest of the employees, etc.
(5) When the company was formed to carry out fraudulent or illegal business or when the business of the
company becomes illegal.
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(6) When the company is a mere bubble and does not carry on any business or does not have any property
(London & County Coal Co.. Re (1867) L.R. 3 Eq. 355].
PETITION (Section 439)
An application to the Court for the winding up of a company is made by a petition. A petition for the
winding up of a company may be presented, subject to the provisions of this Section, in the following
cases
1. Petition by the company [section 439 (1) (a)]: A company may itself present a petition to the Court
for winding up after it has passed a special resolution.
A company does not often present a petition to have itself wound up by the Court as it can achieve this
object more conveniently by passing a special resolution to wind up voluntarily.
2. Petition by any creditor or creditors [Section 439 (1) (b)] : A petition to the Court for the winding up
of a company may be filed by any creditor or creditors. The term ‘creditor’ is not limited to one to whom a
debt is due at the date of the petition and who can demand immediate payment. Every person having a
pecuniary claim against the company whether actual or contingent is a creditor and such a person is
competent to file a petition for the winding up of the company.
3. Petition by any contributory or contributories [section 439 (1) (c)]. A contributory means a person
liable to contribute to the assets of the company on the event of its being wound up and includes the
holder of shares which are fully paid up. He can present a petition for winding up a company even though
he may be the holder of fully paid-up shares or that the company may have no assets at all, or may have
no surplus assets left for distribution among the shareholders, after the satisfaction of its liabilities.
Grounds: A contributory can present a winding up petition if—
(a) the membership is reduced below the statutory minimum; or
(b) he is an original allottee of shares; or
(c) he has held his shares for any 6 out of the previous 18 months;
(d) the shares have devolved on him through the death of a former holder.
4. Petition by all or any of the prior parties whether together or separately [section 439 (1) (d)]: A
petition for the winding up of a company under section 433 may be presented by all or any of the parties,
namely, the company, the creditors or the contributories specified in section 433 (a), (b) and (c) whether
together or separately.
5. Petition by the Registrar [section 439 (1) (e)]: The Registrar can present a petition for winding up a
company on the following grounds only, viz.
(a) If default is made by the company in delivering the statutory report to the Registrar or in holding the
statutory meeting.
(b) If the company does not commence its business within a from its incorporation, or suspends its
business for a whole year.
(c) If the number of members is reduced in the case of a public company below 7 and in the case of a
private company below 2.
(d) If the company is unable to pay its debts.
(e) If the Court is of opinion that it is just and equitable that the company should be wound up.
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6. Petition by the Central Government [section 439 (1) (J)]. Under section 243 the Central Government
may cause to be presented to the Court by any person authorised (by a person authorized by it in this
behalf) a petition for the winding up of a company where it appears from the report of inspectors
appointed to investigate the affairs of the company under section 235 that :
(1) the business of the company is being conducted with intent to
a) defraud its creditors, members, or any other persons; or
b) otherwise for a fraudulent or unlawful purpose; or
c) in a manner oppressive of any of it members, or
d) that the company was formed for any fraudulent or unlawful purpose: or
(2) persons concerned in the formation of the company or the management of its affairs have been guilty
of fraud, misfeasance or other misconduct towards the company or towards any of its members.
COMMENCEMENT OF WINDING UP (Section 441)
Where, before the presentation of a petition for the winding up of a company by the Court, a resolution
has been passed by the company for voluntary winding up, the winding up shall be deemed to have
commenced from the date of the resolution. In all other cases (i.e., where the company has not previously
passed a resolution for voluntary winding up) the winding up of the company by the Court shall be
deemed to commence at the time of the presentation of the petition for the winding up. When an order is
made for winding up, it relates back to the date of the presentation of the petition. If no order for winding
up is made and the winding up petition is dismissed, the date of the presentation of the winding up petition
has no relevance. As such until winding up order is made company has to comply with the requirements of
the Companies Act 1956 as are required of a company not wound up.
Advertisement of petition: Every petition for winding up a company shall be advertised 14 days beforethe hearing, stating the date on which the petition was presented and the names and addresses of
petitioners.
POWERS OF COURT
Power of Court to stay or restrain proceedings against company (section 442) : At any time after the
presentation of a winding up petition and before a winding up order has been made, the company or any
creditor or contributory may apply to the Court for a stay of, or restraint of, further proceedings in the
Court.
Powers of Court on hearing petition (section 443): On hearing a winding up petition the Court may -
(a) dismiss it, with or without costs; or
(b) adjourn the hearing conditionally or unconditionally; or
(c) make any interim order that it thinks fit; or
(d) make an order for winding up the company with or without costs or any other order as it thinks fit.
The Court shall not refuse to make a winding up order merely because the assets have been fully
mortgaged or because there are no assets at all. Where the petition is presented on the ground that it is just
and equitable that the company should be wound up, the Court may refuse to make a winding up order if
the petitioners are acting unreasonably in seeking to have the company wound up instead of pursuing
some other remedy available to them.
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CONSEQUENCES OF WINDING UP ORDER
Once the Court makes an order for the winding up of a company, its consequences date back to the
commencement of wining up. The other consequences of winding up by the Court are as follows:
1. Intimation to Official Liquidator and Registrar (section 444): Where the Court makes an order for
the winding up of a company, it shall forthwith cause intimation to be sent to the Official Liquidator andthe Registrar of the order of winding up.
2. Copy of winding up order to be filed with the Registrar [section 455 (1) (1-A) and (2)1. On the
making of the winding up order it shall be the duty of the petitioner and of the company to file with the
Registrar within 30 days a certified copy of the order.
3. Order for winding up deemed to be notice of discharge [section 455 (3)] : The order for winding up
shall be deemed to be notice of discharge to the officers and employees of the company, except when the
business of the company is continued. Where a servant of the company is on a contract of service for a
fixed term and that term has not expired on the date of the order of the winding up of the company, the
order operates as a wrongful discharge and damages are allowed for breach of contract of service and theservant is free from his agreement not to compete with the company.
