c09 Install Hd a+

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A+ Guide to Managing

and Maintaining Your PCFifth Edition

Chapter 8

Understanding and

Installing Hard Drives



2 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

You Will Learn«

About hard drive technologies

How a com puter communicates with hard

drive fir mware

How a hard drive is logically or ganized to hold

data

How to install a hard drive

How to solve hard drive installation pr oblems




Hard Drive Technologies

Used by hard drive to interface with the system

Used within hard drive to read and write datato the drive




Hard Drive Subsystem




Types of Hard Drive Interfaces

EIDE (Enhanced IDE*)(Enhanced IDE*) interface standards

used by most hard drives

Other interface standards

* IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) (Integrated Drive Electronics)




EIDE Interface Standards

S pecif y data transfer speed more than any

other factor

Considerations when selecting a standard Use fastest standard appr o priate f or range of the

system and size of the drive

Must be su pported by the OS, system BIOS onmother board, and fir mware on the drive

Ultra ATA/100: most po pular





(continued) Modes of transferring data between hard drive

and memor y

PIO transfer mode (Pr ogrammed Input/Output )

The original method used to transfer data between the CPU

(thr ough the ATA contr oller) and an ATA device.

DMA transfer mode (Direct Memor y Access) Allows certain hardware subsystems within a com puter to access

system memor y f or reading and/or writing independently of the

CPU.





(continued)

IDE ca bling methods

Parallel ATA (PATA) technology

Serial ATA (SATA) technology

Independent device timing




ANSI Interface Standards




ANSI

Acronym for the A American N N ational S S tandards I I nstitute.

Founded in 1918, ANSI is a voluntary organization

composed of over 1,300 members (including all the large

computer companies) that creates standards for thecomputer industry.

In addition to programming languages, ANSI sets

standards for a wide range of technical areas, from

electrical specifications to communications protocols.

For example, FDDI, the main set of protocols for sending data

over fiber optic cables, is an ANSI standard.




IDE Cabling Methods




IDE Cabling Methods (continued)




Configuring EIDE Drives

EIDE standards su pport two IDE connections,

a primar y and a secondar y

Each connection can su pport u p to two IDE

devices f or a total of f our devices on a system

Primar y IDE channel, master device

Primar y IDE channel, slave device

Secondar y IDE channel, master device

Secondar y IDE channel, slave device




Configuring EIDE Drives

(continued)




Other Interface Standards

SCSI (small com puter system interface)

USB

IEEE 1394

Fi bre Channel




How Hard Drives Work




How Hard Drives Work (continued)




Tracks and Sectors on the Drive





(continued)CAVCAV

Short for c onstant angular v elocity, a technique for accessing data off

of rotating disks. With CAV, the disk rotates at a constant speed

regardless of what area of the disk is being accessed.

This differs from C onstant Linear Velocity ( C LV), which rotates the disk

faster for inner tracks. Disk drives use CAV, whereas CD-ROMs

generally use CLV, though some newer drives use a combination of

CAV and CLV.

The advantage of CAV is that it is much simpler to design and produce

because the motor doesn't need to change speed. In addition, CLV

runs into problems for very high-speed CD-ROMs because there's a

brief latency whenever the drive needs to change the rotational speed.





(continued)





(continued)

A method of recording data on a hard disk drive whereby

the sectors per track on the drive are not consistent across

the platter .

In general, tracks closest to the center have fewer sectors

than tracks toward the outside of the platter where thetracks are larger and can fit more sectors.

Zone Bit RecordingZone Bit Recording




Low-Level Formatting

Occurs at the factor y

Pr ocess of writing sector and track markings

on the disk i.e. creates sectors & tracks

Ex pected to last f or the life of the drive




Considerations When

Purchasing a Hard Drive Capacity

S pindle speed

Technology standard

Cache or buffer size

Average seek time

Match drive to mother board




Communicating with the Hard

Drive Controller




Calculating Drive Capacity on

Older Drives For drives less than 8.4 GB

Deter mined by number of heads, tracks, andsectors on the disk , each sector holding 512 bytes

of data




Hard Drive Size Limitations

Operating system Maximum size supported

DOS and Windows 9x FAT162.1 GB; cannot be used on hard

drives that exceed 8.4 GB

Windows NT/2000/XP FAT16 4 GB

Windows 2000/XP FAT32 32 GB

Windows 9x FAT32 137 GB

Windows 2000/XP with Service

Pack Lar ger than 137 GB




Methods of Retaining Backward

Compatibility CHS (Cylinder , Head, Sector) mode or nor mal mode

(f or drives less than 528 MB)