4. Suits Stayed [section 446 (1)]. When a winding up order has been made, no suit or other legal
proceeding shall be commenced against the company except by leave of the Court. Similarly pending suits
shall not be proceeded with except by leave of the Court.
5. Powers of the Court [section 446 (2) and (3)]: The Court which is winding up the company shall have
jurisdiction to entertain, or dispose of—
(a) any suit or proceeding by or against the company;
(b) any claim made or against the company;
(c) any application made under section 391 for compromise with creditors and/or members;
(d) any question of priorities or any other question whatsoever, whether of law or fact, which may relate
to or arise in course of the winding up of the company.
6. Effect of winding up order (section 447): An order for winding up a company shall operate in favour
of all the creditors and of all the contributories of the company as if it had been made on their joint
petition.
7. Official Liquidator to be Liquidator (section 449): On a winding up order being made in respect of a
company, the official Liquidator shall, by virtue of his office, become the liquidator of the company.
PROCEDURE OF WINDING UP BY THE COURT
Official Liquidator (section 448): For the purpose of winding up of companies the Court —
(a) there shall be attached to each High Court an Official Liquidator appointed by the Central
Government. The Official Liquidator shall be a whole-time officer. If the Central Government considers
that there will not be sufficient work for a whole time officer, it may appoint a part-time officer to act as
Official Liquidator:
(b) the Official Receiver attached to a District Court for insolvency purposes shall be the Official
Liquidator attached to the District Court. If there is no Official Receiver attached to a District Court, then,
such person as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint for the
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purpose, shall be the Official Liquidator attached to the District Court.
The Central Government may also appoint one or more Deputy or Assistant Official Liquidators to assist
the Official Liquidator in the discharge of his functions.
Liquidator (section 449): On a winding up order being made in respect of a company, the Official
Liquidator shall, by virtue of his office become the liquidator of the company.
Style etc. of liquidator (section 452): The liquidator shall be described by the style of The OfficialLiquidator’ of the particular company in respect of which he acts, and not by his individual name.
Provisional liquidator (section 450): At any time after the presentation of a winding up petition and
before the making of a winding up order, the Court may appoint the Official Liquidator to be the
liquidator provisionally.
A provisional liquidator is as much a liquidator in winding up in fact, the name provisional liquidator is
only a convenient label he has the same powers and to the extent these powers imply duties, the same
duties as a liquidator in a winding up. The Court may limit and restrict his powers by the order appointing
him or by a subsequent order. Otherwise, he has the same powers as a liquidator has.
Notice to company before appointment of provisional liquidator: Before appointing a provisional
liquidator, the Court shall give notice to the company and give a reasonable opportunity to it to make its
representations. If the Court thinks fit, it may dispense with such notice but in that case, it shall in writing
record the special reasons for not giving the notice.
On a winding up order being made by the Court, the Official Liquidator shall cease to hold office as
provisional liquidator and shall become the liquidator of the company.
Duties of liquidator
1. Proceedings in winding up [section 451 (1) and (3)]: The liquidator shall conduct the proceedings inwinding up the company and perform duties imposed by the Court. The acts of the liquidator shall be valid
notwithstanding any defect that may afterwards be discovered in his appointment or qualification. Acts
done, after his appointment has been shown to be invalid, shall not be deemed to be validly done.
2. Report [section 455 (1)]:
(1) The Official Liquidator shall as soon as practicable after receipt of the statement of affairs of the
company (to be submitted under section 454), and not later than 6 months from the date of the order of
winding up submit a preliminary report to the Court. The report shall contain particulars —
(a) as to the amount of the capital issued, subscribed, and paid-up, and the estimated amount of assets andliabilities.
(b) if the company has failed, as to the cause of the failure; and
(c) whether, in his opinion, further inquiry is desirable as to any matter relating to the promotion,
formation, or failure of the company, or the conduct of business thereof.
(2) Additional reports: The Official Liquidator may, if he thinks fit, make further reports stating the
manner in which the company was promoted or formed. He may further state if any fraud has been
committed by any person in company’s promotion or formation, or since the formation thereof. He may
also state any other matters which it is desirable to bring to the notice of the Court. If in any further reportthe Official Liquidator states that a fraud has been committed, the Court shall have the further powers
provided in section 478 as to the public examination of promoters and officers.
3. Custody of company’s property (Section 456): Where a winding up order has been made or where a
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provisional liquidator has been appointed, the liquidator / provisional liquidator shall take into his custody
all the property, effects and actionable claims to which the company is entitled. So long as there is no
liquidator, all the property and effects of the company shall be deemed to be in the custody of the Court.
4. Exercise and control of liquidators powers (section 460):
(1) The liquidator shall, in the administration of the assets of the company and the distribution thereof
among creditors, have regard to any directions which may be given by resolution of the creditors or
contributories at any general meeting or by the committee of inspection. Any directions by the creditors orcontributories at any general meeting shall override any directions given by the committee of inspection.
5. Meeting of creditors and contributories: The liquidator may summon general meetings of the
creditors or contributories whenever he thinks fit for the purpose of ascertaining their wishes. He shall
summon such meetings at such times as the creditors or contributories may by resolution direct, or
whenever requested in writing to do so by not less than 1/10th in value of the creditors or contributories,
as the case may be.
6. Directions from the Court: The liquidator may apply to the Court for directions in relation to any
particular matter arising in winding up. He shall also use his own discretion in the administration of the
assets of the company and in the distribution thereof among the creditors.
7. Proper books (section 461): The liquidator shall keep proper books for making entries or recording
minutes of the proceedings at meetings and such other matters as may be prescribed. Any creditor or
contributory may, subject to the control of the Court, inspect any such books personally or by his agent.
8. Audit of accounts (section 462): The liquidator shall, at such times as may be prescribed but at least
twice each year during his tenure of office present to the Court an account of his receipts and payments as
liquidator. The account shall be in the prescribed form, shall be made in duplicate, and shall be duly
verified. The Court shall cause the account to be audited. For the purpose of the audit the liquidator shall
furnish the Court with such vouchers, information and the books as the Court may require. One copy of
the audited accounts shall be filed and kept by the Court. The other copy of the account shall be delivered
to the Registrar for filing. Each copy shall be open to the inspection of any creditor, contributory or person
interested.
The liquidator shall cause the audited account or its summary to be printed. He shall send a printed copy
of the account or its summary by post to every creditor and to every contributory. The Court may
dispense with compliance with this provision.
9. Appointment of committee of inspection (section 464): The Court may at the time of making an order
for the winding up of a company, or at any time thereafter, direct that there shall be appointed a
committee of inspection to act with the liquidator.
10. Pending liquidation [section 551]: The liquidator shall, within 2 months of the expiry of each year
from the commencement of winding up, file a statement duly audited by a qualified auditor of the
company with respect to the proceedings in, and position of the liquidation. The statement shall be filed—
(a) in the case of a winding up by or subject to the supervision of the Court in Court ; and
(b) In the case of a voluntary winding up, with the Registrar.
When the statement is filed in Court, a copy shall simultaneously be filed with the Registrar and shall be
kept by him along with the other records of the company.
Powers of liquidator
1. Powers exercisable with the sanction of the Court [section 457 (1)]: The liquidator in a winding by
the Court shall have power, with the sanction of the Court,—
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(1) To institute or defend suits and other legal proceedings, civil or criminal, in the name and on behalf of
the company.
(2) To carry on the business of the company so far as may be necessary for the beneficial winding up of
the company.
(3) To sell the immovable and movable property and its actionable claims with power to transfer the whole
or sell the same in parcels.
(4) To raise money on the security of the company’s assets: The assets include all contributions which
the liquidator is entitled to get from the members, past or present as well as all assets which have been
misappropriated as against creditors [Stringers Case. (1869) 4 Ch. App. 45].
(5) To do all such other things as may be necessary for winding up the affairs of the company and
distributing its assets.
2. Powers exercisable without the sanction of the Court [section 457 (2)]: The liquidator in a winding
up by the Court shall have power, without the sanction of the Court:
(1) to do all acts and to execute documents and deeds on behalf of the company under its seal;
(2) to inspect the records and returns of the company or the files of the Registrar without payment of any
fee;
(3) to prove, rank and claim in the insolvency of any contributory for any balance against his estate and to
receive dividends;
(4) to draw, accept, make and endorse any bill of exchange, hundi or promissory note on behalf of the
company in the course of its business;
(5) to take out, in his official name, letters of administration to any deceased contributory, and to do anyother act necessary for obtaining payment of any money due from a contributory or his estate;
(6) to appoint an agent to do any business which he is unable to do himself.
3. Powers exercisable in case of onerous contracts (section 535): The term ‘onerous’ means a right to
property e.g., a lease, in which the obligations attaching to it exceed the advantage to be derived from it.
The liquidator may with the leave of the Court disclaim onerous contracts, and properties. This shall be
done within 12 months after the commencement of the winding up, unless the Court extends time.
STATEMENT OF AFFAIRS (section 454)
Contents of statement: Within 21 days of the relevant date (i.e. the date of the appointment of a
provisional liquidator, or where no such appointment is made, the date of winding up order), the company
shall submit a statement to the Official Liquidator as to the affairs of the company. The Court may in its
discretion direct that the company need not submit this statement. The statement shall be in the prescribed
form, verified by affidavit and contain the following particulars:
1. The assets of the company, showing separately cash in hand and at bank and negotiable securities;
2. Its debts and liabilities.
3. Names, residences and occupations of its creditors, stating separately the amount of secured andunsecured debts.
4. In the case of secured debts, particulars of the securities held by the creditors, their value and dates on
which they were given.
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5. The debts due to the company and names and the addresses of persons from whom they are due and the
amount likely to be realised.
6. Such further information as may be required by the Official Liquidator.
The Official Liquidator or the Court may extend the period of 21 days for the submission of the statement
to a maximum period of 3 months.
Who is to submit the statement? The statement shall be submitted and verified by one or more of thepersons who are at the relevant date directors and by the person who is at that date the manager, secretary
or other chief officer of the company. The Official Liquidator may also require any of the following
persons to submit and verify the statement. The persons required to submit and verify the statement may
be—
(a) present or past officers of the company;
(b) persons who have taken part in the formation of the company at any time within 1 year before the
relevant date;
(c) present employees or employees within 1 year before the relevant date, and who are capable of givingthe information required;
(d) employees and officers of another company which is or was within 1 year before the relevant date, an
officer of the company to which the statement relates.
COMMITTEE OF INSPECTION (sections 464 and 465)
Appointment and composition of committee (section 464): The Court may, at the time of making an
order for the winding up of a company or at any time thereafter, direct that there shall be appointed a
committee of inspection to act with the liquidator. The liquidator shall then within 2 months from the date
of such direction convene a meeting of the creditors of the company for the purpose of determining themembership of the committee.
Within 14 days of the creditors’ meeting, the liquidator shall call a meeting of the contributories to
consider the decision of the creditors with respect to the membership of the committee. The contributories
may accept the decision of the creditors with or without modification or reject it. If the contributories do
not accept the decision of the creditors, the liquidator shall apply to the Court for directions as to what
shall be the composition of the committee and who shall be its members.
Constitution and proceedings of the committee (section 465): The committee of inspection shall not
have more than 12 members. The members shall be creditors and contributories of the company in such
proportions as may be agreed on by the meetings of creditors and contributories. In case of difference of opinion between creditors and contributories, the proportion shall be determined by the Court.