Lar ge mode or E

CHS

(Ex

tended CHS

) mode (f or drives between 504 MB and 8.4 GB)

LBA (Logical Block Addressing) mode (f or drives

lar ger than 504 MB)

33.8 GB limitation and 137 GB limitation

Device drivers




Methods of Retaining Backward

Compatibility CHS (Cylinder , Head, Sector)

Lar ge mode or ECHS (Extended CHS) mode

LBA (Logical Block Addressing) mode

The drive was accessed by specifying its cylinder, head and sector address.

More appropriately, it was referred to as accessing the drive through its

"geometry".

A transition change in the way a drive was accessed in order to work around

the 504 MB barrier, however, the addressing was still done in terms of

cylinder, head and sector numbers and then translated one or more times

before actually accessing the drive itself .

It is a means by which a drive is accessed by linearly addressing sector

addresses, beginning at sector 1 of head 0, cylinder 0 as LBA 0, and

proceeding on in sequence to the last physical sector on the drive, which, for

instance, on a standard 540 Meg drive would be LBA 1,065,456. I.e, each

sector is assigned a unique "sector number".




How a Hard Drive Is Logically

Organized to Hold Data Steps f or preparing a hard drive to hold files

Low-level f or mat (usually done at the factor y)

Partitioning the hard drive

High-level f or mat




Hard Drive Partitions and

Logical Drives Active partition ± It¶s the boota ble partition. OS installed in this partition.

Only one drive can be set as the active partition on a com puter.

Primar y partition ± The primar y partition marked as active contains the

OS. Also referred as System Partition.

Extended partition ± Can be br oken down into smaller drives accessi ble

to the OS. These drives are referred to as logical partitions or logical drives.

Logical partition ± Exists in an extended partition.




Partitions and Logical Drives




Hard Drive Partition Table in MBR




Choice of File Systems

FAT16

Su pported by all Windows systems

FAT32 (and VFAT)

Su pported by Windows 95 Second Edition,

Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP

NTFS

Su pported by Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP

Each logical drive has its own file system




Size of Logical Drives




When to Partition a Drive

First install a new hard drive

Existing drive is giving err ors

Suspect a vir us has attacked the drive

Want to wipe a hard drive clean and install anew OS




Installing a Hard Drive

1. Set jum pers or DIP switches; physically install

drive; attach power cord and data ca ble

2. Inf or m CMOS of new drive

3. If installing an OS on the drive, boot fr om OS setu pCD (and skip next two steps)

4. If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk or

Disk Management to create partition(s) and divide

extended partition into logical drives

5. For second drive, use For mat command or Disk

Management to high-level f or mat each logical drive




Prepare for Installation

R ead documentation

Plan drive configuration

Prepare work area and take precautions




Jumper Settings




Jumper Settings (continued)




Mounting the Drive in the Bay





(continued

)





(continued)




If the Bay Is Too Large




Use CMOS to Change Hard

Drive Settings




Setup for Large-Capacity Hard

Drives





Drives (continued)




Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive





(continued)




Format Each Logical Drive

After using Fdisk , you must re boot the PC

bef ore you f or mat the drive

Commands used to f or mat logical drives C, D, and E:

For mat C:/S

For mat D:

For mat E:




Using Windows to Partition and

Format a New Drive

Boot fr om Window setu p CD

Follow on-screen directions to install Windows onnew drive

The setu p pr ocess partitions and f or mats new

drive bef ore it begins Windows installation




Troubleshooting Hard Drive

Installations Check CMOS setu p to verif y that system BIOS

recognizes lar ge drives

Verif y status of Fdisk

Verif y that For mat C:/S was done

Check configuration of CMOS setu p

Confir m setting of DI

P switches or jum pers Check connection of power cord and data ca ble

R efer to We b site of manufacturer f or suggestions



Summary

Intr oduction to hard drive technology

How a hard drive is logically or ganized

Physical characteristics of a hard drive

How the OS and system BIOS communicate

with the hard drive

How to install a hard drive Tr oubleshooting hard drive installation

pr oblems

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