The committee of inspection shall have the right to inspect the accounts of the liquidator at all reasonable
times. It shall meet at appointed times. The liquidator or any member of the committee may also call its
meeting as and when he thinks necessary. The quorum of its meeting shall be 1/3rd of the total number of
the members or 2 whichever is higher. It may act by a majority of its members present at a meeting, but it
shall not act unless a quorum is present.
GENERAL POWERS OF THE COURT
To facilitate the winding up of a company by the Court, the Companies Act, 1956 gives the followingpowers to the Court. These powers are in addition to the powers conferred on the Court by section 433 on
hearing the petition.
1. Stay of winding up proceedings (section 466): The Court may at any time after making a winding up
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order on the application either of the Official Liquidator or of any creditor or contributory, stay the
winding up proceedings. The Court may before making an order, require the Official Liquidator to furnish
to the Court, a report with respect to any facts or matters which are in his opinion relevant to the
application.
2. (1) Settlement of list of contributories (section 467): The Court may settle the list of contributories
who are liable to contribute to the assets of the company, with the power to rectify the register of
members.
(2) Payment of debts due by contributory (section 469): The Court may also order any contributory to
pay money due by him to the company, apart from any call.
(3) Power to make calls (section 470): The Court may also make calls on all or any of the contributories
for payment of any money which it considers necessary to satisfy the debts and liabilities of the company
for the expenses of winding up and for adjustment of the rights of the contributories.
(4) Adjustment of rights of contributories (section 475): The Court shall adjust the rights of
contributories among themselves and distribute any surplus among persons entitled thereto.
3. Delivery of property (section 468): The Court may at any time after making a winding up order, directdelivery to the liquidator of any money, property or books and papers in the custody or control of any
contributory, trustee, receiver, banker, agent, officer or other employee of the company to which the
company is prima facie entitled.
4. Exclusion of creditors (section 474): The Court may fix a time within which creditors shall prove their
debts or claims. It may exclude creditors not proving within the time from the benefit of any distribution
made before those debts and claims are proved.
5. Order as to costs (section 476): in case of deficiency of assets to satisfy the liabilities, the Court may
give priority to the payment, out of the assets, of costs, charges and expenses of the winding up
proceedings.
6. Summoning of persons suspected of having property of the company (section 477): The Court may
at any time after the appointment of a provisional liquidator or the making of a winding up order, summon
before it any officer of the company or person known or suspected to have in his possession any property
or books or papers of the company. It may also summon any person who is known or suspected to be
indebted to the company. The Court may also summon any person whom the Court considers capable of
giving information concerning the promotion, formation, trade, dealings, property, books or papers, or
affairs of the company.
7. Public examination (Section 478): If in the opinion of the Official Liquidator a fraud has been
committed by any person in the promotion or formation of the company, or by any officer of the company
in relation to the company he shall make a report to the Court. In such a case the Court may direct that
that person or officer shall attend before the Court and be publicly examined as to the promotion or
formation or the conduct of the business of the company, or as to his conduct and dealings as an officer
thereof.
8. Arrest of absconding contributory (Sec. 479). If at any time either before or after making a winding up
order, the Court believes that a contributory is about to quit India or to abscond or to remove and conceal
any pperty for the pmpose of avoid ingpayinent or avoiding examination. he may be arrested anjhe
relevant books, papers and movable property may be seized.
9. Meeting of creditors or contributories (Section 557): In all matters relating to the winding up of a
company the Court may convene meetings of creditors or contributories for the purpose of ascertaining
their wishes.
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DISSOLUTION OF COMPANY (Section 481)
Dissolution puts an end to the existence of a company. A company which has been dissolved no longer
exists as a separate entity capable of holding property or of being sued in the Court [Employers’ Liability
Assurance Corpn. v. Sedgwick Collins & Co.. (1927) A.C. 95].
Grounds for dissolution: The Court shall make an order for the dissolution of a company —
(1) when the affairs of the company have been completely wound up, or
(2) when the Court is of opinion that the liquidator cannot proceed with the winding up for want of funds
and assets, or
(3) for any other reason.
The Court shall make an order for the dissolution of the company only when it is just and reasonable in
the circumstances of the case that such an order should be made. The company shall be dissolved from the
date of the order of the Court. Within 30 days of the order of the Court, the liquidator shall send a copy of the order to the Registrar who shall make in his books a minute of the dissolution of the company.
CONTRIBUTORY
Definition of contributory (Section 428): The term ‘contributory’ means every person liable to
contribute to the assets of a company in the event of its being wound up and includes the holder of any
shares which are fully paid up.
List of contributories: The list shall be prepared in two parts, viz., List A and List B.
List A shall include the present members of the company, i.e., members whose names appear in thecompany’s register of members at the time of the winding up of the company.
List B shall include the past members of the company. i.e. members who ceased to be members within one
year preceding the commencement of the winding up of the company.
Liability of contributories (Section 426): in the event of a company being wound up every present and
past member shall be liable to contribute to the assets of the company to an amount sufficient—
(a) for payment of (1) its debts and liabilities, and (ii) costs, charges and expenses of the winding up, and
(b) for the adjustment of the rights of the contributories among themselves.
Liability of present members: The liability of a present member (i.e. List A contributory) shall be
limited—
(1) in the case of a company limited by shares, to the amount remaining unpaid on the shares; and
(2) in the case of a company limited by guarantee, to the amount undertaken to be contributed by him to
the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up.
Liability of past members: A past member (i.e. List B contributory) shall not be liable to contribute —
(1) if he has ceased to be a member for 1 year or more before the commencement of the winding up;
(2) in respect of any debt or liability of the company contracted after he ceased to be a member;
(3) if it appears to the Court that the present members will be able to satisfy the contributions required to
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be made by them.
Where there have been several transfers of the same shares within a year before the winding up, the
primary liability is that of the latest transferor in case of default by the A List contributories [Humby’s
Case, (1872) 426 L.T. 936].
Ex-contractu and ex-lege liability: Under section 429, the liability of a member to be included in the list
of contributories is not ex-contractu, i.e., it does not arise as a result of the contract of membership. His
liability is ex-lege which means that it arises by reason of the fact that his name appears in the register of members even though the allotment to him was void or that he had sold his shares to a purchaser who has
not got his name registered in the register. In the absence of rectification of the register, his liability is
absolute under section 429.
Before a company goes into liquidation, the liability of a member to contribute is measured by the
contractual obligation arising from membership. But after liquidation section 429 imposes a new liability
on the shareholders in respect of unpaid calls made before or after the winding up. Such calls can be
recovered even if they are barred by limitation before the order of winding up was made.
VOLUNTARY WINDING UP (Section 484 to 520)
Voluntary winding up means winding up by the members or creditors of a company without interference
by the Court. The object of a voluntary winding up is that the company, i.e. the members as well as the
creditors, are left free to settle their affairs without going to the Court. They may however apply to the
Court for any directions, if and when necessary.
Circumstances in which a company may be wound up voluntarily (Section 484): A company may be
wound up voluntarily —
(1) By passing an ordinary resolution: When the period, if any fixed for the duration of a company by
the Articles has expired, the company in general meeting may pass an ordinary resolution for its voluntary
winding up. The company may also do so when the event, if any, on the occurrence of which the Articlesprovide that the company is to be dissolved, has occurred.
(2) By passing a special resolution: A company may at any time pass a special resolution that it be
wound up voluntarily. No reasons need be given where the members pass a special resolution for the
voluntary winding up of the company. Even the Articles cannot prevent the exercise of this statutory right.
Commencement of voluntary winding up (section 486): A voluntary winding up shall be deemed to
commence at the time when the resolution (ordinary or special, as the case may be) for its voluntary
winding up is passed.
Advertisement of resolution (Section 485): Within 14 days of the passing of the resolution for voluntarywinding up of the company, the company shall give notice of the resolution by advertisement in the
Official Gazette, and also in some newspaper circulating in the district of the registered office of the
company.
TYPES OF VOLUNTARY WINDING UP
A voluntary winding up may be a:
1. members’ voluntary winding up, or
2. creditors’ voluntary winding up.
1. MEMBERS’ VOLUNTARY WINDING UP
Declaration of solvency (Section 488): In a voluntary winding up of a company if a declaration of its
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solvency is made in accordance with the provisions of section 488, it is a members’ voluntary winding up.
The declaration shall be made by a majority of the directors at a meeting of the Board that the company
has no debts or that it will be able to pay its debts full within 3 years from the commencement of the
winding up. The declaration shall be verified by an affidavit.
The declaration shall have effect only when it is —
(a) made within five weeks immediately before the date of the resolution, and delivered to the Registrar
for registration before that date; and
(b) accompanied by a copy of the report of the auditors of the company on (i) the profit and loss account
of the company from the date of the last profit and loss account to the latest practicable date immediately
before the declaration of solvency, (ii) the balance sheet of the company, and (iii) a statement of the
company’s assets and liabilities as on the last mentioned date.
A winding up in the case of which a declaration has been made and delivered is referred to as a member
voluntary winding up and a winding up in the case of which a declaration has not been so made and
delivered is referred to as a creditors’ voluntary winding up.
Provisions applicable to a members’ voluntary winding up:
Section 490 to 498 shall apply in relation to a members’ voluntary winding up (section 489). The
provisions of these Sections are as follows:
1. Appointment and remuneration of liquidators (section 490): The company in general meeting shall
appoint one or more liquidators for the purpose of winding up its affairs and distributing its assets. It shall
also fix the remuneration, if any, to be paid to the liquidator or liquidators. Any remuneration so fixed
shall not be increased in any circumstances, The liquidator shall not take charge of his office before his
remuneration is fixed as aforesaid.
2. Board’s powers to cease on appointment of a liquidator (section 491): On the appointment of a.liquidator, all the powers of the Board of directors, the managing or whole-time directors, and manager,
shall cease except when the company in general meeting or the liquidator may sanction them to continue.
3. Power to fill vacancy in office of liquidator (section 492): If a vacancy occurs by death, resignation
or otherwise in the office of any liquidator appointed by the company, the company in general meeting
may fill the vacancy. For this purpose a general meeting may be convened by any contributory or by the
continuing liquidator or liquidators, if any.
4. Notice of appointment of liquidator to be given to Registrar (section 493) : The company shall give
notice to the Registrar of the appointment of a liquidator or liquidators. It shall also give notice of every
vacancy occurring in the office of liquidator and of the names of the liquidators appointed to fill everysuch vacancy. The notice shall be given by the company within 10 days of the event to which it relates.
5. Power of liquidator to accept shares, etc. as the consideration for sale of property (section 494):
This was discussed in detail in the Chapter on “Compromises, Amalgamations and Reconstructions.”
6. Duty of liquidator to call creditors’ meeting in case of insolvency (section 495): if the liquidator is at
any time of opinion that the company will not be able to pay its debts in full within the period stated in the
declaration, he shall forthwith summon a meeting of the creditors. He shall lay before the meeting a
statement of the assets and liabilities of the company. Thereafter the winding up shall become creditors
voluntary winding up.
7. Duty to call general meeting at the end of each year (section 496): In the event of the winding up
continuing for more than 1 year the liquidator shall call a general meeting of the company at the end of the
first year from the commencement of the winding up. Likewise, he shall call a general meeting at the end
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of each succeeding year. He shall lay before the meeting an account of his acts and dealings and of the
conduct of the winding up during the year.
8. Final meeting and dissolution (section 497): As soon as the affairs of the company are fully wound
up, the liquidator shall make up an account of the winding up showing how the winding up has been
conducted and how the property of the company has been disposed of. He shall then call a general
meeting of the company and lay before it the accounts showing how the winding up has been conducted.
The meeting shall be called by advertisement —
(a) specifying the time, place and object of the meeting; and
(b) published not less than one month before the meeting in the Official Gazette, and also in some
newspaper circulating in the district of the registered office of the company.
Within one week after the meeting, the liquidator shall send to the Registrar and the Official Liquidator a
copy each of the account and shall make a return to each of the holding of the meeting and of the date
thereof. If a quorum is not present at the final meeting, the liquidator shall make a return that the meeting
was duly called but could not be held for want of quorum.
The Registrar on receiving the account and return shall register them. The Official Liquidator on receiving
them, shall make a scrutiny of the books and papers of the company. The liquidator of the company and
present officers shall give the Official Liquidator all reasonable facilities to make the scrutiny. On such
scrutiny the Official Liquidator shall make a report to the Court. If the report shows that the affairs of the
company have been conducted in a manner not prejudicial to the interests of its members or to public
interest, then from the date of the submission of the report to the Court, the company shall be deemed to
be dissolved.
9. Provisions as to annual and final meeting in case of insolvency (section 498): If in the case of a
members’ voluntary winding up the liquidator finds that the company is insolvent, sections 508 and 509
which deal with the duty of the liquidator to call a meeting of the company and of creditors at the end of each year (section 508) and final meeting and dissolution (section 509) in case of a creditors voluntary
winding up shall apply as if the winding up were a creditors voluntary winding up and not a members’
voluntary winding up. It should be noted that in such a case section 508 and 509 shall apply to the
exclusion of sections 496 and 497.
2. CREDITORS’ VOLUNTARY WINDING UP:
A voluntary winding up of a company in which declaration of its solvency is not made is referred to as a
creditors’ voluntary winding up.
Provisions applicable to creditors voluntary winding up
Sections 500 to 509 shall apply in relation to a creditors’ voluntary winding up (section 499). The
provisions of these Sections are as follows:
1. Meeting of creditors (section 500): The company shall call a meeting of the creditors of the company
on the day on which there is to be held the general meeting of the company at which the resolution for
voluntary winding up is to be proposed, or on the next day. It shall send notices of the meeting to the
creditors by post simultaneously with the sending of the notices of meeting of the company. It shall also
cause notice of the meeting of the creditors to be advertised once at least in the Official Gazette and once
at least in 2 newspapers circulating in the district of the registered office of the company.
The Board of directors of the company shall cause a full statement of the position of the company’s affairs
together with a list of the creditors and the estimated amount of their claims to be laid before the meeting.
It shall also appoint one of their members to preside at this meeting. It shall be the duty of the director so
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appointed to attend the meeting and preside thereat.
2. Notice of resolution to be given to Registrar (Section 501) : Notice of any resolution passed at the
creditors’ meeting shall be given by the company to the Registrar within 10 days of the passing thereof.
3. Appointment of liquidator (Section 502): The creditors and the members at their respective meetings
may nominate a liquidator. If they nominate different persons, the creditors’ nominee shall be the
liquidator. But any director, member or creditor of the company may apply to the Court for an order that
the person nominated as liquidator by the company or any other person shall be the liquidator. Theapplication shall be made to the Court within 7 days after the date on which the nomination was made by
the creditors.
If no person is nominated by the creditors, the person nominated by the members shall be the liquidator.
Likewise, if no person is nominated by the company, the person nominated by the creditors shall be the
liquidator.
4. Appointment of committee of inspection (section 503): The creditors at their meeting may if they
think fit, appoint a committee of inspection consisting of not more than 5 persons. If such a committee is
appointed, the company may also at a general meeting appoint not more than 5 members to the
committee. However, the creditors may, if they think fit resolve that all or any of the persons appointed bythe company ought not to be members of the committee of inspection. If the creditors and members do not
agree on a common list, the Court may constitute a committee of inspection.
5. Liquidator’s remuneration (section 504): The committee of inspection, or if there is no such
committee, the creditors, may fix the remuneration of the liquidator. Where the remuneration is not so
fixed, it shall be determined by the Court. The remuneration shall not be increased in any circumstances.
6. Board’s powers to cease on appointment of liquidator (section 505) : On the appointment of a
liquidator, all the powers of the Board of directors shall cease. But the committee of inspection, or if there
is no such committee, the creditors in general meeting, may sanction the continuance of the Board.
7. Power to fill vacancy in office of liquidator (Section 506) : If a vacancy occurs by death, resignation
or otherwise, in the office of a liquidator (other than a liquidator appointed by, or by the direction of, the
Court), the creditors in general meeting may fill the vacancy.
8. Power of liquidator to accept shares etc., as consideration for sale of property (Section 507): The
provisions of section 494 (discussed in previous chapter) shall apply in the case of a creditors’ voluntary
winding up. However the powers of the liquidator under section 494 shall not be exercised except with the
sanction either of the Court or of the committee of inspection.
9. Duty of liquidator to call meeting at the end of each year (Section 508) : The liquidator shall call a
general meeting of the company and a meeting of the creditors every year, within 3 months from the close
of every year. This will be so if the winding up continues for more than 1 year. He shall lay before the
meeting an account of his acts and dealings and of the conduct of winding up during the preceding year
and position of the winding up.
10. Final meeting and dissolution (Section 509): As soon as the affairs of the company are fully wound
up, the liquidator shall make up an account of the winding up showing how the winding up has been
conducted and how the property of the company has been disposed of. He shall then call a general
meeting of the company and a meeting of the creditors for the purpose of laying the account before the
meeting and giving explanation therefor. Thereafter the procedure shall be the same as laid down in
section 497.
Members’ and creditors’ voluntary winding up compared
1. Declaration of solvency: In case of a members’ voluntary winding up, there is declaration of solvency.
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In case of a creditors’ voluntary winding up, there is no such declaration.
2. Control of winding up: In a members’ voluntary winding up, the members control the winding up of
the company and the creditors do not participate directly as the company makes a declaration of solvency.
In a creditors’ voluntary winding up, the creditors control the winding up of the company as the company
is deemed to be insolvent.
3. Meetings: In a members’ voluntary winding up, there is no meeting of creditors. In a creditors’
voluntary winding up, whenever there is a meeting of contributories, there is a corresponding meeting of creditors.
4. Appointment of liquidator: In a members’ voluntary winding up, the liquidator is appointed by the
company and his remuneration is fixed by the company. In a creditors’ voluntary winding up, he is
appointed by the creditors and his remuneration is fixed by the committee of inspection or, if there is no
such committee, by the creditors.
5. Committee of inspection: There is no committee of inspection in a members’ voluntary winding up; in
a creditors’ voluntary winding up the creditors may appoint a committee of inspection.
6. Powers of liquidator: In a members’ voluntary winding up, the liquidator can exercise certain powerswith the sanction of a special resolution of the company; in a creditors’ voluntary winding up, he can do so
with the sanction of the Court or the committee of inspection or of a meeting of the creditors.
WINDING UP SUBJECT TO SUPERVISION OF COURT (Section 522 to 527):
Power of Court to order winding up subject to supervision by Court (section 522): Winding up
subject to the supervision of the Court presupposes a voluntary winding up of a company. At any time
after a company has passed a resolution for voluntary winding up, the Court may make an order that the
voluntary winding up shall continue, but subject to the supervision of the Court. The Court may give such
liberty to creditors, contributories or others to apply to it as it thinks just.
Right to present winding up petition (section 440): Where a company is being wound up voluntarily
subject to the supervision of the Court, a petition for is winding up by the Court may be presented by—
(a) any person authorised to do so under section 439 (which deals with provisions as to applications for
winding up) : or
(b) the Official Liquidator.
The Court shall not make a winding up order on the petition presented to it unless it is satisfied that the
voluntary winding up or winding up subject to the supervision of the Court cannot be continued with due
regard to the interests of the creditors or contributories or both.
Effect of petition for winding up (section 523): A petition for the continuance of a voluntary winding up
subject to the supervision of the Court shall be deemed to be a petition for winding up by the Court.
Power of Court to appoint or remove liquidators (Section 524): Where an order is made for a winding
up subject to supervision of the Court, the Court may, by that or any subsequent order, appoint an
additional liquidator or liquidators. The Court may remove any such liquidator and fill any vacancy
occasioned by the removal, or by death or resignation.
The Court may appoint the Official Liquidator as a liquidator. It may also appoint or remove a liquidator
on an application made by the Registrar.
CONSEQUENCES OF WINDING UP
1. Consequences as to shareholders/members
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In a company limited by shares, a shareholder is liable to pay the full amount up to the face value of the
shares held by him. His liability continues even after the company goes Into liquidation, but he is then
described as a contributory. Açontributory may be present or past. The liability of present and past
contributories has already been discussed in this Chapter.
In a company limited by guarantee, the members are liable to contribute up to the amount guaranteed by
them.
2. Consequences as to creditors
(1) Where the company is solvent (Section 528): Where a company is being wound up all debts payable
on a contingency and all claims against the company, present or future, certain or contingent, ascertained
or sounding only in damages, shall be admissible to proof against the company. A just estimate of the value
of such debts or claims shall be made. Where a solvent company is wound up all claims of creditors, when
proved, are fully met.
(2) Where the company is insolvent (Section 529): Where a company is insolvent and is wound up, the
same rules shall prevail as in the case of insolvency with regard to:
(a) debts provable;
(b) the valuation of annuities and future and contingent liabilities; and
(c) the respective rights of secured and unsecured creditors.
The security of every secured creditor shall, however, be deemed to be subject to a, pari passu charge in
favour of the workmen to the extent of the workmen’s portion therein. Where a secured creditor instead
of relinquishing his security and proving debt, opts to realise his security—
(a) the liquidator shall be entitled to represent the workmen and enforce the workmen’s charge;
(b) any amount realised by the liquidator by way of enforcement of the workmen’s charge shall be applied
rateably for the discharge of workmen’s dues; and
(c) the debt due to the secured creditor or the amount of the workmen’s portion in his security, shall rank
pari passu with the workmen’s dues for the purposes of section 529-A (which deals with overriding
preferential payments).
All persons who in any such case would be entitled to prove for and receive dividends out of the assets of
the company may come in under the winding up, and make such claims against the company as they are
entitled to make.
Secured and unsecured creditors: The creditors may be secured or unsecured. A secured creditor has 3
alternatives before him:
(i) He may rely on his security and ignore the liquidation.
(ii) He may value his security and prove for the deficit.
(iii) He may surrender his security and prove for the whole debt.
If a secured creditor instead of relinquishing his security and proving his debt proceeds to realise his
security, he shall be liable to pay his portion of the expenses incurred by the liquidator (including aprovisional liquidator, if any) for preservation of the security before its realisation by the secured creditor.
Preferential payments (section 530): In a winding up, some unsecured debts are paid, subject to the
provisions of section 529-A, in priority to other unsecured debts. These payments are known as
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‘preferential payments’ and are as follows:
(a) All revenues, taxes, cess and rates due to the Central Government or a State Government or to a local
authority at the relevant date. The amount should have become due and payable within the 12 months
preceding the relevant date.
‘Relevant date’ means—
(i) in the case of a compulsory winding up of a company, the date on which a provisional liquidator isappointed, or if he is not appointed, the date of the winding up order. In case the company had
commenced to be wound up voluntarily before that date, relevant date means date of commencement of
voluntary winding up.
(ii) in the case of a voluntary winding up of a company, the date of the passing of the resolution for the
winding up of the company.
(b) All wages or salary of any employee, in respect of services rendered to the company and due for a
period not exceeding 4 months within the 12 months before winding up. The amount shall not, in case of
any one claimant, exceed such sum as may be notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette.
(c) All accrued holiday remuneration becoming payable to any employee on account of winding up.
(d) All amounts due in respect of contributions payable during the 12 months before the winding up order
under the Employees’ State insurance Act, 1948. This, however, does not apply when the company is
being wound up voluntarily for the purpose of reconstruction or amalgamation with another company.
(e) All amounts due in respect of any compensation or liability under the Workmen’s Compensation Act,
1923 in respect of death or disablement of any employee of the company.
(f) All sums due to any employee from a provident fund, a pension fund, a gratuity fund or any other fund
for the welfare of the employees maintained by the company.
(g) The expenses of any investigation held in pursuance of section 235 or 237, in so far as they are
payable by the company.
Advances made by a third person to pay wages or salary to any employee, or in the case of his death to
any other person in his right on account of holiday remuneration, shall, in a winding up, have the same
priority as the persons to whom these payments are made out of money advanced have priority.
Primrose (Builders) Ltd., Re (1950) Ch. 561. A bank allowed overdrafts to a company for the purpose of
paying the wages of the company on the understanding that an amount equal to the loan would shortly be
paid in order to reduce the overdraft. Held, the bank was entitled to preferential payment in respect of theoverdrafts.
3. Consequences as to servants and officers
A winding up order shall be deemed to be a notice of discharge to the officers and employees of the
company, except when the business of the company is continued. Such a discharge shall relieve them of
all obligations under their contract of service. A voluntary winding up shall also operate as a notice of
discharge to the company’s servants.
4. Consequences as to proceedings against the company
When a winding up order has been made or the Official Liquidator has been appointed as provisional
liquidator, no suit or other legal proceeding against the company shall be commenced except by leave of
the Court. Similarly if a suit is pending against the company at the date of the winding up order, it shall not
be proceeded with against the company, except by leave of the Court. In a voluntary winding up also, the
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Court may restrain proceedings against the company if it thinks fit.
5. Consequences as to costs
If assets are insufficient to satisfy liabilities, the Court may order for payment of the costs, charges and
expenses of the winding up out of the assets of the company. The payment shall be made in such order of
priority inter se as the Court thinks just. Similarly all costs, charges and expenses properly incurred in a
voluntary winding up, including the remuneration of the liquidator, shall be paid out of the assets of the
company in priority to all other claims. The payment shall, however, be subject to the rights of securedcreditors.
DEFUNCT COMPANY
A company is said to be ‘defunct’ when it is not carrying on business or when it is not in operation.
Section 560 deals with defunct companies. If a company has ceased to carry on business, the Registrar
may strike it off the Register as a defunct company in accordance with section 560.
Procedure to be followed by the Registrar
1. Letter by Registrar to inquire if company is in operation: Where the Registrar has reasonable cause tobelieve that a company is not carrying on business or is not in operation, he shall send to the company by
post a letter inquiring whether the company is carrying on business or is in operation.
2. Registered letter if no reply received within one month: If the Registrar does not receive an answer
within one month of the sending of the letter, he shall, within 14 days after the expiry of the month, send
to the company by post a registered letter referring to the first letter, and stating that no answer thereto has
been received. He shall further mention in the letter that if no reply is received to the second letter within
one month, a notice will be published in the Official Gazette with a view to striking the name of the
company off the Register.
3. Publication in the Official Gazette to strike off name: If the Registrar either receives an answer thatthe company is not carrying on business or does not receive any answer within one month of the sending
of the registered letter, he may publish in the Official Gazette and send to the company by registered post,
a notice that at the expiration of 3 months from the date of that notice, the name of the company will be
struck off the Register and the company will be dissolved. The company may, however, within three
months show cause why it should not be dissolved.
4. Same procedure in winding up if no liquidator is acting or no return is received : The above
procedure is also followed where a company is being wound up and the Registrar has reasonable cause to
believe either that no liquidator is acting, or that the affairs of the company have been completely wound
up, and returns required to be made by the liquidator have not been made for a period of 6 consecutive
months.
When is a company dissolved? At the expiry of the time (i.e. 3 months) mentioned in the notice
aforesaid, the Registrar may strike the name of the company off the Register, unless cause to the contrary
is previously shown by the company. He shall then publish notice of this fact in the Official Gazette. It is
on the publication in the Official Gazette of this notice that the company shall stand dissolved.
Restoration of company’s name
Where the Registrar has struck the name of a company off the Register as a defunct company, the power
of the Court to order the name of the company to be restored to the Register lasts for 20 years.
The procedure to be followed for the restoration of the name of the company to the Register is as follows:
1. Application by aggrieved member or creditor within 20 years: If the company, or any member or
creditor of the company, feels aggrieved by the name of the company having been struck off the Register,
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he may, within 20 years from the publication in the Official Gazette of the notice aforesaid, apply to the
Court.
2. Restoration of name by Court on being satisfied: The Court may order that the name of the company
be restored to the Register if it is satisfied that the company was, at the time of striking off the name,
carrying on business or was in operation or otherwise that it is just that the name of the company be
restored to the Register.
3. Directions by the Court: The Court may on passing any such order give necessary directions forplacing the company and all other persons in the same position as nearly as may be as if the name of the
company had not been struck off.
4. Certified copy of order of court to be delivered to Registrar: Upon a certified copy of the order of
the Court being delivered to the Registrar for registration, the company shall be deemed to have continued
in existence as if its name had not been struck off.
Letter or notice to company to be sent at registered off ice or care of director etc. or to subscribers to
Memorandum: A letter or notice to be sent to the company under section 560 may be addressed to the
company at its registered office, or if no office has been registered, to the care of some director, manager
or other officer of the company. If there is no director, manager or officer of the company whose nameand address are known to the Registrar, the notice may be sent to each of the persons who subscribed the
Memorandum, addressed to him at the address mentioned in the Memorandum. The notice to be sent to
the liquidator may be addressed to the liquidator at his last known place of business.
[1] insignificant
[2] honesty
Source : self and ND Kapoor -
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